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Xing Q, Chang D, Xie S, Zhao X, Zhang H, Wang X, Bai X, Dong C. BCL6 is required for the thymic development of TCRαβ +CD8αα + intraepithelial lymphocyte lineage. Sci Immunol 2024; 9:eadk4348. [PMID: 38335269 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.adk4348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
TCRαβ+CD8αα+ intraepithelial lymphocytes (CD8αα+ αβ IELs) are a specialized subset of T cells in the gut epithelium that develop from thymic agonist selected IEL precursors (IELps). The molecular mechanisms underlying the selection and differentiation of this T cell type in the thymus are largely unknown. Here, we found that Bcl6 deficiency in αβ T cells resulted in the near absence of CD8αα+ αβ IELs. BCL6 was expressed by approximately 50% of CD8αα+ αβ IELs and by the majority of thymic PD1+ IELps after agonist selection. Bcl6 deficiency blocked early IELp generation in the thymus, and its expression in IELps was induced by thymic TCR signaling in an ERK-dependent manner. As a result of Bcl6 deficiency, the precursors of IELps among CD4+CD8+ double-positive thymocytes exhibited increased apoptosis during agonist selection and impaired IELp differentiation and maturation. Together, our results elucidate BCL6 as a crucial transcription factor during the thymic development of CD8αα+ αβ IELs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Xing
- Shanghai Immune Therapy Institute, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine-affiliated Renji Hospital, Shanghai 200127, China
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Dehui Chang
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shiyuan Xie
- Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies and Peking University-Tsinghua University-National Institute of Biological Sciences Joint Graduate Program, Peking University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaohong Zhao
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaohu Wang
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xue Bai
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chen Dong
- Shanghai Immune Therapy Institute, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine-affiliated Renji Hospital, Shanghai 200127, China
- Research Unit of Immune Regulation and Immune Diseases of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine-Affiliated Renji Hospital, Shanghai 200127, China
- Westlake University School of Medicine-affiliated Hangzhou First Hospital, Hangzhou 310024, China
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Neuens S, Kausar M, Kang SK, Soblet J, Van Dooren S, Olsen C, Janssen T, Caljon B, Jun CD, Smits G, Coppens S, Vilain C. A milder form of NSRP1-associated neurodevelopmental disorder, caused by a missense variant in the nuclear localization signal. Am J Med Genet A 2024:e63727. [PMID: 38808951 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.63727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Nuclear Speckle Splicing Regulator Protein 1 (NSRP1) is a splice factor found in nuclear speckles, which are small membrane-free organelles implicated in epigenetic regulation, chromatin organization, DNA repair, and RNA modification. Bi-allelic loss-of-function variants in NSRP1 have recently been identified in patients suffering from a severe neurodevelopmental disorder, presenting with neurodevelopmental delay, epilepsy, microcephaly, hypotonia, and spastic cerebral palsy. Described patients acquired neither independent walking nor speech and often showed anomalies on cerebral MRI. Here we describe the case of a 14-year-old girl with motor and language delay as well as intellectual disability, who presents an ataxic gait but walks without assistance and speaks in short sentences. Whole-genome sequencing revealed the compound heterozygous NSRP1 variants c.114 + 2T > G and c.1595T > A (p.Val532Glu). Functional validation using HEK293T cells transfected with either wild-type or mutated GFP-tagged Nsrp1 suggests that the Val532Glu variant interferes with the function of the nuclear localization signal, and leads to mislocalization of NSRP1 in the cytosol, thus confirming the pathogenicity of the observed variant. This case helps to expand the phenotypic and genetic spectrum associated with pathogenic NSRP1 variants and indicates that this diagnosis should also be suspected in patients with milder phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Neuens
- Department of Genetics, Hôpital Universitaire Des Enfants Reine Fabiola, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Maiza Kausar
- School of Life Sciences, Immune Synapse and Cell Therapy Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Sun-Kyoung Kang
- School of Life Sciences, Immune Synapse and Cell Therapy Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Julie Soblet
- Department of Genetics, Hôpital Universitaire Des Enfants Reine Fabiola, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Center for Human Genetics, Hôpital Erasme, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Interuniversity Institute of Bioinformatics in Brussels (IB)2, Université Libre de Bruxelles-Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sonia Van Dooren
- Interuniversity Institute of Bioinformatics in Brussels (IB)2, Université Libre de Bruxelles-Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Interuniversity Genomics High Throughput Core (BRIGHTcore), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Brussels, Belgium
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Clinical Sciences, Research Group Genetics, Reproduction and Development (GRAD), Centre for Medical Genetics, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Jette, Belgium
| | - Catharina Olsen
- Interuniversity Institute of Bioinformatics in Brussels (IB)2, Université Libre de Bruxelles-Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Interuniversity Genomics High Throughput Core (BRIGHTcore), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Brussels, Belgium
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Clinical Sciences, Research Group Genetics, Reproduction and Development (GRAD), Centre for Medical Genetics, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Jette, Belgium
| | - Toon Janssen
- Interuniversity Genomics High Throughput Core (BRIGHTcore), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Brussels, Belgium
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Clinical Sciences, Research Group Genetics, Reproduction and Development (GRAD), Centre for Medical Genetics, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Jette, Belgium
| | - Ben Caljon
- Interuniversity Genomics High Throughput Core (BRIGHTcore), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Brussels, Belgium
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Clinical Sciences, Research Group Genetics, Reproduction and Development (GRAD), Centre for Medical Genetics, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Jette, Belgium
| | - Chang-Duk Jun
- School of Life Sciences, Immune Synapse and Cell Therapy Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Guillaume Smits
- Department of Genetics, Hôpital Universitaire Des Enfants Reine Fabiola, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Center for Human Genetics, Hôpital Erasme, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Interuniversity Institute of Bioinformatics in Brussels (IB)2, Université Libre de Bruxelles-Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sandra Coppens
- Center for Human Genetics, Hôpital Erasme, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Catheline Vilain
- Department of Genetics, Hôpital Universitaire Des Enfants Reine Fabiola, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Center for Human Genetics, Hôpital Erasme, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Interuniversity Institute of Bioinformatics in Brussels (IB)2, Université Libre de Bruxelles-Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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Liu L, Wang W, Liu W, Li X, Yi G, Adetula AA, Huang H, Tang Z. Comprehensive Atlas of Alternative Splicing Reveals NSRP1 Promoting Adipogenesis through CCDC18. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2874. [PMID: 38474122 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Alternative splicing (AS) plays a crucial role in regulating gene expression, function, and diversity. However, limited reports exist on the identification and comparison of AS in Eastern and Western pigs. Here, we analyzed 243 transcriptome data from eight tissues, integrating information on transcription factors (TFs), selection signals, splicing factors (SFs), and quantitative trait loci (QTL) to comprehensively study alternative splicing events (ASEs) in pigs. Five ASE types were identified, with Mutually Exclusive Exon (MXE) and Skipped Exon (SE) ASEs being the most prevalent. A significant portion of genes with ASEs (ASGs) showed conservation across all eight tissues (63.21-76.13% per tissue). Differentially alternative splicing genes (DASGs) and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) exhibited tissue specificity, with blood and adipose tissues having more DASGs. Functional enrichment analysis revealed coDASG_DEGs in adipose were enriched in pathways associated with adipose deposition and immune inflammation, while coDASG_DEGs in blood were enriched in pathways related to immune inflammation and metabolism. Adipose deposition in Eastern pigs might be linked to the down-regulation of immune-inflammation-related pathways and reduced insulin resistance. The TFs, selection signals, and SFs appeared to regulate ASEs. Notably, ARID4A (TF), NSRP1 (SF), ANKRD12, IFT74, KIAA2026, CCDC18, NEXN, PPIG, and ROCK1 genes in adipose tissue showed potential regulatory effects on adipose-deposition traits. NSRP1 could promote adipogenesis by regulating alternative splicing and expression of CCDC18. Conducting an in-depth investigation into AS, this study has successfully identified key marker genes essential for pig genetic breeding and the enhancement of meat quality, which will play important roles in promoting the diversity of pork quality and meeting market demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics of MARA, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518124, China
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518124, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics of MARA, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518124, China
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518124, China
| | - Weiwei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics of MARA, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518124, China
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518124, China
| | - Xingzheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics of MARA, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518124, China
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518124, China
| | - Guoqiang Yi
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics of MARA, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518124, China
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518124, China
- Kunpeng Institute of Modern Agriculture at Foshan, Agricultural Genomics Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Foshan 528226, China
| | - Adeyinka Abiola Adetula
- Reproductive Biotechnology, Department of Molecular Life Sciences, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Haibo Huang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics of MARA, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518124, China
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518124, China
| | - Zhonglin Tang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics of MARA, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518124, China
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518124, China
- Kunpeng Institute of Modern Agriculture at Foshan, Agricultural Genomics Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Foshan 528226, China
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Zhang J, Wang Z, Wang K, Xin D, Wang L, Fan Y, Xu Y. Increased Expression of SRSF1 Predicts Poor Prognosis in Multiple Myeloma. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2023; 2023:9998927. [PMID: 37206090 PMCID: PMC10191755 DOI: 10.1155/2023/9998927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Background Multiple myeloma (MM) is a clonal plasma cell disorder which still lacks sufficient prognostic factors. The serine/arginine-rich splicing factor (SRSF) family serves as an important splicing regulator in organ development. Among all members, SRSF1 plays an important role in cell proliferation and renewal. However, the role of SRSF1 in MM is still unknown. Methods SRSF1 was selected from the primary bioinformatics analysis of SRSF family members, and then we integrated 11 independent datasets and analyzed the relationship between SRSF1 expression and MM clinical characteristics. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was conducted to explore the potential mechanism of SRSF1 in MM progression. ImmuCellAI was used to estimate the abundance of immune infiltrating cells between the SRSF1high and SRSF1low groups. The ESTIMATE algorithm was used to evaluate the tumor microenvironment in MM. The expression of immune-related genes was compared between the groups. Additionally, SRSF1 expression was validated in clinical samples. SRSF1 knockdown was conducted to explore the role of SRSF1 in MM development. Results SRSF1 expression showed an increasing trend with the progression of myeloma. Besides, SRSF1 expression increased as the age, ISS stage, 1q21 amplification level, and relapse times increased. MM patients with higher SRSF1 expression had worse clinical features and poorer outcomes. Univariate and multivariate analysis indicated that upregulated SRSF1 expression was an independent poor prognostic factor for MM. Enrichment pathway analysis confirmed that SRSF1 takes part in the myeloma progression via tumor-associated and immune-related pathways. Several checkpoints and immune-activating genes were significantly downregulated in the SRSF1high groups. Furthermore, we detected that SRSF1 expression was significantly higher in MM patients than that in control donors. SRSF1 knockdown resulted in proliferation arrest in MM cell lines. Conclusion The expression value of SRSF1 is positively associated with myeloma progression, and high SRSF1 expression might be a poor prognostic biomarker in MM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Zhang
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
- Zhejiang University Cancer Institute, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Zanzan Wang
- Department of Hematology, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo 315010, China
| | - Kailai Wang
- Zhejiang University Cancer Institute, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Dijia Xin
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Luyao Wang
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Yili Fan
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Cancer Molecular Cell Biology, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
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Liu B, Jing Z, Zhang X, Chen Y, Mao S, Kaundal R, Zou Y, Wei G, Zang Y, Wang X, Lin W, Di M, Sun Y, Chen Q, Li Y, Xia J, Sun J, Lin CP, Huang X, Chi T. Large-scale multiplexed mosaic CRISPR perturbation in the whole organism. Cell 2022; 185:3008-3024.e16. [PMID: 35870449 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Here, we report inducible mosaic animal for perturbation (iMAP), a transgenic platform enabling in situ CRISPR targeting of at least 100 genes in parallel throughout the mouse body. iMAP combines Cre-loxP and CRISPR-Cas9 technologies and utilizes a germline-transmitted transgene carrying a large array of individually floxed, tandemly linked gRNA-coding units. Cre-mediated recombination triggers expression of all the gRNAs in the array but only one of them per cell, converting the mice to mosaic organisms suitable for phenotypic characterization and also for high-throughput derivation of conventional single-gene perturbation lines via breeding. Using gRNA representation as a readout, we mapped a miniature Perturb-Atlas cataloging the perturbations of 90 genes across 39 tissues, which yields rich insights into context-dependent gene functions and provides a glimpse of the potential of iMAP in genome decoding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Liu
- Gene Editing Center, School of Life Sciences and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Zhengyu Jing
- Gene Editing Center, School of Life Sciences and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Xiaoming Zhang
- Gene Editing Center, School of Life Sciences and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yuxin Chen
- Gene Editing Center, School of Life Sciences and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Shaoshuai Mao
- Gene Editing Center, School of Life Sciences and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Ravinder Kaundal
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University Medical School, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Yan Zou
- Gene Editing Center, School of Life Sciences and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Ge Wei
- Gene Editing Center, School of Life Sciences and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Ying Zang
- Gene Editing Center, School of Life Sciences and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Xinxin Wang
- Gene Editing Center, School of Life Sciences and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Wenyang Lin
- Gene Editing Center, School of Life Sciences and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Minghui Di
- Gene Editing Center, School of Life Sciences and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yiwen Sun
- Gene Editing Center, School of Life Sciences and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Qin Chen
- Gene Editing Center, School of Life Sciences and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yongqin Li
- Gene Editing Center, School of Life Sciences and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Jing Xia
- Gene Editing Center, School of Life Sciences and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Jianlong Sun
- Gene Editing Center, School of Life Sciences and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Chao-Po Lin
- Gene Editing Center, School of Life Sciences and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Xingxu Huang
- Gene Editing Center, School of Life Sciences and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Tian Chi
- Gene Editing Center, School of Life Sciences and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China; Department of Immunobiology, Yale University Medical School, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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Bao X, Qin Y, Lu L, Zheng M. Transcriptional Regulation of Early T-Lymphocyte Development in Thymus. Front Immunol 2022; 13:884569. [PMID: 35432347 PMCID: PMC9008359 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.884569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
T-lymphocytes play crucial roles for maintaining immune homeostasis by fighting against various pathogenic microorganisms and establishing self-antigen tolerance. They will go through several stages and checkpoints in the thymus from progenitors to mature T cells, from CD4-CD8- double negative (DN) cells to CD4+CD8+ double positive (DP) cells, finally become CD4+ or CD8+ single positive (SP) cells. The mature SP cells then emigrate out of the thymus and further differentiate into distinct subsets under different environment signals to perform specific functions. Each step is regulated by various transcriptional regulators downstream of T cell receptors (TCRs) that have been extensively studied both in vivo and vitro via multiple mouse models and advanced techniques, such as single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and Chromatin Immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq). This review will summarize the transcriptional regulators participating in the early stage of T cell development reported in the past decade, trying to figure out cascade networks in each process and provide possible research directions in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyang Bao
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yingyu Qin
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Linrong Lu
- Shanghai Immune Therapy Institute, Renji Hospital, Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Immunology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mingzhu Zheng
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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