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Palti Y, Vallejo RL, Purcell MK, Gao G, Shewbridge KL, Long RL, Setzke C, Fragomeni BO, Cheng H, Martin KE, Naish KA. Genome-wide association analysis of the resistance to infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus in two rainbow trout aquaculture lines confirms oligogenic architecture with several moderate effect quantitative trait loci. Front Genet 2024; 15:1394656. [PMID: 38854430 PMCID: PMC11162110 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2024.1394656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Infectious hematopoietic necrosis (IHN) is a disease of salmonid fish that is caused by the IHN virus (IHNV), which can cause substantial mortality and economic losses in rainbow trout aquaculture and fisheries enhancement hatchery programs. In a previous study on a commercial rainbow trout breeding line that has undergone selection, we found that genetic resistance to IHNV is controlled by the oligogenic inheritance of several moderate and many small effect quantitative trait loci (QTL). Here we used genome wide association analyses in two different commercial aquaculture lines that were naïve to previous exposure to IHNV to determine whether QTL were shared across lines, and to investigate whether there were major effect loci that were still segregating in the naïve lines. A total of 1,859 and 1,768 offspring from two commercial aquaculture strains were phenotyped for resistance to IHNV and genotyped with the rainbow trout Axiom 57K SNP array. Moderate heritability values (0.15-0.25) were estimated. Two statistical methods were used for genome wide association analyses in the two populations. No major QTL were detected despite the naïve status of the two lines. Further, our analyses confirmed an oligogenic architecture for genetic resistance to IHNV in rainbow trout. Overall, 17 QTL with notable effect (≥1.9% of the additive genetic variance) were detected in at least one of the two rainbow trout lines with at least one of the two statistical methods. Five of those QTL were mapped to overlapping or adjacent chromosomal regions in both lines, suggesting that some loci may be shared across commercial lines. Although some of the loci detected in this GWAS merit further investigation to better understand the biological basis of IHNV disease resistance across populations, the overall genetic architecture of IHNV resistance in the two rainbow trout lines suggests that genomic selection may be a more effective strategy for genetic improvement in this trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yniv Palti
- National Center for Cool and Cold Water Aquaculture, USDA-ARS, Kearneysville, WV, United States
| | - Roger L. Vallejo
- National Center for Cool and Cold Water Aquaculture, USDA-ARS, Kearneysville, WV, United States
| | - Maureen K. Purcell
- US Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Guangtu Gao
- National Center for Cool and Cold Water Aquaculture, USDA-ARS, Kearneysville, WV, United States
| | - Kristy L. Shewbridge
- National Center for Cool and Cold Water Aquaculture, USDA-ARS, Kearneysville, WV, United States
| | - Roseanna L. Long
- National Center for Cool and Cold Water Aquaculture, USDA-ARS, Kearneysville, WV, United States
| | - Christopher Setzke
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Breno O. Fragomeni
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
| | - Hao Cheng
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | | | - Kerry A. Naish
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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Yang L, Zeng XT, Luo RH, Ren SX, Liang LL, Huang QX, Tang Y, Fan H, Ren HY, Zhang WJ, Zheng YT, Cheng W. SARS-CoV-2 NSP12 utilizes various host splicing factors for replication and splicing regulation. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29396. [PMID: 38235848 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
The RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) is a crucial element in the replication and transcription of RNA viruses. Although the RdRps of lethal human coronaviruses severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), SARS-CoV, and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) have been extensively studied, the molecular mechanism of the catalytic subunit NSP12, which is involved in pathogenesis, remains unclear. In this study, the biochemical and cell biological results demonstrate the interactions between SARS-CoV-2 NSP12 and seven host proteins, including three splicing factors (SLU7, PPIL3, and AKAP8). The entry efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 considerably decreased when SLU7 or PPIL3 was knocked out, indicating that abnormal splicing of the host genome was responsible for this occurrence. Furthermore, the polymerase activity and stability of SARS-CoV-2 RdRp were affected by the three splicing factors to varying degrees. In addition, NSP12 and its homologues from SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV suppressed the alternative splicing of cellular genes, which were influenced by the three splicing factors. Overall, our research illustrates that SARS-CoV-2 NSP12 can engage with various splicing factors, thereby impacting virus entry, replication, and gene splicing. This not only improves our understanding of how viruses cause diseases but also lays the foundation for the development of antiviral therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yang
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Respiratory Infection and Intervention Laboratory of Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiao-Tao Zeng
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Respiratory Infection and Intervention Laboratory of Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Rong-Hua Luo
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Si-Xue Ren
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Respiratory Infection and Intervention Laboratory of Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lin-Lin Liang
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Respiratory Infection and Intervention Laboratory of Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qiu-Xia Huang
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Respiratory Infection and Intervention Laboratory of Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ying Tang
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Respiratory Infection and Intervention Laboratory of Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hong Fan
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Respiratory Infection and Intervention Laboratory of Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hai-Yan Ren
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Respiratory Infection and Intervention Laboratory of Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Wan-Jiang Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Shihezi University School of Medicine, the Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yong-Tang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Wei Cheng
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Respiratory Infection and Intervention Laboratory of Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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3
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Li R, Gao S, Chen H, Zhang X, Yang X, Zhao J, Wang Z. Virus usurps alternative splicing to clear the decks for infection. Virol J 2023; 20:131. [PMID: 37340420 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02098-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Since invasion, there will be a tug-of-war between host and virus to scramble cellular resources, for either restraining or facilitating infection. Alternative splicing (AS) is a conserved and critical mechanism of processing pre-mRNA into mRNAs to increase protein diversity in eukaryotes. Notably, this kind of post-transcriptional regulatory mechanism has gained appreciation since it is widely involved in virus infection. Here, we highlight the important roles of AS in regulating viral protein expression and how virus in turn hijacks AS to antagonize host immune response. This review will widen the understandings of host-virus interactions, be meaningful to innovatively elucidate viral pathogenesis, and provide novel targets for developing antiviral drugs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixue Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shenyan Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Huayuan Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaozhan Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zeng Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China.
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Lyu M, Lai H, Wang Y, Zhou Y, Chen Y, Wu D, Chen J, Ying B. Roles of alternative splicing in infectious diseases: from hosts, pathogens to their interactions. Chin Med J (Engl) 2023; 136:767-779. [PMID: 36893312 PMCID: PMC10150853 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000002621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Alternative splicing (AS) is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism that removes introns and ligates exons to generate mature messenger RNAs (mRNAs), extremely improving the richness of transcriptome and proteome. Both mammal hosts and pathogens require AS to maintain their life activities, and inherent physiological heterogeneity between mammals and pathogens makes them adopt different ways to perform AS. Mammals and fungi conduct a two-step transesterification reaction by spliceosomes to splice each individual mRNA (named cis -splicing). Parasites also use spliceosomes to splice, but this splicing can occur among different mRNAs (named trans -splicing). Bacteria and viruses directly hijack the host's splicing machinery to accomplish this process. Infection-related changes are reflected in the spliceosome behaviors and the characteristics of various splicing regulators (abundance, modification, distribution, movement speed, and conformation), which further radiate to alterations in the global splicing profiles. Genes with splicing changes are enriched in immune-, growth-, or metabolism-related pathways, highlighting approaches through which hosts crosstalk with pathogens. Based on these infection-specific regulators or AS events, several targeted agents have been developed to fight against pathogens. Here, we summarized recent findings in the field of infection-related splicing, including splicing mechanisms of pathogens and hosts, splicing regulation and aberrant AS events, as well as emerging targeted drugs. We aimed to systemically decode host-pathogen interactions from a perspective of splicing. We further discussed the current strategies of drug development, detection methods, analysis algorithms, and database construction, facilitating the annotation of infection-related splicing and the integration of AS with disease phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyuan Lyu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Hongli Lai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yili Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yanbing Zhou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Dongsheng Wu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and Institute of Thoracic Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Binwu Ying
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
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Mann JT, Riley BA, Baker SF. All differential on the splicing front: Host alternative splicing alters the landscape of virus-host conflict. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 146:40-56. [PMID: 36737258 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2023.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Alternative RNA splicing is a co-transcriptional process that richly increases proteome diversity, and is dynamically regulated based on cell species, lineage, and activation state. Virus infection in vertebrate hosts results in rapid host transcriptome-wide changes, and regulation of alternative splicing can direct a combinatorial effect on the host transcriptome. There has been a recent increase in genome-wide studies evaluating host alternative splicing during viral infection, which integrates well with prior knowledge on viral interactions with host splicing proteins. A critical challenge remains in linking how these individual events direct global changes, and whether alternative splicing is an overall favorable pathway for fending off or supporting viral infection. Here, we introduce the process of alternative splicing, discuss how to analyze splice regulation, and detail studies on genome-wide and splice factor changes during viral infection. We seek to highlight where the field can focus on moving forward, and how incorporation of a virus-host co-evolutionary perspective can benefit this burgeoning subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua T Mann
- Infectious Disease Program, Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Brent A Riley
- Infectious Disease Program, Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Steven F Baker
- Infectious Disease Program, Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
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van den Wollenberg DJM, Kemp V, Rabelink MJWE, Hoeben RC. Reovirus Type 3 Dearing Variants Do Not Induce Necroptosis in RIPK3-Expressing Human Tumor Cell Lines. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032320. [PMID: 36768641 PMCID: PMC9916669 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Reoviruses are used as oncolytic viruses to destroy tumor cells. The concomitant induction of anti-tumor immune responses enhances the efficacy of therapy in tumors with low amounts of immune infiltrates before treatment. The reoviruses should provoke immunogenic cell death (ICD) to stimulate a tumor cell-directed immune response. Necroptosis is considered a major form of ICD, and involves receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1), RIPK3 and phosphorylation of mixed-lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL). This leads to cell membrane disintegration and the release of damage-associated molecular patterns that can activate immune responses. Reovirus Type 3 Dearing (T3D) can induce necroptosis in mouse L929 fibroblast cells and mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Most human tumor cell lines have a defect in RIPK3 expression and consequently fail to induce necroptosis as measured by MLKL phosphorylation. We used the human colorectal adenocarcinoma HT29 cell line as a model to study necroptosis in human cells since this cell line has frequently been described in necroptosis-related studies. To stimulate MLKL phosphorylation and induce necroptosis, HT29 cells were treated with a cocktail consisting of TNFα, the SMAC mimetic BV6, and the caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK. While this treatment induced necroptosis, three different reovirus T3D variants, i.e., the plasmid-based reverse genetics generated virus (T3DK), the wild-type reovirus T3D isolate R124, and the junction adhesion molecule-A-independent reovirus mutant (jin-1) failed to induce necroptosis in HT29 cells. In contrast, these viruses induced MLKL phosphorylation in murine L929 cells, albeit with varying efficiencies. Our study shows that while reoviruses efficiently induce necroptosis in L929 cells, this is not a common phenotype in human cell lines. This study emphasizes the difficulties of translating the results of ICD studies from murine cells to human cells.
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Cai J, Li Y, Hu P, Xu R, Yuan H, Zhang W, Feng T, Liu R, Li W, Zhu C. Plerixafor and resatorvid inhibit hepatitis B virus in vitro by upregulating elongation factor Tu GTP-binding domain containing 2. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1118801. [PMID: 36891156 PMCID: PMC9986551 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1118801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background An increase in the demand for a functional cure has accelerated research on new methods of therapy for chronic hepatitis B, which is mainly focused on restoring antiviral immunity for controlling viral infections. Previously, we had described elongation factor Tu GTP-binding domain containing 2 (EFTUD2) as an innate immune regulator and suggested that it might be an antiviral target. Methods In this study, we generated the Epro-LUC-HepG2 cell model for screening compounds that target EFTUD2. Plerixafor and resatorvid were screened from 261 immunity and inflammation-related compounds due to their ability to highly upregulate EFTUD2. The effects of plerixafor and resatorvid on hepatitis B virus (HBV) were examined in HepAD38 cells and HBV-infected HepG2-NTCP cells. Results The dual-luciferase reporter assays showed that the EFTUD2 promoter hEFTUD2pro-0.5 kb had the strongest activity. In Epro-LUC-HepG2 cells, plerixafor and resatorvid significantly upregulated the activity of the EFTUD2 promoter and the expression of the gene and protein. In HepAD38 cells and HBV-infected HepG2-NTCP cells, treatment with plerixafor and resatorvid strongly inhibited HBsAg, HBV DNA, HBV RNAs, and cccDNA in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, the anti-HBV effect was enhanced when entecavir was administered along with either of the previous two compounds, and the effect could be blocked by knocking down EFTUD2. Conclusion We established a convenient model for screening compounds that target EFTUD2 and further identified plerixafor and resatorvid as novel HBV inhibitors in vitro. Our findings provided information on the development of a new class of anti-HBV agents that act on host factors rather than viral enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyuan Cai
- 1Department of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Infectious Disease, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuwen Li
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Pingping Hu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ruirui Xu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Yuan
- Department of Infectious Disease, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tiantong Feng
- Department of Infectious Disease, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan, China
| | - Wenting Li
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan, China
| | - Chuanlong Zhu
- 1Department of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan, China
- *Correspondence: Chuanlong Zhu,
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Boudreault S, Martineau CA, Faucher-Giguère L, Abou-Elela S, Lemay G, Bisaillon M. Reovirus μ2 Protein Impairs Translation to Reduce U5 snRNP Protein Levels. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010727. [PMID: 36614170 PMCID: PMC9821451 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian orthoreovirus (MRV) is a double-stranded RNA virus from the Reoviridae family that infects a large range of mammals, including humans. Recently, studies have shown that MRV alters cellular alternative splicing (AS) during viral infection. The structural protein μ2 appears to be the main determinant of these AS modifications by decreasing the levels of U5 core components EFTUD2, PRPF8, and SNRNP200 during infection. In the present study, we investigated the mechanism by which μ2 exerts this effect on the U5 components. Our results revealed that μ2 has no impact on steady-state mRNA levels, RNA export, and protein stability of these U5 snRNP proteins. However, polysome profiling and metabolic labeling of newly synthesized proteins revealed that μ2 exerts an inhibitory effect on global translation. Moreover, we showed that μ2 mutants unable to accumulate in the nucleus retain most of the ability to reduce PRPF8 protein levels, indicating that the effect of μ2 on U5 snRNP components mainly occurs in the cytoplasm. Finally, co-expression experiments demonstrated that μ2 suppresses the expression of U5 snRNP proteins in a dose-dependent manner, and that the expression of specific U5 snRNP core components have different sensitivities to μ2's presence. Altogether, these results suggest a novel mechanism by which the μ2 protein reduces the levels of U5 core components through translation inhibition, allowing this viral protein to alter cellular AS during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Boudreault
- Département de Biochimie et Génomique Fonctionnelle, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1E 4K8, Canada
| | - Carole-Anne Martineau
- Département de Biochimie et Génomique Fonctionnelle, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1E 4K8, Canada
| | - Laurence Faucher-Giguère
- Département de Microbiologie et Infectiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1E 4K8, Canada
| | - Sherif Abou-Elela
- Département de Microbiologie et Infectiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1E 4K8, Canada
| | - Guy Lemay
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Martin Bisaillon
- Département de Biochimie et Génomique Fonctionnelle, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1E 4K8, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-819-821-8000 (ext. 75904)
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U5 snRNP Core Proteins Are Key Components of the Defense Response against Viral Infection through Their Roles in Programmed Cell Death and Interferon Induction. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122710. [PMID: 36560714 PMCID: PMC9785106 DOI: 10.3390/v14122710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The spliceosome is a massive ribonucleoprotein structure composed of five small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) complexes that catalyze the removal of introns from pre-mature RNA during constitutive and alternative splicing. EFTUD2, PRPF8, and SNRNP200 are core components of the U5 snRNP, which is crucial for spliceosome function as it coordinates and performs the last steps of the splicing reaction. Several studies have demonstrated U5 snRNP proteins as targeted during viral infection, with a limited understanding of their involvement in virus-host interactions. In the present study, we deciphered the respective impact of EFTUD2, PRPF8, and SNRNP200 on viral replication using mammalian reovirus as a model. Using a combination of RNA silencing, real-time cell analysis, cell death and viral replication assays, we discovered distinct and partially overlapping novel roles for EFTUD2, PRPF8, and SNRNP200 in cell survival, apoptosis, necroptosis, and the induction of the interferon response pathway. For instance, we demonstrated that EFTUD2 and SNRNP200 are required for both apoptosis and necroptosis, whereas EFTUD2 and PRPF8 are required for optimal interferon response against viral infection. Moreover, we demonstrated that EFTUD2 restricts viral replication, both in a single cycle and multiple cycles of viral replication. Altogether, these results establish U5 snRNP core components as key elements of the cellular antiviral response.
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Després GD, Ngo K, Lemay G. The μ2 and λ1 Proteins of Mammalian Reovirus Modulate Early Events Leading to Induction of the Interferon Signaling Network. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122638. [PMID: 36560642 PMCID: PMC9780918 DOI: 10.3390/v14122638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been previously shown that amino acid polymorphisms in reovirus proteins μ2 and λ1 are associated with differing levels of interferon induction. In the present study, viruses carrying these polymorphisms in either or both proteins, were further studied. The two viral determinants exert a synergistic effect on the control of β-interferon induction at the protein and mRNA level, with a concomitant increase in RIG-I. In contrast, levels of phospho-Stat1 and interferon-stimulated genes are increased in singly substituted viruses but with no further increase when both substitutions were present. This suggests that the viral determinants are acting during initial events of viral recognition. Accordingly, difference between viruses was reduced when infection was performed with partially uncoated virions (ISVPs) and transfection of RNA recovered from early-infected cells recapitulates the differences between viruses harboring the different polymorphisms. Altogether, the data are consistent with a redundant or complementary role of μ2 and λ1, affecting either early disassembly or the nature of the viral RNA in the incoming viral particle. Proteins involved in viral RNA synthesis are thus involved in this likely critical aspect of the ability of different reovirus variants to infect various cell types, and to discriminate between parental and transformed/cancer cells.
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