1
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Duchamp E, Vasquez G, Firoozi N, Freestone GC, Oestergaard M, Seth PP, Hanessian S. Towards combining backbone and sugar constraint in 3'-3' bis-phosphonate tethered 2'-4' bridged LNA oligonucleotide trimers. RSC Adv 2024; 14:23583-23591. [PMID: 39070250 PMCID: PMC11276400 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra04277h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic oligonucleotides are chemically modified to enhance their drug-like properties - including binding affinity for target RNA. Many nucleic acid analogs that enhance RNA binding affinity constrain the furanose sugar in an RNA-like sugar pucker. The improvements in binding affinity result primarily from increased off-rates with minimal effects on on-rates for hybridization. To identify alternate chemical modification strategies that can modulate on- and off-rates for oligonucleotide hybridization, we hypothesized that extending conformational restraint across multiple nucleotides could modulate hybridization kinetics by restricting rotational freedom of the sugar-phosphate backbone. As part of that effort, we recently reported that using hydrocarbon tethers to bridge adjacent phosphodiester linkages as phosphonate tethered bridges can pre-organize nucleic acids in conformations conducive for Watson-Crick base-pairing and modulate hybridization kinetics. In this report, we describe the synthesis of locked nucleic acid (LNA) trimers linked through alkylphosphonate tethers which restrict conformation of the furanose sugar in addition to restricting conformational mobility of the sugar-phosphate backbone across three nucleotide units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edouard Duchamp
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal Québec H3C 3J7 Canada
| | - Guillermo Vasquez
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Ionis Pharmaceuticals Carlsbad CA 92010 USA
| | - Neda Firoozi
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal Québec H3C 3J7 Canada
| | - Graeme C Freestone
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Ionis Pharmaceuticals Carlsbad CA 92010 USA
| | - Michael Oestergaard
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Ionis Pharmaceuticals Carlsbad CA 92010 USA
| | - Punit P Seth
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals 675 West Kendall St Cambridge MA 0214 USA
| | - Stephen Hanessian
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal Québec H3C 3J7 Canada
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California Irvine CA 92697 USA
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2
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Klabenkova KV, Zhdanova PV, Burakova EA, Bizyaev SN, Fokina AA, Stetsenko DA. A Convenient Oligonucleotide Conjugation via Tandem Staudinger Reaction and Amide Bond Formation at the Internucleotidic Phosphate Position. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2007. [PMID: 38396686 PMCID: PMC10889076 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Staudinger reaction on the solid phase between an electronodeficit organic azide, such as sulfonyl azide, and the phosphite triester formed upon phosphoramidite coupling is a convenient method for the chemical modification of oligonucleotides at the internucleotidic phosphate position. In this work, 4-carboxybenzenesulfonyl azide, either with a free carboxy group or in the form of an activated ester such as pentafluorophenyl, 4-nitrophenyl, or pentafluorobenzyl, was used to introduce a carboxylic acid function to the terminal or internal internucleotidic phosphate of an oligonucleotide via the Staudinger reaction. A subsequent treatment with excess primary alkyl amine followed by the usual work-up, after prior activation with a suitable peptide coupling agent such as a uronium salt/1-hydroxybenzotriazole in the case of a free carboxyl, afforded amide-linked oligonucleotide conjugates in good yields including multiple conjugations of up to the exhaustive modification at each phosphate position for a weakly activated pentafluorobenzyl ester, whereas more strongly activated and, thus, more reactive aryl esters provided only single conjugations at the 5'-end. The conjugates synthesized include those with di- and polyamines that introduce a positively charged side chain to potentially assist the intracellular delivery of the oligonucleotide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina V. Klabenkova
- Department of Physics, Novosibirsk State University, 2 Pirogov Str., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; (K.V.K.); (E.A.B.); (S.N.B.); (A.A.F.)
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 10 Lavrentiev Ave., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Polina V. Zhdanova
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, 2 Pirogov Str., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia;
| | - Ekaterina A. Burakova
- Department of Physics, Novosibirsk State University, 2 Pirogov Str., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; (K.V.K.); (E.A.B.); (S.N.B.); (A.A.F.)
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 10 Lavrentiev Ave., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Sergei N. Bizyaev
- Department of Physics, Novosibirsk State University, 2 Pirogov Str., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; (K.V.K.); (E.A.B.); (S.N.B.); (A.A.F.)
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 10 Lavrentiev Ave., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Alesya A. Fokina
- Department of Physics, Novosibirsk State University, 2 Pirogov Str., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; (K.V.K.); (E.A.B.); (S.N.B.); (A.A.F.)
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 10 Lavrentiev Ave., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Dmitry A. Stetsenko
- Department of Physics, Novosibirsk State University, 2 Pirogov Str., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; (K.V.K.); (E.A.B.); (S.N.B.); (A.A.F.)
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 10 Lavrentiev Ave., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
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3
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Le BT, Chen S, Veedu RN. Evaluation of Chemically Modified Nucleic Acid Analogues for Splice Switching Application. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:48650-48661. [PMID: 38162739 PMCID: PMC10753547 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c07618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, several splice switching antisense oligonucleotide (ASO)-based therapeutics have gained significant interest, and several candidates received approval for clinical use for treating rare diseases, in particular, Duchenne muscular dystrophy and spinal muscular atrophy. These ASOs are fully modified; in other words, they are composed of chemically modified nucleic acid analogues instead of natural RNA oligomers. This has significantly improved drug-like properties of these ASOs in terms of efficacy, stability, pharmacokinetics, and safety. Although chemical modifications of oligonucleotides have been discussed previously for numerous applications including nucleic acid aptamers, small interfering RNA, DNAzyme, and ASO, to the best of our knowledge, none of them have solely focused on the analogues that have been utilized for splice switching applications. To this end, we present here a comprehensive review of different modified nucleic acid analogues that have been explored for developing splice switching ASOs. In addition to the antisense chemistry, we also endeavor to provide a brief historical overview of the approved spice switching ASO drugs, including a list of drugs that have entered human clinical trials. We hope this work will inspire further investigations into expanding the potential of novel nucleic acid analogues for constructing splice switching ASOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao T. Le
- Centre
for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Health Futures
Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
- Precision
Nucleic Acid Therapeutics, Perron Institute
for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- ProGenis
Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd., Bentley, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Suxiang Chen
- Centre
for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Health Futures
Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
- Precision
Nucleic Acid Therapeutics, Perron Institute
for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Rakesh N. Veedu
- Centre
for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Health Futures
Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
- Precision
Nucleic Acid Therapeutics, Perron Institute
for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- ProGenis
Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd., Bentley, Western Australia 6102, Australia
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4
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Haque US, Yokota T. Enhancing Antisense Oligonucleotide-Based Therapeutic Delivery with DG9, a Versatile Cell-Penetrating Peptide. Cells 2023; 12:2395. [PMID: 37830609 PMCID: PMC10572411 DOI: 10.3390/cells12192395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Antisense oligonucleotide-based (ASO) therapeutics have emerged as a promising strategy for the treatment of human disorders. Charge-neutral PMOs have promising biological and pharmacological properties for antisense applications. Despite their great potential, the efficient delivery of these therapeutic agents to target cells remains a major obstacle to their widespread use. Cellular uptake of naked PMO is poor. Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) appear as a possibility to increase the cellular uptake and intracellular delivery of oligonucleotide-based drugs. Among these, the DG9 peptide has been identified as a versatile CPP with remarkable potential for enhancing the delivery of ASO-based therapeutics due to its unique structural features. Notably, in the context of phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomers (PMOs), DG9 has shown promise in enhancing delivery while maintaining a favorable toxicity profile. A few studies have highlighted the potential of DG9-conjugated PMOs in DMD (Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy) and SMA (Spinal Muscular Atrophy), displaying significant exon skipping/inclusion and functional improvements in animal models. The article provides an overview of a detailed understanding of the challenges that ASOs face prior to reaching their targets and continued advances in methods to improve their delivery to target sites and cellular uptake, focusing on DG9, which aims to harness ASOs' full potential in precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umme Sabrina Haque
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Toshifumi Yokota
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada
- The Friends of Garrett Cumming Research & Muscular Dystrophy Canada HM Toupin Neurological Science Research, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada
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5
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Kawamoto Y, Wu Y, Takahashi Y, Takakura Y. Development of nucleic acid medicines based on chemical technology. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 199:114872. [PMID: 37244354 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.114872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Oligonucleotide-based therapeutics have attracted attention as an emerging modality that includes the modulation of genes and their binding proteins related to diseases, allowing us to take action on previously undruggable targets. Since the late 2010s, the number of oligonucleotide medicines approved for clinical uses has dramatically increased. Various chemistry-based technologies have been developed to improve the therapeutic properties of oligonucleotides, such as chemical modification, conjugation, and nanoparticle formation, which can increase nuclease resistance, enhance affinity and selectivity to target sites, suppress off-target effects, and improve pharmacokinetic properties. Similar strategies employing modified nucleobases and lipid nanoparticles have been used for developing coronavirus disease 2019 mRNA vaccines. In this review, we provide an overview of the development of chemistry-based technologies aimed at using nucleic acids for developing therapeutics over the past several decades, with a specific emphasis on the structural design and functionality of chemical modification strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Kawamoto
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Drug Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
| | - You Wu
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Drug Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yuki Takahashi
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Drug Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Takakura
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Drug Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
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6
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Bege M, Borbás A. The Medicinal Chemistry of Artificial Nucleic Acids and Therapeutic Oligonucleotides. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15080909. [PMID: 35893733 PMCID: PMC9330994 DOI: 10.3390/ph15080909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleic acids play a central role in human biology, making them suitable and attractive tools for therapeutic applications. While conventional drugs generally target proteins and induce transient therapeutic effects, nucleic acid medicines can achieve long-lasting or curative effects by targeting the genetic bases of diseases. However, native oligonucleotides are characterized by low in vivo stability due to nuclease sensitivity and unfavourable physicochemical properties due to their polyanionic nature, which are obstacles to their therapeutic use. A myriad of synthetic oligonucleotides have been prepared in the last few decades and it has been shown that proper chemical modifications to either the nucleobase, the ribofuranose unit or the phosphate backbone can protect the nucleic acids from degradation, enable efficient cellular uptake and target localization ensuring the efficiency of the oligonucleotide-based therapy. In this review, we present a summary of structure and properties of artificial nucleic acids containing nucleobase, sugar or backbone modifications, and provide an overview of the structure and mechanism of action of approved oligonucleotide drugs including gene silencing agents, aptamers and mRNA vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miklós Bege
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
- Institute of Healthcare Industry, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei körút 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- MTA-DE Molecular Recognition and Interaction Research Group, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Anikó Borbás
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
- National Laboratory of Virology, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Correspondence:
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7
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Relizani K, Echevarría L, Zarrouki F, Gastaldi C, Dambrune C, Aupy P, Haeberli A, Komisarski M, Tensorer T, Larcher T, Svinartchouk F, Vaillend C, Garcia L, Goyenvalle A. Palmitic acid conjugation enhances potency of tricyclo-DNA splice switching oligonucleotides. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 50:17-34. [PMID: 34893881 PMCID: PMC8754652 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab1199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Tricyclo-DNA (tcDNA) is a conformationally constrained oligonucleotide analog that has demonstrated great therapeutic potential as antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) for several diseases. Like most ASOs in clinical development, tcDNA were modified with phosphorothioate (PS) backbone for therapeutic purposes in order to improve their biodistribution by enhancing association with plasma and cell protein. Despite the advantageous protein binding properties, systemic delivery of PS-ASO remains limited and PS modifications can result in dose limiting toxicities in the clinic. Improving extra-hepatic delivery of ASO is highly desirable for the treatment of a variety of diseases including neuromuscular disorders such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy. We hypothesized that conjugation of palmitic acid to tcDNA could facilitate the delivery of the ASO from the bloodstream to the interstitium of the muscle tissues. We demonstrate here that palmitic acid conjugation enhances the potency of tcDNA-ASO in skeletal and cardiac muscles, leading to functional improvement in dystrophic mice with significantly reduced dose of administered ASO. Interestingly, palmitic acid-conjugated tcDNA with a full phosphodiester backbone proved effective with a particularly encouraging safety profile, offering new perspectives for the clinical development of PS-free tcDNA-ASO for neuromuscular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karima Relizani
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm, END-ICAP, 78000 Versailles, France.,SQY Therapeutics, UVSQ, 78180 Montigny le Bretonneux, France
| | - Lucía Echevarría
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm, END-ICAP, 78000 Versailles, France.,SQY Therapeutics, UVSQ, 78180 Montigny le Bretonneux, France
| | - Faouzi Zarrouki
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm, END-ICAP, 78000 Versailles, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut des Neurosciences Paris Saclay, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | - Chloe Dambrune
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm, END-ICAP, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Philippine Aupy
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm, END-ICAP, 78000 Versailles, France
| | | | | | - Thomas Tensorer
- SQY Therapeutics, UVSQ, 78180 Montigny le Bretonneux, France.,SYNTHENA AG, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Cyrille Vaillend
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut des Neurosciences Paris Saclay, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Luis Garcia
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm, END-ICAP, 78000 Versailles, France.,LIA BAHN, centre scientifique de Monaco, 98000, Monaco
| | - Aurélie Goyenvalle
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm, END-ICAP, 78000 Versailles, France.,LIA BAHN, centre scientifique de Monaco, 98000, Monaco
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8
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Klabenkova K, Fokina A, Stetsenko D. Chemistry of Peptide-Oligonucleotide Conjugates: A Review. Molecules 2021; 26:5420. [PMID: 34500849 PMCID: PMC8434111 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26175420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptide-oligonucleotide conjugates (POCs) represent one of the increasingly successful albeit costly approaches to increasing the cellular uptake, tissue delivery, bioavailability, and, thus, overall efficiency of therapeutic nucleic acids, such as, antisense oligonucleotides and small interfering RNAs. This review puts the subject of chemical synthesis of POCs into the wider context of therapeutic oligonucleotides and the problem of nucleic acid drug delivery, cell-penetrating peptide structural types, the mechanisms of their intracellular transport, and the ways of application, which include the formation of non-covalent complexes with oligonucleotides (peptide additives) or covalent conjugation. The main strategies for the synthesis of POCs are viewed in detail, which are conceptually divided into (a) the stepwise solid-phase synthesis approach and (b) post-synthetic conjugation either in solution or on the solid phase, especially by means of various click chemistries. The relative advantages and disadvantages of both strategies are discussed and compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Klabenkova
- Faculty of Physics, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (K.K.); (D.S.)
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alesya Fokina
- Faculty of Physics, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (K.K.); (D.S.)
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Dmitry Stetsenko
- Faculty of Physics, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (K.K.); (D.S.)
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
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9
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Doxakis E. Therapeutic antisense oligonucleotides for movement disorders. Med Res Rev 2020; 41:2656-2688. [PMID: 32656818 DOI: 10.1002/med.21706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Movement disorders are a group of neurological conditions characterized by abnormalities of movement and posture. They are broadly divided into akinetic and hyperkinetic syndromes. Until now, no effective symptomatic or disease-modifying therapies have been available. However, since many of these disorders are monogenic or have some well-defined genetic component, they represent strong candidates for antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) therapies. ASO therapies are based on the use of short synthetic single-stranded ASOs that bind to disease-related target RNAs via Watson-Crick base-pairing and pleiotropically modulate their function. With information arising from the RNA sequence alone, it is possible to design ASOs that not only alter the expression levels but also the splicing defects of any protein, far exceeding the intervention repertoire of traditional small molecule approaches. Following the regulatory approval of ASO therapies for spinal muscular atrophy and Duchenne muscular dystrophy in 2016, there has been tremendous momentum in testing such therapies for other neurological disorders. This review article initially focuses on the chemical modifications aimed at improving ASO effectiveness, the mechanisms by which ASOs can interfere with RNA function, delivery systems and pharmacokinetics, and the common set of toxicities associated with their application. It, then, describes the pathophysiology and the latest information on preclinical and clinical trials utilizing ASOs for the treatment of Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and ataxias 1, 2, 3, and 7. It concludes with issues that require special attention to realize the full potential of ASO-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Epaminondas Doxakis
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
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10
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Komine H, Mori S, Morihiro K, Ishida K, Okuda T, Kasahara Y, Aoyama H, Yamaguchi T, Obika S. Synthesis and Evaluation of Artificial Nucleic Acid Bearing an Oxanorbornane Scaffold. Molecules 2020; 25:E1732. [PMID: 32283778 PMCID: PMC7180610 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25071732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural oligonucleotides have many rotatable single bonds, and thus their structures are inherently flexible. Structural flexibility leads to an entropic loss when unwound oligonucleotides form a duplex with single-stranded DNA or RNA. An effective approach to reduce such entropic loss in the duplex-formation is the conformational restriction of the flexible phosphodiester linkage and/or sugar moiety. We here report the synthesis and biophysical properties of a novel artificial nucleic acid bearing an oxanorbornane scaffold (OxNorNA), where the adamant oxanorbornane was expected to rigidify the structures of both the linkage and sugar parts of nucleic acid. OxNorNA phosphoramidite with a uracil (U) nucleobase was successfully synthesized over 15 steps from a known sugar-derived cyclopentene. Thereafter, the given phosphoramidite was incorporated into the designed oligonucleotides. Thermal denaturation experiments revealed that oligonucleotides modified with the conformationally restricted OxNorNA-U properly form a duplex with the complementally DNA or RNA strands, although the Tm values of OxNorNA-U-modified oligonucleotides were lower than those of the corresponding natural oligonucleotides. As we had designed, entropic loss during the duplex-formation was reduced by the OxNorNA modification. Moreover, the OxNorNA-U-modified oligonucleotide was confirmed to have extremely high stability against 3'-exonuclease activity, and its stability was even higher than those of the phosphorothioate-modified counterparts (Sp and Rp). With the overall biophysical properties of OxNorNA-U, we expect that OxNorNA could be used for specialized applications, such as conformational fixation and/or bio-stability enhancement of therapeutic oligonucleotides (e.g., aptamers).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hibiki Komine
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (H.K.); (S.M.); (K.I.); (T.O.); (Y.K.); (H.A.)
| | - Shohei Mori
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (H.K.); (S.M.); (K.I.); (T.O.); (Y.K.); (H.A.)
| | - Kunihiko Morihiro
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (H.K.); (S.M.); (K.I.); (T.O.); (Y.K.); (H.A.)
- National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Kenta Ishida
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (H.K.); (S.M.); (K.I.); (T.O.); (Y.K.); (H.A.)
| | - Takumi Okuda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (H.K.); (S.M.); (K.I.); (T.O.); (Y.K.); (H.A.)
| | - Yuuya Kasahara
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (H.K.); (S.M.); (K.I.); (T.O.); (Y.K.); (H.A.)
- National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Aoyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (H.K.); (S.M.); (K.I.); (T.O.); (Y.K.); (H.A.)
| | - Takao Yamaguchi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (H.K.); (S.M.); (K.I.); (T.O.); (Y.K.); (H.A.)
| | - Satoshi Obika
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (H.K.); (S.M.); (K.I.); (T.O.); (Y.K.); (H.A.)
- National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
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11
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Quemener AM, Bachelot L, Forestier A, Donnou-Fournet E, Gilot D, Galibert MD. The powerful world of antisense oligonucleotides: From bench to bedside. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-RNA 2020; 11:e1594. [PMID: 32233021 PMCID: PMC9285911 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) represent a new and highly promising class of drugs for personalized medicine. In the last decade, major chemical developments and improvements of the backbone structure of ASOs have transformed them into true approved and commercialized drugs. ASOs target both DNA and RNA, including pre‐mRNA, mRNA, and ncRDA, based on sequence complementary. They are designed to be specific for each identified molecular and genetic alteration to restore a normal, physiological situation. Thus, the characterization of the underpinning mechanisms and alterations that sustain pathology is critical for accurate ASO‐design. ASOs can be used to cure both rare and common diseases, such as orphan genetic alterations and cancer. Through pioneering examples, this review shows the versatility of the mechanisms of action that provide ASOs with the potential capacity to achieve custom treatment, revolutionizing personalized medicine. This article is categorized under:RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > Small Molecule–RNA Interactions
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs M Quemener
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes)-UMR6290, ARC Foundation Labellized Team, Rennes, France
| | - Laura Bachelot
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes)-UMR6290, ARC Foundation Labellized Team, Rennes, France
| | - Anne Forestier
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes)-UMR6290, ARC Foundation Labellized Team, Rennes, France
| | - Emmanuelle Donnou-Fournet
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes)-UMR6290, ARC Foundation Labellized Team, Rennes, France
| | - David Gilot
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes)-UMR6290, ARC Foundation Labellized Team, Rennes, France
| | - Marie-Dominique Galibert
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes)-UMR6290, ARC Foundation Labellized Team, Rennes, France.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Genomic, CHU Rennes, Hospital-University of Rennes, Rennes, France
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12
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Aupy P, Echevarría L, Relizani K, Zarrouki F, Haeberli A, Komisarski M, Tensorer T, Jouvion G, Svinartchouk F, Garcia L, Goyenvalle A. Identifying and Avoiding tcDNA-ASO Sequence-Specific Toxicity for the Development of DMD Exon 51 Skipping Therapy. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2019; 19:371-383. [PMID: 31881528 PMCID: PMC7063478 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2019.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Tricyclo-DNA (tcDNA) antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) hold promise for therapeutic splice-switching applications and the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) in particular. We have previously reported the therapeutic potential of tcDNA-ASO in mouse models of DMD, highlighting their unique pharmaceutical properties and unprecedented uptake in many tissues after systemic delivery, including the heart and central nervous system. Following these encouraging results, we developed phosphorothioate (PS)-modified tcDNA-ASOs targeting the human dystrophin exon 51 (H51). Preliminary evaluation of H51 PS-tcDNA in mice resulted in unexpected acute toxicity following intravenous administration of the selected candidate. In vivo and in vitro assays revealed complement activation, prolonged coagulation times, and platelet activation, correlating with the observed toxicity. In this study, we identify a novel PS-tcDNA sequence-specific toxicity induced by the formation of homodimer-like structures and investigate the therapeutic potential of a detoxified PS-tcDNA targeting exon 51. Modification of the H51-PS-tcDNA sequence, while maintaining target specificity through wobble pairing, abolished the observed toxicity by preventing homodimer formation. The resulting detoxified wobble-tcDNA candidate did not affect coagulation or complement pathways any longer nor activated platelets in vitro and was well tolerated in vivo in mice, confirming the possibility to detoxify specific tcDNA-ASO candidates successfully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippine Aupy
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm, END-ICAP, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Lucía Echevarría
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm, END-ICAP, 78000 Versailles, France; SQY Therapeutics, 78180 Montigny le Bretonneux, France
| | - Karima Relizani
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm, END-ICAP, 78000 Versailles, France; SQY Therapeutics, 78180 Montigny le Bretonneux, France
| | - Faouzi Zarrouki
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm, END-ICAP, 78000 Versailles, France
| | | | | | | | - Grégory Jouvion
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Pathophysiology of Pediatric Genetic Diseases, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Armand-Trousseau, UF Génétique Moléculaire, 75012 Paris, France; Institut Pasteur, Experimental Neuropathology Unit, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Fedor Svinartchouk
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm, END-ICAP, 78000 Versailles, France; SQY Therapeutics, 78180 Montigny le Bretonneux, France
| | - Luis Garcia
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm, END-ICAP, 78000 Versailles, France; LIA BAHN, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, 98000 Monaco
| | - Aurélie Goyenvalle
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm, END-ICAP, 78000 Versailles, France; LIA BAHN, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, 98000 Monaco.
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13
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Istrate A, Johannsen S, Istrate A, Sigel RKO, Leumann CJ. NMR solution structure of tricyclo-DNA containing duplexes: insight into enhanced thermal stability and nuclease resistance. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 47:4872-4882. [PMID: 30916334 PMCID: PMC6511864 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Tc-DNA is a conformationally constrained oligonucleotide analogue which shows significant increase in thermal stability when hybridized with RNA, DNA or tc-DNA. Remarkably, recent studies revealed that tc-DNA antisense oligonucleotides (AO) hold great promise for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy and spinal muscular atrophy. To date, no high-resolution structural data is available for fully modified tc-DNA duplexes and little is known about the origins of their enhanced thermal stability. Here, we report the structures of a fully modified tc-DNA oligonucleotide paired with either complementary RNA, DNA or tc-DNA. All three investigated duplexes maintain a right-handed helical structure with Watson-Crick base pairing and overall geometry intermediate between A- and B-type, but closer to A-type structures. All sugars of the tc-DNA and RNA residues adopt a North conformation whereas the DNA deoxyribose are found in a South-East-North conformation equilibrium. The conformation of the tc-DNA strand in the three determined structures is nearly identical and despite the different nature and local geometry of the complementary strand, the overall structures of the examined duplexes are very similar suggesting that the tc-DNA strand dominates the duplex structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Istrate
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, Bern CH-3012, Switzerland
| | - Silke Johannsen
- Department of Chemistry, Winterthurerstrasse 190, University of Zürich, Zürich CH-8057, Switzerland
| | - Alena Istrate
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, Bern CH-3012, Switzerland
| | - Roland K O Sigel
- Department of Chemistry, Winterthurerstrasse 190, University of Zürich, Zürich CH-8057, Switzerland
| | - Christian J Leumann
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, Bern CH-3012, Switzerland
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Recent advancements in exon-skipping therapies using antisense oligonucleotides and genome editing for the treatment of various muscular dystrophies. Expert Rev Mol Med 2019; 21:e5. [PMID: 31576784 DOI: 10.1017/erm.2019.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Muscular dystrophy is a group of genetic disorders characterised by degeneration of muscles. Different forms of muscular dystrophy can show varying phenotypes with a wide range of age, severity and location of muscle deterioration. Many palliative care options are available for muscular dystrophy patients, but no curative treatment is available. Exon-skipping therapy aims to induce skipping of exons with disease-causing mutations and/or nearby exons to restore the reading frame, which results in an internally truncated, partially functional protein. In antisense-mediated exon-skipping synthetic antisense oligonucleotide binds to pre-mRNA to induce exon skipping. Recent advances in exon skipping have yielded promising results; the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved eteplirsen (Exondys51) as the first exon-skipping drug for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy, and in vivo exon skipping has been demonstrated in animal models of dysferlinopathy, limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2C and congenital muscular dystrophy type 1A. Novel methods that induce exon skipping utilizing Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) are also being developed where splice site mutations are created within the genome to induce exon skipping. Challenges remain as exon-skipping agents can have deleterious non-specific effects and different in-frame deletions show phenotypic variance. This article reviews the state of the art of exon skipping for treating muscular dystrophy and discusses challenges and future prospects.
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Echevarría L, Aupy P, Relizani K, Bestetti T, Griffith G, Blandel F, Komisarski M, Haeberli A, Svinartchouk F, Garcia L, Goyenvalle A. Evaluating the Impact of Variable Phosphorothioate Content in Tricyclo-DNA Antisense Oligonucleotides in a Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Mouse Model. Nucleic Acid Ther 2019; 29:148-160. [PMID: 31009315 DOI: 10.1089/nat.2018.0773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) hold promise for therapeutic splice switching correction for genetic diseases, in particular for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), for which ASO-exon skipping represents one of the most advanced therapeutic strategies. We have previously reported the therapeutic potential of tricyclo-DNA (tcDNA) in mouse models of DMD, highlighting the unique pharmaceutical properties and unprecedented uptake in many tissues after systemic delivery, including the heart and central nervous system. TcDNA-ASOs demonstrate an encouraging safety profile and no particular class-related toxicity, however, when administered in high doses for several months, mild renal toxicity is observed secondary to predictable phosphorothioate (PS)-ASO accumulation in kidneys. In this study, we investigate the influence of the relative content of PS linkages in tcDNA-ASOs on exon skipping efficacy. Mdx mice were injected intravenously once weekly for 4 weeks with tcDNA carrying various amounts of PS linkages (0%, 25%, 33%, 50%, 67%, 83%, and 100%). The results indicate that levels of exon-23 skipping and dystrophin rescue increase with the number of PS linkages in most skeletal muscles except in the heart. As expected, plasma coagulation times are shortened with decreasing PS content, and tcDNA-protein binding in serum directly correlates with the number of PS linkages on the tcDNA backbone. Altogether, these data contribute in establishing the appropriate sulfur content within the tcDNA backbone for maximal efficacy and minimal toxicity of the oligonucleotide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Echevarría
- 1 Université de Versailles St- Quentin, U1179 INSERM, UFR des Sciences de la Santé, Montigny le Bretonneux, France.,2 SQY Therapeutics, Université de Versailles St-Quentin, Montigny le Bretonneux, France
| | - Philippine Aupy
- 1 Université de Versailles St- Quentin, U1179 INSERM, UFR des Sciences de la Santé, Montigny le Bretonneux, France
| | - Karima Relizani
- 1 Université de Versailles St- Quentin, U1179 INSERM, UFR des Sciences de la Santé, Montigny le Bretonneux, France.,2 SQY Therapeutics, Université de Versailles St-Quentin, Montigny le Bretonneux, France
| | - Thomas Bestetti
- 1 Université de Versailles St- Quentin, U1179 INSERM, UFR des Sciences de la Santé, Montigny le Bretonneux, France
| | - Graziella Griffith
- 1 Université de Versailles St- Quentin, U1179 INSERM, UFR des Sciences de la Santé, Montigny le Bretonneux, France.,2 SQY Therapeutics, Université de Versailles St-Quentin, Montigny le Bretonneux, France
| | - Florence Blandel
- 1 Université de Versailles St- Quentin, U1179 INSERM, UFR des Sciences de la Santé, Montigny le Bretonneux, France
| | | | | | - Fedor Svinartchouk
- 1 Université de Versailles St- Quentin, U1179 INSERM, UFR des Sciences de la Santé, Montigny le Bretonneux, France.,2 SQY Therapeutics, Université de Versailles St-Quentin, Montigny le Bretonneux, France
| | - Luis Garcia
- 1 Université de Versailles St- Quentin, U1179 INSERM, UFR des Sciences de la Santé, Montigny le Bretonneux, France
| | - Aurélie Goyenvalle
- 1 Université de Versailles St- Quentin, U1179 INSERM, UFR des Sciences de la Santé, Montigny le Bretonneux, France
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16
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Nguyen Q, Yokota T. Antisense oligonucleotides for the treatment of cardiomyopathy in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Am J Transl Res 2019; 11:1202-1218. [PMID: 30972156 PMCID: PMC6456507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an X-linked recessive fatal neuromuscular disorder characterized by progressive muscle degeneration which affects one in 3500-5000 males born worldwide. DMD is caused by loss-of-function mutations in the dystrophin (DMD) gene encoding for dystrophin, a cytoskeletal protein that supports the structural integrity of myofibers during cycles of muscle contraction and relaxation. DMD patients do not only experience skeletal muscle deterioration but also severe cardiomyopathy, which is recognized as the current leading cause of death for the disease. Among the therapies being developed, exon skipping using antisense oligonucleotides (AOs) is one of the most promising approaches. AOs effectively restore dystrophin expression in skeletal muscles; however, they are highly inefficient in the heart due to endosomal entrapment. Improving skeletal muscle function without restoring dystrophin expression in cardiac tissue may exacerbate cardiomyopathy due to increased voluntary activity. This review consolidates the preclinical antisense approaches to improve dystrophin restoration, with a special focus on the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quynh Nguyen
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta8812-112 St., Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Toshifumi Yokota
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta8812-112 St., Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada
- The Friends of Garret Cumming Research and Muscular Dystrophy Canada HM Toupin Neurological Science Research Chair8812-112 St., Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada
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17
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Abstract
Oligonucleotides (ONs) can interfere with biomolecules representing the entire extended central dogma. Antisense gapmer, steric block, splice-switching ONs, and short interfering RNA drugs have been successfully developed. Moreover, antagomirs (antimicroRNAs), microRNA mimics, aptamers, DNA decoys, DNAzymes, synthetic guide strands for CRISPR/Cas, and innate immunity-stimulating ONs are all in clinical trials. DNA-targeting, triplex-forming ONs and strand-invading ONs have made their mark on drug development research, but not yet as medicines. Both design and synthetic nucleic acid chemistry are crucial for achieving biologically active ONs. The dominating modifications are phosphorothioate linkages, base methylation, and numerous 2'-substitutions in the furanose ring, such as 2'-fluoro, O-methyl, or methoxyethyl. Locked nucleic acid and constrained ethyl, a related variant, are bridged forms where the 2'-oxygen connects to the 4'-carbon in the sugar. Phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomers, carrying a modified heterocyclic backbone ring, have also been commercialized. Delivery remains a major obstacle, but systemic administration and intrathecal infusion are used for treatment of the liver and brain, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- C I Edvard Smith
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden; .,Stellenbosch Institute for Advanced Study, Wallenberg Research Centre, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
| | - Rula Zain
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden; .,Department of Clinical Genetics, Centre for Rare Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
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Goyenvalle A, Leumann C, Garcia L. Therapeutic Potential of Tricyclo-DNA antisense oligonucleotides. J Neuromuscul Dis 2018; 3:157-167. [PMID: 27854216 PMCID: PMC5271482 DOI: 10.3233/jnd-160146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Oligonucleotide therapeutics hold great promise for the treatment of various diseases and the antisense field is constantly gaining interest due to the development of more potent and nuclease resistant chemistries. Despite a rather low success rate with only three antisense drugs being clinically approved, the frontiers of AON therapeutic applications have increased over the past three decades and continue to expand thanks to a steady increase in understanding the mechanisms of action of these molecules, progress in chemical modification and delivery. In this review, we will examine the recent advances obtained with the tricyclo-DNA chemistry which displays unique pharmacological properties and unprecedented uptake in many tissues after systemic administration. We will review their specific properties and their therapeutic applications mainly for neuromuscular disorders, including exon-skipping for Duchenne muscular dystrophy and exon-inclusion for spinal muscular atrophy, but also aberrant splicing correction for Pompe disease. Finally, we will discuss their advantages and potential limitations, with a focus on the need for careful toxicological screen early in the process of AON drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelie Goyenvalle
- Université de Versailles St- Quentin, U1179 INSERM, UFR des Sciences de la Santé - LIA BAHN CSM, France
| | - Christian Leumann
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Luis Garcia
- Université de Versailles St- Quentin, U1179 INSERM, UFR des Sciences de la Santé - LIA BAHN CSM, France
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Aupy P, Echevarría L, Relizani K, Goyenvalle A. The Use of Tricyclo-DNA Oligomers for the Treatment of Genetic Disorders. Biomedicines 2017; 6:E2. [PMID: 29271929 PMCID: PMC5874659 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines6010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Antisense Oligonucleotides (ASOs) represent very attractive therapeutic compounds for the treatment of numerous diseases. The antisense field has remarkably progressed over the last few years with the approval of the first antisense drugs and with promising developments of more potent and nuclease resistant chemistries. Despite these recent clinical successes and advances in chemistry and design, effective delivery of ASOs to their target tissues remains a major issue. This review will describe the latest advances obtained with the tricyclo-DNA (tcDNA) chemistry which displays unique pharmacological properties and unprecedented uptake in many tissues after systemic administration. We will examine the variety of therapeutic approaches using both fully modified tcDNA-ASOs and gapmers, including splice switching applications, correction of aberrant splicing, steric blocking strategies and targeted gene knock-down mediated by RNase H recruitment. We will then discuss the merits and potential liabilities of the tcDNA chemistry in the context of ASO drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippine Aupy
- INSERM U1179, UFR des Sciences de la Santé, University of Versailles St-Quentin, 78180 Montigny le Bretonneux, France.
| | - Lucía Echevarría
- INSERM U1179, UFR des Sciences de la Santé, University of Versailles St-Quentin, 78180 Montigny le Bretonneux, France.
- SQY Therapeutics, University of Versailles St-Quentin, 78180 Montigny le Bretonneux, France.
| | - Karima Relizani
- INSERM U1179, UFR des Sciences de la Santé, University of Versailles St-Quentin, 78180 Montigny le Bretonneux, France.
- SQY Therapeutics, University of Versailles St-Quentin, 78180 Montigny le Bretonneux, France.
| | - Aurélie Goyenvalle
- INSERM U1179, UFR des Sciences de la Santé, University of Versailles St-Quentin, 78180 Montigny le Bretonneux, France.
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20
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Selection and Identification of Skeletal-Muscle-Targeted RNA Aptamers. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2017; 10:199-214. [PMID: 29499933 PMCID: PMC5862129 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Oligonucleotide gene therapy has shown great promise for the treatment of muscular dystrophies. Nevertheless, the selective delivery to affected muscles has shown to be challenging because of their high representation in the body and the high complexity of their cell membranes. Current trials show loss of therapeutic molecules to non-target tissues leading to lower target efficacy. Therefore, strategies that increase uptake efficiency would be particularly compelling. To address this need, we applied a cell-internalization SELEX (Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment) approach and identified a skeletal muscle-specific RNA aptamer. A01B RNA aptamer preferentially internalizes in skeletal muscle cells and exhibits decreased affinity for off-target cells. Moreover, this in vitro selected aptamer retained its functionality in vivo, suggesting a potential new approach for targeting skeletal muscles. Ultimately, this will aid in the development of targeted oligonucleotide therapies against muscular dystrophies.
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21
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Omairi S, Hau KL, Collin-Hooper H, Montanaro F, Goyenvalle A, Garcia L, Patel K. Link between MHC Fiber Type and Restoration of Dystrophin Expression and Key Components of the DAPC by Tricyclo-DNA-Mediated Exon Skipping. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2017; 9:409-418. [PMID: 29246319 PMCID: PMC6114118 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2017.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Exon skipping mediated by tricyclo-DNA (tc-DNA) antisense oligonucleotides has been shown to induce significant levels of dystrophin restoration in mdx, a mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. This translates into significant improvement in key disease indicators in muscle, cardio-respiratory function, heart, and the CNS. Here we examine the relationship between muscle fiber type, based on myosin heavy chain (MHC) profile, and the ability of tc-DNA to restore not only dystrophin but also other members of the dystrophin-associated glycoprotein complex (DAPC). We first profiled this relationship in untreated mdx muscle, and we found that all fiber types support reversion events to a dystrophin-positive state, in an unbiased manner. Importantly, we show that only a small fraction of revertant fibers expressed other members of the DAPC. Immunoblot analysis of protein levels, however, revealed robust expression of these components, which failed to correctly localize to the sarcolemma. We then show that tc-DNA treatment leads to nearly all fibers expressing not only dystrophin but also other key components of the DAPC. Of significance, our work shows that MHC fiber type does not bias the expression of any of these important proteins. This work also highlights that the improved muscle physiology following tc-DNA treatment reported previously results from the complete restoration of the dystrophin complex in all MHCII fibers with equal efficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleh Omairi
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Kwan-Leong Hau
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Developmental Neurosciences Programme, London, UK
| | | | - Federica Montanaro
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Developmental Neurosciences Programme, London, UK
| | - Aurelie Goyenvalle
- Universite de Versailles St. Quentin, INSERM U1179, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
| | - Luis Garcia
- Universite de Versailles St. Quentin, INSERM U1179, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
| | - Ketan Patel
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK.
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22
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Relizani K, Griffith G, Echevarría L, Zarrouki F, Facchinetti P, Vaillend C, Leumann C, Garcia L, Goyenvalle A. Efficacy and Safety Profile of Tricyclo-DNA Antisense Oligonucleotides in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Mouse Model. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2017; 8:144-157. [PMID: 28918017 PMCID: PMC5498286 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2017.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Antisense oligonucleotides (AONs) hold promise for therapeutic splice-switching correction in many genetic diseases. However, despite advances in AON chemistry and design, systemic use of AONs is limited due to poor tissue uptake and sufficient therapeutic efficacy is still difficult to achieve. A novel class of AONs made of tricyclo-DNA (tcDNA) is considered very promising for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), a neuromuscular disease typically caused by frameshifting deletions or nonsense mutations in the gene-encoding dystrophin and characterized by progressive muscle weakness, cardiomyopathy, and respiratory failure in addition to cognitive impairment. Herein, we report the efficacy and toxicology profile of a 13-mer tcDNA in mdx mice. We show that systemic delivery of 13-mer tcDNA allows restoration of dystrophin in skeletal muscles and to a lower extent in the brain, leading to muscle function improvement and correction of behavioral features linked to the emotional/cognitive deficiency. More importantly, tcDNA treatment was generally limited to minimal glomerular changes and few cell necroses in proximal tubules, with only slight variation in serum and urinary kidney toxicity biomarker levels. These results demonstrate an encouraging safety profile for tcDNA, albeit typical of phosphorothiate AONs, and confirm its therapeutic potential for the systemic treatment of DMD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karima Relizani
- Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin en Yvelines, U1179 INSERM, UFR des Sciences de la Santé, 78180 Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France; SQY Therapeutics, UFR des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin en Yvelines, 78180 Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
| | - Graziella Griffith
- Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin en Yvelines, U1179 INSERM, UFR des Sciences de la Santé, 78180 Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France; SQY Therapeutics, UFR des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin en Yvelines, 78180 Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
| | - Lucía Echevarría
- Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin en Yvelines, U1179 INSERM, UFR des Sciences de la Santé, 78180 Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
| | - Faouzi Zarrouki
- Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin en Yvelines, U1179 INSERM, UFR des Sciences de la Santé, 78180 Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France; Neuro-PSI, UMR 9197, Université Paris Sud, CNRS, Université Paris Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Patricia Facchinetti
- Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin en Yvelines, U1179 INSERM, UFR des Sciences de la Santé, 78180 Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
| | - Cyrille Vaillend
- Neuro-PSI, UMR 9197, Université Paris Sud, CNRS, Université Paris Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Christian Leumann
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Luis Garcia
- Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin en Yvelines, U1179 INSERM, UFR des Sciences de la Santé, 78180 Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France.
| | - Aurélie Goyenvalle
- Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin en Yvelines, U1179 INSERM, UFR des Sciences de la Santé, 78180 Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France.
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23
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Sardone V, Zhou H, Muntoni F, Ferlini A, Falzarano MS. Antisense Oligonucleotide-Based Therapy for Neuromuscular Disease. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22040563. [PMID: 28379182 PMCID: PMC6154734 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22040563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuromuscular disorders such as Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy and Spinal Muscular Atrophy are neurodegenerative genetic diseases characterized primarily by muscle weakness and wasting. Until recently there were no effective therapies for these conditions, but antisense oligonucleotides, a new class of synthetic single stranded molecules of nucleic acids, have demonstrated promising experimental results and are at different stages of regulatory approval. The antisense oligonucleotides can modulate the protein expression via targeting hnRNAs or mRNAs and inducing interference with splicing, mRNA degradation, or arrest of translation, finally, resulting in rescue or reduction of the target protein expression. Different classes of antisense oligonucleotides are being tested in several clinical trials, and limitations of their clinical efficacy and toxicity have been reported for some of these compounds, while more encouraging results have supported the development of others. New generation antisense oligonucleotides are also being tested in preclinical models together with specific delivery systems that could allow some of the limitations of current antisense oligonucleotides to be overcome, to improve the cell penetration, to achieve more robust target engagement, and hopefully also be associated with acceptable toxicity. This review article describes the chemical properties and molecular mechanisms of action of the antisense oligonucleotides and the therapeutic implications these compounds have in neuromuscular diseases. Current strategies and carrier systems available for the oligonucleotides delivery will be also described to provide an overview on the past, present and future of these appealing molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Sardone
- Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, Molecular Neurosciences Section, Developmental Neuroscience Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK.
| | - Haiyan Zhou
- Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, Molecular Neurosciences Section, Developmental Neuroscience Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK.
| | - Francesco Muntoni
- Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, Molecular Neurosciences Section, Developmental Neuroscience Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK.
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK.
| | - Alessandra Ferlini
- Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, Molecular Neurosciences Section, Developmental Neuroscience Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK.
- UOL Medical Genetics, University of Ferrara, Ferrara 44121, Italy.
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24
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Robin V, Griffith G, Carter JPL, Leumann CJ, Garcia L, Goyenvalle A. Efficient SMN Rescue following Subcutaneous Tricyclo-DNA Antisense Oligonucleotide Treatment. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2017. [PMID: 28624227 PMCID: PMC5415958 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2017.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a recessive disease caused by mutations in the SMN1 gene, which encodes the protein survival motor neuron (SMN), whose absence dramatically affects the survival of motor neurons. In humans, the severity of the disease is lessened by the presence of a gene copy, SMN2. SMN2 differs from SMN1 by a C-to-T transition in exon 7, which modifies pre-mRNA splicing and prevents successful SMN synthesis. Splice-switching approaches using antisense oligonucleotides (AONs) have already been shown to correct this SMN2 gene transition, providing a therapeutic avenue for SMA. However, AON administration to the CNS presents additional hurdles. In this study, we show that systemic delivery of tricyclo-DNA (tcDNA) AONs in a type III SMA mouse augments retention of exon 7 in SMN2 mRNA both in peripheral organs and the CNS. Mild type III SMA mice were selected as opposed to the severe type I model in order to test tcDNA efficacy and their ability to enter the CNS after maturation of the blood brain barrier (BBB). Furthermore, subcutaneous treatment significantly improved the necrosis phenotype and respiratory function. In summary, our data support that tcDNA oligomers effectively cross the blood-brain barrier and offer a promising systemic alternative for treating SMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Robin
- Université Versailles Saint Quentin, INSERM U1179, 78180 Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France.
| | - Graziella Griffith
- Université Versailles Saint Quentin, INSERM U1179, 78180 Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
| | - John-Paul L Carter
- Université Versailles Saint Quentin, INSERM U1179, 78180 Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
| | - Christian J Leumann
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Luis Garcia
- Université Versailles Saint Quentin, INSERM U1179, 78180 Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
| | - Aurélie Goyenvalle
- Université Versailles Saint Quentin, INSERM U1179, 78180 Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France.
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25
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Ansari AS, Santerre PJ, Uludağ H. Biomaterials for polynucleotide delivery to anchorage-independent cells. J Mater Chem B 2017; 5:7238-7261. [DOI: 10.1039/c7tb01833a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Comparison of various chemical vectors used for polynucleotide delivery to mammalian anchorage-independent cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysha S. Ansari
- Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering
- Faculty of Engineering
- University of Alberta
- Edmonton
- Canada
| | - Paul J. Santerre
- Institute of Biomaterials & Biomedical Engineering
- University of Toronto
- Toronto
- Canada
| | - Hasan Uludağ
- Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering
- Faculty of Engineering
- University of Alberta
- Edmonton
- Canada
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26
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Fokina AA, Chelobanov BP, Fujii M, Stetsenko DA. Delivery of therapeutic RNA-cleaving oligodeoxyribonucleotides (deoxyribozymes): from cell culture studies to clinical trials. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2016; 14:1077-1089. [PMID: 27892730 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2017.1266326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Development of efficient in vivo delivery systems remains a major challenge en route to clinical application of antisense technology, including RNA-cleaving molecules such as deoxyribozymes (DNAzymes). The mechanisms of oligonucleotide uptake and trafficking are clearly dependent on cell type and the type of oligonucleotide analogue. It appears likely that each particular disease target would pose its own specific requirements for a delivery method. Areas covered. In this review we will discuss the available options for DNAzyme delivery in vitro and in vivo, outline various exogenous and endogenous strategies that have been, or are still being, developed and ascertain their applicability with emphasis on those methods that are currently being used in clinical trials. Expert opinion. The available information suggests that a practical system for in vivo delivery has to be biodegradable, as to minimize concerns over long-term toxicity, it should not accumulate in the organism. Extracellular vesicles may offer the most organic way for drug delivery especially as they can be fused with artificial liposomes to produce hybrid nanoparticles. Chemical modification of DNAzymes holds great potential to apply oligonucleotide analogs that would not only be resistant to nuclease digestion, but also able to penetrate cells without external delivery agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alesya A Fokina
- a Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine , Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences , Novosibirsk , Russia
| | - Boris P Chelobanov
- a Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine , Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences , Novosibirsk , Russia
| | - Masayuki Fujii
- b Department of Biological & Environmental Chemistry , Kindai University , Iizuka, Fukuoka , Japan
| | - Dmitry A Stetsenko
- a Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine , Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences , Novosibirsk , Russia
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27
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Gustincich S, Zucchelli S, Mallamaci A. The Yin and Yang of nucleic acid-based therapy in the brain. Prog Neurobiol 2016; 155:194-211. [PMID: 27887908 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The post-genomic era has unveiled the existence of a large repertory of non-coding RNAs and repetitive elements that play a fundamental role in cellular homeostasis and dysfunction. These may represent unprecedented opportunities to modify gene expression at the right time in the correct space in vivo, providing an almost unlimited reservoir of new potential pharmacological agents. Hijacking their mode of actions, the druggable genome can be extended to regulatory RNAs and DNA elements in a scalable fashion. Here, we discuss the state-of-the-art of nucleic acid-based drugs to treat neurodegenerative diseases. Beneficial effects can be obtained by inhibiting (Yin) and increasing (Yang) gene expression, depending on the disease and the drug target. Together with the description of the current use of inhibitory RNAs (small inhibitory RNAs and antisense oligonucleotides) in animal models and clinical trials, we discuss the molecular basis and applications of new classes of activatory RNAs at transcriptional (RNAa) and translational (SINEUP) levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Gustincich
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Genova, Italy; Area of Neuroscience, SISSA, Trieste, Italy.
| | - Silvia Zucchelli
- Area of Neuroscience, SISSA, Trieste, Italy; Department of Health Sciences, Universita' del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
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28
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Modified Antisense Oligonucleotides and Their Analogs in Therapy of Neuromuscular Diseases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-34175-0_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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29
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Urbanska AM, Karagiannis ED, Au AS, Dai SY, Mozafari M, Prakash S. What's Next for Gastrointestinal Disorders: No Needles? J Control Release 2015; 221:48-61. [PMID: 26646543 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A myriad of pathologies affect the gastrointestinal tract, citing this affected area as a significant target for therapeutic intervention. One group of therapeutic agents, antisense and oligonucleotides and small interfering RNAs, offer a promising platform for treating a wide variety of diseases ranging from cancer to auto-immune diseases. Current delivery methods are carried out either systemically or locally into diseased areas, both of which involve needles. The challenge in orally administering this type of treatment lies in the complications that arise due to the vast environmental extremes found within the gastrointestinal tract, owing to the fact that, as the drug travels down the gastrointestinal tract, it is subjected to pH changes and interactions with bacteria and a variety of digestive and protective enzymes including proteases, DNAses, and RNAses. Overcoming these challenges to allow the practical application of these drugs is a priority that has invoked a multitude of research in the chemical, biological, and material sciences. In this review, we will address common gastrointestinal pathologies, the barriers to oral-based therapies and antisense-interfering technologies, the approaches that have already been applied for their delivery, and the current status of antisense drug therapy clinical trials for gastrointestinal-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra M Urbanska
- Biomedical Technology and Cell Therapy Research Laboratory, Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Physiology Artificial Cells and Organs Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, 3775 University Street, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Emmanouil D Karagiannis
- Synthetic Neurobiology Group, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Media Lab and McGovern Institute, Departments of Biological Engineering and Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Andrew S Au
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032-3802, USA
| | - Si Yuan Dai
- Biomedical Technology and Cell Therapy Research Laboratory, Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Physiology Artificial Cells and Organs Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, 3775 University Street, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Masoud Mozafari
- Bioengineering Research Group, Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Department, Materials and Energy Research Center (MERC), P.O. Box 14155-4777, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Satya Prakash
- Biomedical Technology and Cell Therapy Research Laboratory, Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Physiology Artificial Cells and Organs Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, 3775 University Street, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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30
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Varela MA. Identification of sequences common to more than one therapeutic target to treat complex diseases: simulating the high variance in sequence interactivity evolved to modulate robust phenotypes. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:530. [PMID: 26187740 PMCID: PMC4506634 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1727-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genome-wide association studies show that most human traits and diseases are caused by a combination of environmental and genetic causes, with each one of these having a relatively small effect. In contrast, most therapies based on macromolecules like antibodies, antisense oligonucleotides or peptides focus on a single gene product. On the other hand, complex organisms seem to have a plethora of functional molecules able to bind specifically to multiple genes or genes products based on their sequences but the mechanisms that lead organisms to recruit these multispecific regulators remain unclear. RESULTS The mutational biases inferred from the genomic sequences of six organisms show an increase in the variance of sequence interactivity in complex organisms. The high variance in the interactivity of sequences presents an ideal evolutionary substrate to recruit sequence-specific regulators able to target multiple gene products. For example, here it is shown how the 3'UTR can fluctuate between sequences likely to be complementary to other sites in the genome in the search for advantageous interactions. A library of nucleotide- and peptide-based tools was built using a script to search for candidates (e.g. peptides, antigens to raise antibodies or antisense oligonucleotides) to target sequences shared by key pathways in human disorders, such as cancer and immune diseases. This resource will be accessible to the community at www.wikisequences.org . CONCLUSIONS This study describes and encourages the adoption of the same multitarget strategy (e.g., miRNAs, Hsp90) that has evolved in organisms to modify complex traits to treat diseases with robust pathological phenotypes. The increase in the variance of sequence interactivity detected in the human and mouse genomes when compared with less complex organisms could have expedited the evolution of regulators able to interact to multiple gene products and modulate robust phenotypes. The identification of sequences common to more than one therapeutic target carried out in this study could facilitate the design of new multispecific methods able to modify simultaneously key pathways to treat complex diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Angel Varela
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QX, UK.
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31
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Evers MM, Toonen LJ, van Roon-Mom WM. Antisense oligonucleotides in therapy for neurodegenerative disorders. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2015; 87:90-103. [PMID: 25797014 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Antisense oligonucleotides are synthetic single stranded strings of nucleic acids that bind to RNA and thereby alter or reduce expression of the target RNA. They can not only reduce expression of mutant proteins by breakdown of the targeted transcript, but also restore protein expression or modify proteins through interference with pre-mRNA splicing. There has been a recent revival of interest in the use of antisense oligonucleotides to treat several neurodegenerative disorders using different approaches to prevent disease onset or halt disease progression and the first clinical trials for spinal muscular atrophy and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis showing promising results. For these trials, intrathecal delivery is being used but direct infusion into the brain ventricles and several methods of passing the blood brain barrier after peripheral administration are also under investigation.
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32
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Wilton SD, Veedu RN, Fletcher S. The emperor's new dystrophin: finding sense in the noise. Trends Mol Med 2015; 21:417-26. [PMID: 26051381 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2015.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Targeted dystrophin exon removal is a promising therapy for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD); however, dystrophin expression in some reports is not supported by the associated data. As in the account of 'The Emperor's New Clothes', the validity of such claims must be questioned, with critical re-evaluation of available data. Is it appropriate to report clinical benefit and induction of dystrophin as dose dependent when the baseline is unclear? The inability to induce meaningful levels of dystrophin does not mean that dystrophin expression as an end point is irrelevant, nor that induced exon skipping as a strategy is flawed, but demands that drug safety and efficacy, and study parameters be addressed, rather than questioning the strategy or the validity of dystrophin as a biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Wilton
- Centre for Comparative Genomics, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA 6009, Australia; West Australian Neuroscience Research Institute, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA 6009, Australia.
| | - R N Veedu
- Centre for Comparative Genomics, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA 6009, Australia; West Australian Neuroscience Research Institute, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA 6009, Australia
| | - S Fletcher
- Centre for Comparative Genomics, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA 6009, Australia; West Australian Neuroscience Research Institute, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA 6009, Australia
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33
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Mutso M, Nikonov A, Pihlak A, Žusinaite E, Viru L, Selyutina A, Reintamm T, Kelve M, Saarma M, Karelson M, Merits A. RNA Interference-Guided Targeting of Hepatitis C Virus Replication with Antisense Locked Nucleic Acid-Based Oligonucleotides Containing 8-oxo-dG Modifications. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128686. [PMID: 26039055 PMCID: PMC4454572 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The inhibitory potency of an antisense oligonucleotide depends critically on its design and the accessibility of its target site. Here, we used an RNA interference-guided approach to select antisense oligonucleotide target sites in the coding region of the highly structured hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA genome. We modified the conventional design of an antisense oligonucleotide containing locked nucleic acid (LNA) residues at its termini (LNA/DNA gapmer) by inserting 8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxo-dG) residues into the central DNA region. Obtained compounds, designed with the aim to analyze the effects of 8-oxo-dG modifications on the antisense oligonucleotides, displayed a unique set of properties. Compared to conventional LNA/DNA gapmers, the melting temperatures of the duplexes formed by modified LNA/DNA gapmers and DNA or RNA targets were reduced by approximately 1.6-3.3°C per modification. Comparative transfection studies showed that small interfering RNA was the most potent HCV RNA replication inhibitor (effective concentration 50 (EC50): 0.13 nM), whereas isosequential standard and modified LNA/DNA gapmers were approximately 50-fold less efficient (EC50: 5.5 and 7.1 nM, respectively). However, the presence of 8-oxo-dG residues led to a more complete suppression of HCV replication in transfected cells. These modifications did not affect the efficiency of RNase H cleavage of antisense oligonucleotide:RNA duplexes but did alter specificity, triggering the appearance of multiple cleavage products. Moreover, the incorporation of 8-oxo-dG residues increased the stability of antisense oligonucleotides of different configurations in human serum.
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MESH Headings
- 8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine
- Base Pairing
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Deoxyguanosine/analogs & derivatives
- Deoxyguanosine/chemistry
- Genome, Viral
- Hepacivirus/genetics
- Hepacivirus/growth & development
- Hepatocytes/metabolism
- Hepatocytes/virology
- Humans
- Molecular Targeted Therapy
- Oligonucleotides/chemistry
- Oligonucleotides/metabolism
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/chemical synthesis
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/genetics
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/metabolism
- RNA Cleavage
- RNA Interference
- RNA Stability
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism
- RNA, Viral/antagonists & inhibitors
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- RNA, Viral/metabolism
- Structure-Activity Relationship
- Virus Replication
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Affiliation(s)
- Margit Mutso
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- GeneCode, Ltd., Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Andrei Nikonov
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- GeneCode, Ltd., Tallinn, Estonia
| | | | - Eva Žusinaite
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- GeneCode, Ltd., Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Liane Viru
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- GeneCode, Ltd., Tallinn, Estonia
| | | | - Tõnu Reintamm
- GeneCode, Ltd., Tallinn, Estonia
- Department of Gene Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Merike Kelve
- GeneCode, Ltd., Tallinn, Estonia
- Department of Gene Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Mart Saarma
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mati Karelson
- GeneCode, Ltd., Tallinn, Estonia
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Andres Merits
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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34
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Goyenvalle A, Griffith G, Avril A, Amthor H, Garcia L. [Functional correction and cognitive improvement in dystrophic mice using splice-switching tricyclo-DNA oligomers]. Med Sci (Paris) 2015; 31:253-6. [PMID: 25855277 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/20153103009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Goyenvalle
- Université de Versailles St-Quentin, Inserm U1179, laboratoire Biothérapie des maladies du système neuromusculaire et LIA BAHN Centre scientifique de Monaco, 2, avenue de la Source de la Bièvre, 78180 Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
| | - Graziella Griffith
- Université de Versailles St-Quentin, Inserm U1179, laboratoire Biothérapie des maladies du système neuromusculaire et LIA BAHN Centre scientifique de Monaco, 2, avenue de la Source de la Bièvre, 78180 Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
| | - Aurélie Avril
- Université de Versailles St-Quentin, Inserm U1179, laboratoire Biothérapie des maladies du système neuromusculaire et LIA BAHN Centre scientifique de Monaco, 2, avenue de la Source de la Bièvre, 78180 Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
| | - Helge Amthor
- Université de Versailles St-Quentin, Inserm U1179, laboratoire Biothérapie des maladies du système neuromusculaire et LIA BAHN Centre scientifique de Monaco, 2, avenue de la Source de la Bièvre, 78180 Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
| | - Luis Garcia
- Université de Versailles St-Quentin, Inserm U1179, laboratoire Biothérapie des maladies du système neuromusculaire et LIA BAHN Centre scientifique de Monaco, 2, avenue de la Source de la Bièvre, 78180 Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
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35
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Istrate A, Medvecky M, Leumann CJ. 2'-Fluorination of tricyclo-DNA controls furanose conformation and increases RNA affinity. Org Lett 2015; 17:1950-3. [PMID: 25837683 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b00662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of 2'-fluoro tricyclo-DNA pyrimidine nucleosides with fluorine in the ribo-configuration and their incorporation into oligodeoxynucleotides was accomplished. Unlike the parent tc-T nucleoside, the 2'F-RNA-tc-T unit occurs in the 2'-exo conformation in the crystal. Specifically, F-RNA-tc-T was found to stabilize duplexes with RNA by +2 to +4 °C in Tm/mod. F-RNA-tc-nucleosides mix well with the DNA backbone and thus open up possibilities of using shorter and mixed-(DNA/tc-DNA) backbone oligonucleotides for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Istrate
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michal Medvecky
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christian J Leumann
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
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36
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Functional correction in mouse models of muscular dystrophy using exon-skipping tricyclo-DNA oligomers. Nat Med 2015; 21:270-5. [PMID: 25642938 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Antisense oligonucleotides (AONs) hold promise for therapeutic correction of many genetic diseases via exon skipping, and the first AON-based drugs have entered clinical trials for neuromuscular disorders. However, despite advances in AON chemistry and design, systemic use of AONs is limited because of poor tissue uptake, and recent clinical reports confirm that sufficient therapeutic efficacy has not yet been achieved. Here we present a new class of AONs made of tricyclo-DNA (tcDNA), which displays unique pharmacological properties and unprecedented uptake by many tissues after systemic administration. We demonstrate these properties in two mouse models of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), a neurogenetic disease typically caused by frame-shifting deletions or nonsense mutations in the gene encoding dystrophin and characterized by progressive muscle weakness, cardiomyopathy, respiratory failure and neurocognitive impairment. Although current naked AONs do not enter the heart or cross the blood-brain barrier to any substantial extent, we show that systemic delivery of tcDNA-AONs promotes a high degree of rescue of dystrophin expression in skeletal muscles, the heart and, to a lesser extent, the brain. Our results demonstrate for the first time a physiological improvement of cardio-respiratory functions and a correction of behavioral features in DMD model mice. This makes tcDNA-AON chemistry particularly attractive as a potential future therapy for patients with DMD and other neuromuscular disorders or with other diseases that are eligible for exon-skipping approaches requiring whole-body treatment.
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Biotherapies of neuromuscular disorders. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2014; 170:799-807. [PMID: 25459122 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2014.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on the most recent data on biotherapeutic approaches, using DNA, RNA, recombinant proteins, or cells as therapeutic tools or targets for the treatment of neuromuscular diseases. Many of these novel technologies have now reached the clinical stage and have or are about to move to the market. Others, like genome editing are still in an early stage but hold great promise.
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Ittig D, Luisier S, Weiler J, Schümperli D, Leumann CJ. Improving gene silencing of siRNAs via tricyclo-DNA modification. ARTIFICIAL DNA, PNA & XNA 2014; 1:9-16. [PMID: 21687522 DOI: 10.4161/adna.1.1.11385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2010] [Revised: 01/22/2010] [Accepted: 02/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) can be exploited for the selective silencing of disease-related genes via the RNA interference (RNAi) machinery and therefore raise hope for future therapeutic applications. Especially chemically modified siRNAs are of interest as they are expected to convert lead siRNA sequences into effective drugs. To study the potential of tricyclo-DNA (tc-DNA) in this context we systematically incorporated tc-DNA units at various positions in a siRNA duplex targeted to the EGFP gene that was expressed in HeLa cells. Silencing activity was measured by FACS, mRNA levels were determined by RT-PCR and the biostability of the modifed siRNAs was determined in human serum. We found that modifications in the 3'-overhangs in both the sense and antisense strands were compatible with the RNAi machinery leading to similar activities compared to wild-type (wt) siRNA. Additional modifications at the 3'-end, the 5'-end and in the center of the sense (passenger) strand were also well tolerated and did not compromise activity. Extensive modifications of the 3'- and the 5'-end in the antisense (guide) strand, however, abolished RNAi activity. Interestingly, modifications in the center of the duplex on both strands, corresponding to the position of the cleavage site by AGO2, increased efficacy relative to wt by a factor of 4 at the lowest concentrations (2 nM) investigated. In all cases, reduction of EGFP fluorescence was accompanied with a reduction of the EGFP mRNA level. Serum stability analysis further showed that 3'-overhang modifications only moderately increased stability while more extensive substitution by tc-DNA residues significantly enhanced biostability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Ittig
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Bern; Bern, Switzerland
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Dugovic B, Wagner M, Leumann CJ. Structure/affinity studies in the bicyclo-DNA series: Synthesis and properties of oligonucleotides containing bc(en)-T and iso-tricyclo-T nucleosides. Beilstein J Org Chem 2014; 10:1840-7. [PMID: 25161745 PMCID: PMC4142851 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.10.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We present the synthesis of the two novel nucleosides iso-tc-T and bc(en)-T, belonging to the bicyclo-/tricyclo-DNA molecular platform. In both modifications the torsion around C6'-C7' within the carbocyclic ring is planarized by either the presence of a C6'-C7' double bond or a cyclopropane ring. Structural analysis of these two nucleosides by X-ray analysis reveals a clear preference of torsion angle γ for the gauche orientation with the furanose ring in a near perfect 2'-endo conformation. Both modifications were incorporated into oligodeoxynucleotides and their thermal melting behavior with DNA and RNA as complements was assessed. We found that the iso-tc-T modification was significantly more destabilizing in duplex formation compared to the bc(en)-T modification. In addition, duplexes with complementary RNA were less stable as compared to duplexes with DNA as complement. A structure/affinity analysis, including the already known bc-T and tc-T modifications, does not lead to a clear correlation of the orientation of torsion angle γ with DNA or RNA affinity. There is, however, some correlation between furanose conformation (N- or S-type) and affinity in the sense that a preference for a 3'-endo like conformation is associated with a preference for RNA as complement. As a general rule it appears that T m data of single modifications with nucleosides of the bicyclo-/tricyclo-DNA platform within deoxyoligonucleotides are not predictive for the stability of fully modified oligonucleotides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Branislav Dugovic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michael Wagner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christian J Leumann
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
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Braun S. Gene-based therapies of neuromuscular disorders: an update and the pivotal role of patient organizations in their discovery and implementation. J Gene Med 2014; 15:397-413. [PMID: 24123726 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.2747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This review updates the state-of-the art accomplishments of the multifaceted gene-based therapies, which include DNA or RNA as either therapeutic tools or targets for the treatment of neuromuscular diseases. It also provides insights into the key role that patient organizations have played in research and development; in particular, by addressing bottlenecks and generating boundary conditions that have contributed to scientific breakthroughs, and the effectiveness of innovation processes. Several gene therapy methods have reached the clinical stage and are now addressing both specific and classical issues related to this novel technology. Not ready yet for clinical application, genome editing is at its infancy. More rapidly progressing, RNA-based therapeutics, and especially exon skipping, exon inclusion and stop codon readthrough strategies, are about to move to the market. Most importantly, patients were at the forefront of this discovery process, from basic knowledge to innovation and translational research in a rapidly growing field of unmet medical needs. In recent years, Duchenne muscular dystrophy was the fertile ground for new therapeutic concepts that have been extended to other neuromuscular disorders, such as spinal muscular atrophy, myotonic dystrophies or fascioscapulohumeral dystrophy. In line with their longstanding policy, patient organizations will keep working in a proactive manner to bring together all stakeholders with a view to working out truly therapeutic solutions over a long-term perspective.
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Hollenstein M, Leumann CJ. Synthesis and biochemical characterization of tricyclothymidine triphosphate (tc-TTP). Chembiochem 2014; 15:1901-4. [PMID: 25044722 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201402116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Tricyclo-DNA (tc-DNA) is a conformationally restricted oligonucleotide analogue that exhibits promising properties as a robust antisense agent. Here we report on the synthesis and biochemical characterization of tc-TTP, the triphosphate of a tc-DNA nucleoside containing the base thymine. Tc-TTP turned out to be a substrate for the Vent (exo(-) ) DNA polymerase, a polymerase that allows for multiple incorporations of tc-T nucleotides under primer extension reaction conditions. However, the substrate acceptance is rather low, as also observed for other sugar-modified analogues. Tc-TTP and tc-nucleotide-containing templates do not sustain enzymatic polymerization under physiological conditions; this indicates that tc-DNA-based antisense agents will not enter natural metabolic pathways that lead to long-term toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Hollenstein
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern (Switzerland).
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Suresh G, Priyakumar UD. Atomistic investigation of the effect of incremental modification of deoxyribose sugars by locked nucleic acid (β-D-LNA and α-L-LNA) moieties on the structures and thermodynamics of DNA-RNA hybrid duplexes. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:5853-63. [PMID: 24845216 DOI: 10.1021/jp5014779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chemically modified oligonucleotides offer many possibilities in utilizing their special features for a vast number of applications in nucleic acid based therapies and synthetic molecular biology. Locked nucleic acid analogues (α-/β-LNA) are modifications having an extra ring of 2'-O,4'-C-methylene group in the furanose sugar. LNA strands have been shown to exhibit high binding affinity toward RNA and DNA strands, and the resultant duplexes show significantly high melting temperatures. In the present study, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed on DNA-RNA hybrid duplexes by systematically modifying their deoxyribose sugars with locked nucleic acid analogues. Several geometrical and energetic analyses were performed using principal component (PCA) analysis and binding free energy methods to understand the consequence of incorporated isomeric LNA modifications on the structure, dynamics, and stability of DNA-RNA hybrid duplex. The β-modification systematically changes the conformation of the DNA-RNA hybrid duplex whereas drastic changes are observed for α-modification. The fully modified duplexes have distinct properties compared to partial and unmodified duplexes, and the partly modified duplexes have properties intermediate to full strand and unmodified duplexes. The distribution of BI versus BII populations suggests that backbone rearrangement is minimal for β-LNA modification in order to accommodate it in duplexes whereas extensive backbone rearrangement is necessary in order to incorporate α-LNA modification which subsequently alters the energetic and structural properties of the duplexes. The simulation results also suggest that the alteration of DNA-RNA hybrid properties depends on the position of modification and the gap between the modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gorle Suresh
- Center for Computational Natural Sciences and Bioinformatics, International Institute of Information Technology , Hyderabad 500 032, India
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Seth PP, Swayze EE. Unnatural Nucleoside Analogs for Antisense Therapy. METHODS AND PRINCIPLES IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527676545.ch12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Jarmin S, Kymalainen H, Popplewell L, Dickson G. New developments in the use of gene therapy to treat Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2013; 14:209-30. [PMID: 24308293 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2014.866087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a lethal X-linked inherited disorder characterised by progressive muscle weakness, wasting and degeneration. Although the gene affected in DMD was identified over 25 years ago, there is still no effective treatment. AREAS COVERED Here we review some of the genetic-based strategies aimed at amelioration of the DMD phenotype. A number of Phase II/III clinical trials of antisense oligonucleotide-induced exon skipping for restoration of the open reading frame (ORF) of the DMD gene have recently been completed. The potential strategies for overcoming the hurdles that appear to prevent exon skipping becoming an effective treatment for DMD currently are discussed. EXPERT OPINION The applicability of exon skipping as a therapy to DMD is restricted and the development of alternative strategies that are more encompassing is needed. The rapid pre-clinical advances that are being made in the field of adeno-associated virus (AAV)-based delivery of micro-dystrophin would address this. The obstacles to be faced with gene replacement strategies would include the need for high viral titres, efficient muscle targeting and avoidance of immune response to vector and transgene. The new emerging field of gene editing could potentially provide permanent correction of the DMD gene and the feasibility of such an approach to DMD is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Jarmin
- Royal Holloway University of London , Egham, Surrey , UK
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Development of multiexon skipping antisense oligonucleotide therapy for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:402369. [PMID: 23984357 PMCID: PMC3747431 DOI: 10.1155/2013/402369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an incurable, X-linked progressive muscle degenerative disorder that results from the absence of dystrophin protein and leads to premature death in affected individuals due to respiratory and/or cardiac failure typically by age of 30. Very recently the exciting prospect of an effective oligonucleotide therapy has emerged which restores dystrophin protein expression to affected tissues in DMD patients with highly promising data from a series of clinical trials. This therapeutic approach is highly mutation specific and thus is personalised. Therefore DMD has emerged as a model genetic disorder for understanding and overcoming of the challenges of developing personalised genetic medicines. One of the greatest weaknesses of the current oligonucleotide approach is that it is a mutation-specific therapy. To address this limitation, we have recently demonstrated that exons 45–55 skipping therapy has the potential to treat clusters of mutations that cause DMD, which could significantly reduce the number of compounds that would need to be developed in order to successfully treat all DMD patients. Here we discuss and review the latest preclinical work in this area as well as a variety of accompanying issues, including efficacy and potential toxicity of antisense oligonucleotides, prior to human clinical trials.
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Sharma P, Lait LA, Wetmore SD. yDNA versus yyDNA pyrimidines: computational analysis of the effects of unidirectional ring expansion on the preferred sugar-base orientation, hydrogen-bonding interactions and stacking abilities. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:2435-48. [PMID: 23303174 DOI: 10.1039/c2cp43910g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The properties of natural, y- and yy-pyrimidines are compared using computational (B3LYP, MP2) methods. Ring expansion upon incorporation of benzene or naphthalene into the natural pyrimidines affects the preferred orientation of the base about the glycosidic bond in the corresponding nucleoside to a similar extent. Specifically, although the natural pyrimidines preferentially adopt the anti orientation with respect to the 2'-deoxyribose moiety, the expanded analogues will likely display (anti/syn) conformational heterogeneity, which may lead to alternate hydrogen-bonding modes in double-stranded duplexes. Nevertheless, the A:T Watson-Crick hydrogen-bond strengths do not significantly change upon base expansion, while the G:C interaction energy is slightly strengthened upon incorporation of either expanded pyrimidine. The largest effect of base expansion occurs in the stacking energies. Specifically, the maximum (most negative) stacking energies in isolated dimers formed by aligning the nucleobase centers of mass can be increased up to 45% by inclusion of a single y-pyrimidine and up to 55% by consideration of a yy-pyrimidine. Similar increases in the stacking interactions are found when a simplified duplex model composed of two stacked (hydrogen-bonded) base pairs is considered, where both the intrastrand and interstrand stacking interactions can be increased and the effects are more pronounced for the yy-pyrimidines. Moreover, the total stability (sum of all hydrogen-bonding and stacking interactions) is greater for duplexes containing expanded yy-pyrimidines compared to y-pyrimidines, which is mainly due to enhanced stacking interactions. Thus, our calculations suggest that multiple unidirectional increases in the size of the nucleobase spacer can continuously enhance the stability of expanded duplexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purshotam Sharma
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive West, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada T1K 3M4
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Lundin KE, Højland T, Hansen BR, Persson R, Bramsen JB, Kjems J, Koch T, Wengel J, Smith CIE. Biological activity and biotechnological aspects of locked nucleic acids. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2013; 82:47-107. [PMID: 23721720 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407676-1.00002-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Locked nucleic acid (LNA) is one of the most promising new nucleic acid analogues that has been produced under the past two decades. In this chapter, we have tried to cover many of the different areas, where this molecule has been used to improve the function of synthetic oligonucleotides (ONs). The use of LNA in antisense ONs, including gapmers, splice-switching ONs, and siLNA, as well as antigene ONs, is reviewed. Pharmacokinetics as well as pharmacodynamics of LNA ONs and a description of selected compounds in, or close to, clinical testing are described. In addition, new LNA modifications and the adaptation of enzymes for LNA incorporation are reviewed. Such enzymes may become important for the development of stabilized LNA-containing aptamers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin E Lundin
- Clinical Research Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Novum, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Deleavey GF, Damha MJ. Designing chemically modified oligonucleotides for targeted gene silencing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 19:937-54. [PMID: 22921062 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2012.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 423] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2012] [Revised: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Oligonucleotides (ONs), and their chemically modified mimics, are now routinely used in the laboratory as a means to control the expression of fundamentally interesting or therapeutically relevant genes. ONs are also under active investigation in the clinic, with many expressing cautious optimism that at least some ON-based therapies will succeed in the coming years. In this review, we will discuss several classes of ONs used for controlling gene expression, with an emphasis on antisense ONs (AONs), small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), and microRNA-targeting ONs (anti-miRNAs). This review provides a current and detailed account of ON chemical modification strategies for the optimization of biological activity and therapeutic application, while clarifying the biological pathways, chemical properties, benefits, and limitations of oligonucleotide analogs used in nucleic acids research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glen F Deleavey
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, QC H3A 0B8, Canada.
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Lietard J, Leumann CJ. Synthesis, pairing, and cellular uptake properties of C(6')-functionalized tricyclo-DNA. J Org Chem 2012; 77:4566-77. [PMID: 22551389 DOI: 10.1021/jo300648u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Tricyclo-DNA (tc-DNA) is a promising candidate for oligonucleotide-based therapeutic applications exhibiting increased affinity to RNA and increased resistance to nucleases. However, as many other oligonucleotide analogs, tc-DNA does not readily cross cell membranes. We wished to address this issue by preparing a prodrug of tc-DNA containing a metabolically labile group at C(6') that promotes cellular uptake. Two monomeric nucleoside building blocks bearing an ester function at C(6') (tc(ee)-T and tc(hd)-T) were synthesized starting from a known C(6') functionalized bicyclic sugar unit to which the cyclopropane ring was introduced via carbene addition. NIS-mediated nucleosidation of the corresponding glycal with in situ persilylated thymine afforded the β-iodonucleoside exclusively that was dehalogenated via radical reduction. Diversity in the ester function was obtained by hydrolysis and reesterification. The two nucleosides were subsequently incorporated into DNA or tc-DNA by standard phosphoramidite chemistry. The reactivity of the ester function during oligonucleotide deprotection was explored and the corresponding C(6') amide, carboxylic acid, or unchanged ester functions were obtained, depending on the deprotection conditions. Compared to unmodified DNA, these tc-DNA derivatives increased the stability of duplexes investigated with ΔT(m)/mod of +0.4 to +2.0 °C. The only destabilizing residue was tc(hd)-T, most likely due to self-aggregation of the lipophilic side chains in the single stranded oligonucleotide. A decamer containing five tc(hd)-T residues was readily taken up by HeLa and HEK 293T cells without the use of a transfection agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jory Lietard
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland
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50
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Haziri AI, Leumann CJ. Synthesis and pairing properties of oligodeoxynucleotides containing bicyclo-RNA and bicyclo-ANA modifications. J Org Chem 2012; 77:5861-9. [PMID: 22486224 DOI: 10.1021/jo300554w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of the ribo(bc-rT)- and arabino(bc-araT)-version of bicyclothymidine (bc-dT) has been achieved. A conformational analysis by X-ray and/or (1)H NMR spectroscopy on the corresponding 3',5'-benzyl-protected nucleosides featured a rigid C(2')-endo conformation for the furanose ring, irrespective of the configuration of the OH group at C(2'). The conformation of the carbocyclic ring in these nucleosides was found to be less defined and thus more flexible. Both nucleosides were converted into the corresponding phosphoramidites and incorporated into oligodeoxynucleotides by standard DNA chemistry. T(m)-data of duplexes with cDNA and RNA revealed that a bc-rT unit strongly destabilized duplexes with cDNA and RNA by 6-8 °C/mod, while bc-araT was almost T(m) neutral. A rationale based on a previous structure of a bc-DNA mini duplex suggests that the strong destabilization caused by a bc-rT unit arises from unfavorable steric interactions of the equatorial 2'-OH group with the sugar residue of the 3'-neighboring nucleotide unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arben I Haziri
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
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