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Zhu HR, Wei YB, Guo JQ, Liu XF. Double-negative T cells with a distinct transcriptomic profile are abundant in the peripheral blood of patients with breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2024:10.1007/s10549-024-07477-6. [PMID: 39254769 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-024-07477-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 08/25/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Double-negative T (DNT) cells comprise a distinct subset of T lymphocytes that have been implicated in immune responses. The aim of this study was to characterize the peripheral DNT population in breast cancer (BC) patients. METHODS DNT cells were isolated from the peripheral blood samples of BC patients and healthy controls by flow cytometry. The sorted DNT cells were analyzed by the Smart-seq2 for single-cell full-length transcriptome profiling. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the BC and control groups were screened and functionally annotated by Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses using R. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of the DEGs was constructed using the CytoHubba and MCODE plug-in of Cytoscape software to identify the core genes. Survival status, DNA methylation level, immune infiltration and immune checkpoint expression were analyzed using Kaplan-Meier Plotter, UALCAN, MethSeuvr, TIMER, and TISIDB respectively. The sequencing results were verified by RT-qPCR. RESULT The percentage of DNT cells was higher in the BC patients compared to healthy controls. We identified 289 DEGs between the DNT populations of both groups. GO and KEGG pathway analyses revealed that the DEGs were mainly related to immunoglobulin mediated immune response, complement activation, and B cell receptor signaling. The PPI networks of the common DEGs were constructed using Cytoscape, and 10 core genes were identified, including TMEM176B, C1QB, C1QC, RASD2, and IFIT3. The expression levels of these genes correlated with the prognosis and immune infiltration in BC patients, and were validated by RT-qPCR (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS DNT cells are abundant in patients with BC, and might exert anti-tumor immune responses by regulating genes such as TMEM176B and EGR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ru Zhu
- School of Medical Laboratory, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the 960, Hospital of the PLA Joint Logistics Support Force, Jinan, 250031, China
| | - Yun-Bo Wei
- Laboratory of Immunology for Environment and Health, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Jia-Qi Guo
- School of Medical Laboratory, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Xiao-Fei Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the 960, Hospital of the PLA Joint Logistics Support Force, Jinan, 250031, China.
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2
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Xu Z, Huang Y, Meese T, Van Nevel S, Holtappels G, Vanhee S, Bröker BM, Li Z, de Meester E, De Ruyck N, Van Zele T, Gevaert P, Van Nieuwerburgh F, Zhang L, Shamji MH, Wen W, Zhang N, Bachert C. The multi-omics single-cell landscape of sinus mucosa in uncontrolled severe chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. Clin Immunol 2023; 256:109791. [PMID: 37769787 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2023.109791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Uncontrolled severe chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is associated with elevated levels of type 2 inflammatory cytokines and raised immunoglobulin concentrations in nasal polyp tissue. By using single-cell RNA sequencing, transcriptomics, surface proteomics, and T cell and B cell receptor sequencing, we found the predominant cell types in nasal polyps were shifted from epithelial and mesenchymal cells to inflammatory cells compared to nasal mucosa from healthy controls. Broad expansions of CD4 T effector memory cells, CD4 tissue-resident memory T cells, CD8 T effector memory cells and all subtypes of B cells in nasal polyp tissues. The T and B cell receptor repertoires were skewed in NP. This study highlights the deviated immune response and remodeling mechanisms that contribute to the pathogenesis of uncontrolled severe CRSwNP. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: We identified differences in the cellular compositions, transcriptomes, proteomes, and deviations in the immune profiles of T cell and B cell receptors as well as alterations in the intercellular communications in uncontrolled severe CRSwNP patients versus healthy controls, which might help to define potential therapeutic targets in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaofeng Xu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, International Airway Research Center, Guangzhou, China; Upper Airway Research Laboratory, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Yanran Huang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, International Airway Research Center, Guangzhou, China; Upper Airway Research Laboratory, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Allergy, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing TongRen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China; Beijing key laboratory of nasal diseases, Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Tim Meese
- NXTGNT, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sharon Van Nevel
- Upper Airway Research Laboratory, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Stijn Vanhee
- Upper Airway Research Laboratory, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; VIB-UGent, Center for Inflammation Research, Gent 9052, Belgium
| | - Barbara M Bröker
- Institute of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Zhengqi Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, International Airway Research Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ellen de Meester
- NXTGNT, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Natalie De Ruyck
- Upper Airway Research Laboratory, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Thibaut Van Zele
- Upper Airway Research Laboratory, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Philip Gevaert
- Upper Airway Research Laboratory, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Filip Van Nieuwerburgh
- NXTGNT, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Luo Zhang
- Department of Allergy, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing TongRen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China; Beijing key laboratory of nasal diseases, Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Mohamed H Shamji
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, and NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, United Kingdom
| | - Weiping Wen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, International Airway Research Center, Guangzhou, China; The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Nan Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, International Airway Research Center, Guangzhou, China; Upper Airway Research Laboratory, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Claus Bachert
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, International Airway Research Center, Guangzhou, China; Upper Airway Research Laboratory, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Clinic for ENT diseases and head and neck surgery, University Clinic Münster, Münster, Germany; Division of ENT diseases, CLINTEC, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
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3
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Gao J, Li Y, Guan X, Mohammed Z, Gomez G, Hui Y, Zhao D, Oskeritzian CA, Huang H. IL-33 priming and antigenic stimulation synergistically promote the transcription of proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine genes in human skin mast cells. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:592. [PMID: 37798647 PMCID: PMC10557204 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09702-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antigenic stimulation through cross-linking the IgE receptor and epithelial cell-derived cytokine IL-33 are potent stimuli of mast cell (MC) activation. Moreover, IL-33 primes a variety of cell types, including MCs to respond more vigorously to external stimuli. However, target genes induced by the combined IL-33 priming and antigenic stimulation have not been investigated in human skin mast cells (HSMCs) in a genome-wide manner. Furthermore, epigenetic changes induced by the combined IL-33 priming and antigenic stimulation have not been evaluated. RESULTS We found that IL-33 priming of HSMCs enhanced their capacity to promote transcriptional synergy of the IL1B and CXCL8 genes by 16- and 3-fold, respectively, in response to combined IL-33 and antigen stimulation compared to without IL-33 priming. We identified the target genes in IL-33-primed HSMCs in response to the combined IL-33 and antigenic stimulation using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). We found that the majority of genes synergistically upregulated in the IL-33-primed HSMCs in response to the combined IL-33 and antigenic stimulation were predominantly proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine genes. Moreover, the combined IL-33 priming and antigenic stimulation increase chromatin accessibility in the synergy target genes but not synergistically. Transcription factor binding motif analysis revealed more binding sites for NF-κB, AP-1, GABPA, and RAP1 in the induced or increased chromatin accessible regions of the synergy target genes. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates that IL-33 priming greatly potentiates MCs' ability to transcribe proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine genes in response to antigenic stimulation, shining light on how epithelial cell-derived cytokine IL-33 can cause exacerbation of skin MC-mediated allergic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Gao
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, CO, 80206, USA
| | - Yapeng Li
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, CO, 80206, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Guan
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, CO, 80206, USA
| | - Zahraa Mohammed
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
- College of Medicine, AI-Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Gregorio Gomez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Houston College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yvonne Hui
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Dianzheng Zhao
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, CO, 80206, USA
| | - Carole A Oskeritzian
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Hua Huang
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, CO, 80206, USA.
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO, USA.
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Xie Y, Li Y, Chen J, Ding H, Zhang X. Early growth response-1: Key mediators of cell death and novel targets for cardiovascular disease therapy. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1162662. [PMID: 37057102 PMCID: PMC10086247 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1162662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
SignificanceCardiovascular diseases are seen to be a primary cause of death, and their prevalence has significantly increased across the globe in the past few years. Several studies have shown that cell death is closely linked to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. Furthermore, many molecular and cellular mechanisms are involved in the pathogenesis of the cardiac cell death mechanism. One of the factors that played a vital role in the pathogenesis of cardiac cell death mechanisms included the early growth response-1 (Egr-1) factor.Recent AdvancesStudies have shown that abnormal Egr-1 expression is linked to different animal and human disorders like heart failure and myocardial infarction. The biosynthesis of Egr-1 regulates its activity. Egr-1 can be triggered by many factors such as serum, cytokines, hormones, growth factors, endotoxins, mechanical injury, hypoxia, and shear stress. It also displays a pro-apoptotic effect on cardiac cells, under varying stress conditions. EGR1 mediates a broad range of biological responses to oxidative stress and cell death by combining the acute changes occurring in the cellular environment with sustained changes in gene expression.Future DirectionsThe primary regulatory role played by the Egr-1-targeting DNAzymes, microRNAs, and oligonucleotide decoy strategies in cardiovascular diseases were identified to provide a reference to identify novel therapeutic targets for cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Xie
- Department of Cardiology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yongnan Li
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jianshu Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hong Ding
- Department of Cardiology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
- Correspondence: Xiaowei Zhang
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5
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EGR1 Upregulation during Encephalitic Viral Infections Contributes to Inflammation and Cell Death. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061210. [PMID: 35746681 PMCID: PMC9227295 DOI: 10.3390/v14061210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Early growth response 1 (EGR1) is an immediate early gene and transcription factor previously found to be significantly upregulated in human astrocytoma cells infected with Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV). The loss of EGR1 resulted in decreased cell death but had no significant impact on viral replication. Here, we extend these studies to determine the impacts of EGR1 on gene expression following viral infection. Inflammatory genes CXCL3, CXCL8, CXCL10, TNF, and PTGS2 were upregulated in VEEV-infected cells, which was partially dependent on EGR1. Additionally, transcription factors, including EGR1 itself, as well as ATF3, FOS, JUN, KLF4, EGR2, and EGR4 were found to be partially transcriptionally dependent on EGR1. We also examined the role of EGR1 and the changes in gene expression in response to infection with other alphaviruses, including eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV), Sindbis virus (SINV), and chikungunya virus (CHIKV), as well as Zika virus (ZIKV) and Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), members of the Flaviviridae and Phenuiviridae families, respectively. EGR1 was significantly upregulated to varying degrees in EEEV-, CHIKV-, RVFV-, SINV-, and ZIKV-infected astrocytoma cells. Genes that were identified as being partially transcriptionally dependent on EGR1 in infected cells included ATF3 (EEEV, CHIKV, ZIKV), JUN (EEEV), KLF4 (SINV, ZIKV, RVFV), CXCL3 (EEEV, CHIKV, ZIKV), CXCL8 (EEEV, CHIKV, ZIKV, RVFV), CXCL10 (EEEV, RVFV), TNF-α (EEEV, ZIKV, RVFV), and PTGS2 (EEEV, CHIKV, ZIKV). Additionally, inhibition of the inflammatory gene PTGS2 with Celecoxib, a small molecule inhibitor, rescued astrocytoma cells from VEEV-induced cell death but had no impact on viral titers. Collectively, these results suggest that EGR1 induction following viral infection stimulates multiple inflammatory mediators. Managing inflammation and cell death in response to viral infection is of utmost importance, especially during VEEV infection where survivors are at-risk for neurological sequalae.
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6
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Pang Z, Xu Y, Zhu Q. Early Growth Response 1 Suppresses Macrophage Phagocytosis by Inhibiting NRF2 Activation Through Upregulation of Autophagy During Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 11:773665. [PMID: 35096638 PMCID: PMC8790152 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.773665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen that causes life-threatening infections in cystic fibrosis patients and immunocompromised individuals. A tightly regulated immune response possessed by healthy individuals can effectively control P. aeruginosa infections, whereas the patients with dysregulated immune response are susceptible to this bacterial pathogen. Early growth response 1 (Egr-1) is a zinc-finger transcription factor involved in regulation of various cellular functions, including immune responses. We previously identified that Egr-1 was deleterious to host in a mouse model of acute P. aeruginosa pneumonia by promoting systemic inflammation and impairing bacterial clearance in lung, which associated with reduced phagocytosis and bactericidal ability of leucocytes, including macrophages and neutrophils. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the Egr-1-suppressed phagocytosis of P. aeruginosa are incompletely understood. Herein, we investigated whether the Egr-1-regulated autophagy play a role in macrophage phagocytosis during P. aeruginosa infection by overexpression or knockdown of Egr-1. We found that overexpression of Egr-1 inhibited the phagocytic activity of macrophages, and the autophagy activator rapamycin and inhibitor chloroquine could reverse the effects of Egr-1 knockdown and Egr-1 overexpression on phagocytosis of P. aeruginosa, respectively. Furthermore, the Egr-1-overexpressing macrophages displayed upregulated expression of autophagy-related proteins LC3A, LC3B and Atg5, and decreased levels of p62 in macrophages. Further studies revealed that the macrophages with Egr-1 knockdown displayed enhanced activation of transcription factor NRF2 and expression of scavenger receptors MACRO and MSR1. Altogether, these findings suggest that Egr-1 suppresses the phagocytosis of P. aeruginosa by macrophages through upregulation of autophagy and inhibition of NRF2 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Pang
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yan Xu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Qingjun Zhu
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China.,Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Classical Theory, Ministry of Education, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
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7
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Mammarella E, Zampieri C, Panatta E, Melino G, Amelio I. NUAK2 and RCan2 participate in the p53 mutant pro-tumorigenic network. Biol Direct 2021; 16:11. [PMID: 34348766 PMCID: PMC8335924 DOI: 10.1186/s13062-021-00296-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Most inactivating mutations in TP53 gene generates neomorphic forms of p53 proteins that experimental evidence and clinical observations suggest to exert gain-of-function effects. While massive effort has been deployed in the dissection of wild type p53 transcriptional programme, p53 mutant pro-tumorigenic gene network is still largely elusive. To help dissecting the molecular basis of p53 mutant GOF, we performed an analysis of a fully annotated genomic and transcriptomic human pancreatic adenocarcinoma to select candidate players of p53 mutant network on the basis their differential expression between p53 mutant and p53 wild-type cohorts and their prognostic value. We identified NUAK2 and RCan2 whose p53 mutant GOF-dependent regulation was further validated in pancreatic cancer cellular model. Our data demonstrated that p53R270H can physically bind RCan2 gene locus in regulatory regions corresponding to the chromatin permissive areas where known binding partners of p53 mutant, such as p63 and Srebp, bind. Overall, starting from clinically relevant data and progressing into experimental validation, our work suggests NUAK2 and RCan2 as novel candidate players of the p53 mutant pro-tumorigenic network whose prognostic and therapeutic interest might attract future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Mammarella
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Carlotta Zampieri
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuele Panatta
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Gerry Melino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Ivano Amelio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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8
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Class IA PI3K regulatory subunits: p110-independent roles and structures. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 48:1397-1417. [PMID: 32677674 PMCID: PMC7458397 DOI: 10.1042/bst20190845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway is a critical regulator of many cellular processes including cell survival, growth, proliferation and motility. Not surprisingly therefore, the PI3K pathway is one of the most frequently mutated pathways in human cancers. In addition to their canonical role as part of the PI3K holoenzyme, the class IA PI3K regulatory subunits undertake critical functions independent of PI3K. The PI3K regulatory subunits exist in excess over the p110 catalytic subunits and therefore free in the cell. p110-independent p85 is unstable and exists in a monomer-dimer equilibrium. Two conformations of dimeric p85 have been reported that are mediated by N-terminal and C-terminal protein domain interactions, respectively. The role of p110-independent p85 is under investigation and it has been found to perform critical adaptor functions, sequestering or influencing compartmentalisation of key signalling proteins. Free p85 has roles in glucose homeostasis, cellular stress pathways, receptor trafficking and cell migration. As a regulator of fundamental pathways, the amount of p110-independent p85 in the cell is critical. Factors that influence the monomer-dimer equilibrium of p110-independent p85 offer additional control over this system, disruption to which likely results in disease. Here we review the current knowledge of the structure and functions of p110-independent class IA PI3K regulatory subunits.
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9
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Release of adenosine-induced immunosuppression: Comprehensive characterization of dual A 2A/A 2B receptor antagonist. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 96:107645. [PMID: 33894488 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Immunosuppression is one of the main mechanisms facilitating tumor expansion. It may be driven by immune checkpoint protein expression, anti-inflammatory cytokine secretion or enhanced metabolic enzyme production, leading to the subsequent build-up of metabolites such as adenosine. Under physiological conditions, adenosine prevents the development of tissue damage resulting from a prolonged immune response; the same mechanism might be employed by tumor tissue to promote immunosuppression. Immune cells expressing A2A and A2B adenosine receptors present in an adenosine-rich environment have suppressed effector functions, such as cytotoxicity, proinflammatory cytokine release, antigen presentation and others, making them inert to cancer cells. This study was designed to investigate the dual antagonist potential of SEL330-639 to abolish adenosine-driven immunosuppression. SEL330-639 has slow dissociation kinetics. It inhibits cAMP production in human CD4+ cells, CD8+ cells and moDCs, which leads to diminished CREB phosphorylation and restoration of antitumor cytokine production (IL-2, TNFα, IL-12) in multiple primary human immune cells. The aforementioned results were additionally validated by gene expression analysis and functional assays in which NK cell line cytotoxicity was recovered by SEL330-639. Adenosine-driven immunosuppression is believed to preclude the effectiveness of immune checkpoint inhibitor therapies. Hence, there is an urgent need to develop new immuno-oncological strategies. Here, we comprehensively characterize SEL330-639, a novel dual A2A/A2B receptor antagonist effective in both lymphoid and myeloid cell populations with nanomolar potency. Due to its tight binding to the A2A and A2B receptors, this binding is sustained even at high adenosine concentrations mimicking the upper limit of the range of adenosine levels observed in the tumor microenvironment.
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10
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Ali M, Yang F, Plachokova AS, Jansen JA, Walboomers XF. Application of specialized pro-resolving mediators in periodontitis and peri-implantitis: a review. Eur J Oral Sci 2021; 129:e12759. [PMID: 33565133 PMCID: PMC7986752 DOI: 10.1111/eos.12759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Scaling and root planning is a key element in the mechanical therapy used for the eradication of biofilm, which is the major etiological factor for periodontitis and peri‐implantitis. However, periodontitis is also a host mediated disease, therefore, removal of the biofilm without adjunctive therapy may not achieve the desired clinical outcome due to persistent activation of the innate and adaptive immune cells. Most recently, even the resident cells of the periodontium, including periodontal ligament fibroblasts, have been shown to produce several inflammatory factors in response to bacterial challenge. With increased understanding of the pathophysiology of periodontitis, more research is focusing on opposing excessive inflammation with specialized pro‐resolving mediators (SPMs). This review article covers the major limitations of current standards of care for periodontitis and peri‐implantitis, and it highlights recent advances and prospects of SPMs in the context of tissue reconstruction and regeneration. Here, we focus primarily on the role of SPMs in restoring tissue homeostasis after periodontal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhanad Ali
- Department of Dentistry, Regenerative Biomaterials, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Fang Yang
- Department of Dentistry, Regenerative Biomaterials, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Adelina S Plachokova
- Department of Dentistry, Implantology and Periodontology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - John A Jansen
- Department of Dentistry, Regenerative Biomaterials, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - X Frank Walboomers
- Department of Dentistry, Regenerative Biomaterials, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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11
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Bilchick K, Kothari H, Narayan A, Garmey J, Omar A, Capaldo B, McNamara C. Cardiac resynchronization therapy reduces expression of inflammation-promoting genes related to interleukin-1β in heart failure. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 116:1311-1322. [PMID: 31612215 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvz232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS In light of recent data regarding inflammatory signalling pathways in cardiovascular disease and the recently demonstrated impact of pharmacologic inhibition of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in heart failure, the primary aim was to assess the physiologic effects of cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) on the expression of systemic inflammatory, immune-modulatory, metabolic, and apoptotic genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of patients with heart failure. METHODS AND RESULTS We used RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) and reverse transcription quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) to identify gene expression changes in PBMCs in response to CRT. In total, 27 patients were analysed: 12 with heart failure undergoing CRT, 6 with heart failure undergoing standard implanted cardioverter defibrillators, and 9 with coronary artery disease but not heart failure. In CRT patients (median age 65.5 years, interquartile range 63.0-66.8 years, 33% female), RNA-Seq analysis identified 40 genes, including multiple genes associated with the IL-1β pathway, with significant correlations (false discovery rate < 0.05) with four key CRT response measures. CRT was associated with suppression of PBMC expression of IL-1β (1.80-fold decrease, P = 0.047), FOS proto-oncogene (FOS) (3.25-fold decrease, P = 0.01), dual specificity phosphatase 1 (DUSP1) (2.05-fold decrease, P = 0.001), and early growth response 1 (EGR1) (7.38-fold decrease, P = 0.03), and suppression was greater in responders vs. non-responders (P = 0.03 for IL-1β, P = 0.02 for FOS, P = 0.02 for DUSP1, and P = 0.11 for EGR1). Baseline FOS and DUSP-1 levels were greater in responders vs. non-responders (6.15-fold higher, FOS, P = 0.002; 2.60-fold higher, DUSP1, P = 0.0001). CRT responders but not non-responders showed higher baseline gene expression of FOS (P = 0.04) and DUSP1 (P = 0.06) compared with control patients without heart failure. Baseline serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels were 3.47-fold higher in CRT responders vs. non-responders (P = 0.008). CONCLUSION Treatment of heart failure with CRT resulted in decreased PBMC expression of genes linked to inflammation. Moreover, CRT responders had higher expression of these inflammatory genes prior to CRT and greater suppression of these genes after CRT compared with non-responders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Bilchick
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, 1215 Lee Street, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Hema Kothari
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, 1215 Lee Street, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Aditya Narayan
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, 1215 Lee Street, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - James Garmey
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, 1215 Lee Street, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Abdullah Omar
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, 1215 Lee Street, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Brian Capaldo
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, 1215 Lee Street, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Coleen McNamara
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, 1215 Lee Street, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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12
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Singh S, Singh TG, Rehni AK. An Insight into Molecular Mechanisms and Novel Therapeutic Approaches in Epileptogenesis. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2021; 19:750-779. [PMID: 32914725 DOI: 10.2174/1871527319666200910153827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is the second most common neurological disease with abnormal neural activity involving the activation of various intracellular signalling transduction mechanisms. The molecular and system biology mechanisms responsible for epileptogenesis are not well defined or understood. Neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration and Epigenetic modification elicit epileptogenesis. The excessive neuronal activities in the brain are associated with neurochemical changes underlying the deleterious consequences of excitotoxicity. The prolonged repetitive excessive neuronal activities extended to brain tissue injury by the activation of microglia regulating abnormal neuroglia remodelling and monocyte infiltration in response to brain lesions inducing axonal sprouting contributing to neurodegeneration. The alteration of various downstream transduction pathways resulted in intracellular stress responses associating endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondrial and lysosomal dysfunction, activation of nucleases, proteases mediated neuronal death. The recently novel pharmacological agents modulate various receptors like mTOR, COX-2, TRK, JAK-STAT, epigenetic modulators and neurosteroids are used for attenuation of epileptogenesis. Whereas the various molecular changes like the mutation of the cell surface, nuclear receptor and ion channels focusing on repetitive episodic seizures have been explored by preclinical and clinical studies. Despite effective pharmacotherapy for epilepsy, the inadequate understanding of precise mechanisms, drug resistance and therapeutic failure are the current fundamental problems in epilepsy. Therefore, the novel pharmacological approaches evaluated for efficacy on experimental models of epilepsy need to be identified and validated. In addition, we need to understand the downstream signalling pathways of new targets for the treatment of epilepsy. This review emphasizes on the current state of novel molecular targets as therapeutic approaches and future directions for the management of epileptogenesis. Novel pharmacological approaches and clinical exploration are essential to make new frontiers in curing epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shareen Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | | | - Ashish Kumar Rehni
- Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratories, Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Program, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33101, United States
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13
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Shin SH, Kim I, Lee JE, Lee M, Park JW. Loss of EGR3 is an independent risk factor for metastatic progression in prostate cancer. Oncogene 2020; 39:5839-5854. [PMID: 32796959 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-01418-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Identification of pro-metastatic genomic alterations is urgently needed to help understand and prevent the fatal course of prostate cancer. Here, we found that the transcription factor EGR3, located at chromosome 8p21.3, is a critical metastasis suppressor. Aberrant deletion of EGR3 was found in up to 59.76% (deep deletions, 16.87%; shallow deletions, 42.89%) of prostate cancer patients. In informatics analysis, EGR3 loss was associated with prostate cancer progression and low survival rates. EGR3 expression inversely correlated with the expressions of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and metastasis-related gene sets in prostate cancer tissues. In prostate cancer cells, EGR3 blocked the EMT process and suppressed cell migration and invasion. In a mouse model for cancer metastasis, EGR3 overexpression significantly suppressed bone metastases of PC3 and 22Rv1 prostate cancer cells. Mechanistically, EGR3 transcriptionally activated ZFP36, GADD45B, and SOCS3 genes by directly binding to their promoter regions. The EMT-inhibitory and tumor-suppressive roles of the EGR3 downstream genes were identified through in vitro and in silico analyses. Together, our results showed that EGR3 may be a biomarker to predict clinical outcomes and that it plays an important role in the metastatic progression of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Hyun Shin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Iljin Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae Eun Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Mingyu Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Obstructive Upper airway Research (OUaR) Laboratory, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jong-Wan Park
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea. .,Department of Pharmacology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea. .,Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea. .,Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
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14
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Tsopoulidis N, Kaw S, Laketa V, Kutscheidt S, Baarlink C, Stolp B, Grosse R, Fackler OT. T cell receptor-triggered nuclear actin network formation drives CD4 + T cell effector functions. Sci Immunol 2020; 4:4/31/eaav1987. [PMID: 30610013 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aav1987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
T cell antigen receptor (TCR) signaling triggers selective cytokine expression to drive T cell proliferation and differentiation required for immune defense and surveillance. The nuclear signaling events responsible for specificity in cytokine gene expression upon T cell activation are largely unknown. Here, we uncover formation of a dynamic actin filament network in the nucleus that regulates cytokine expression for effector functions of CD4+ T lymphocytes. TCR engagement triggers the rapid and transient formation of a nuclear actin filament network via nuclear Arp2/3 complex, induced by elevated nuclear Ca2+ levels and regulated via N-Wasp and NIK. Specific interference with TCR-induced formation of nuclear actin filaments impairs production of effector cytokines and prevents generation of antigen-specific antibodies but does not interfere with immune synapse formation and cell proliferation. Ca2+-regulated actin polymerization in the nucleus allows CD4+ T cells the rapid conversion of TCR signals into effector functions required for T cell help.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Tsopoulidis
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Integrative Virology, CIID, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Hartmut Hoffmann-Berling International Graduate School of Molecular and Cellular Biology (HBIGS), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - S Kaw
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Integrative Virology, CIID, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - V Laketa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, CIID, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - S Kutscheidt
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Integrative Virology, CIID, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - C Baarlink
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - B Stolp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Integrative Virology, CIID, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - R Grosse
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - O T Fackler
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Integrative Virology, CIID, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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15
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Dieckmann L, Cole S, Kumsta R. Stress genomics revisited: gene co-expression analysis identifies molecular signatures associated with childhood adversity. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:34. [PMID: 32066736 PMCID: PMC7026041 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-0730-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Childhood adversity is related to an increased risk for psychopathology in adulthood. Altered regulation of stress response systems, as well as the changes in stress-immune interplay have been suggested as potential mechanisms underlying these long-term effects. We have previously shown altered transcriptional responses to acute psychosocial stress in adults reporting the experience of childhood adversity. Here, we extend these analyses using a network approach. We performed a co-expression network analysis of genome-wide mRNA data derived from isolated monocytes, sampled 3 h after stress exposure from healthy adults, who experienced childhood adversity and a matched control group without adverse childhood experiences. Thirteen co-expression modules were identified, of which four modules were enriched for genes related to immune system function. Gene set enrichment analysis showed differential module activity between the early adversity and control group. In line with previous findings reporting a pro-inflammatory bias following childhood adversity, one module included genes associated with pro-inflammatory function (hub genes: IL6, TM4SF1, ADAMTS4, CYR61, CCDC3), more strongly expressed in the early adversity group. Another module downregulated in the early adversity group was related to platelet activation and wound healing (hub genes: GP9, CMTM5, TUBB1, GNG11, PF4), and resembled a co-expression module previously found over-expressed in post-traumatic stress disorder resilient soldiers. These discovery analysis results provide a system wide and more holistic understanding of gene expression programs associated with childhood adversity. Furthermore, identified hub genes can be used in directed hypothesis testing in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Dieckmann
- grid.5570.70000 0004 0490 981XDepartment of Genetic Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Steve Cole
- grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Division of Hematology/Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA USA ,grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA USA ,grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Robert Kumsta
- Department of Genetic Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
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16
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Wei X, Li H, Zhang Y, Li C, Li K, Ai K, Yang J. Ca2+–Calcineurin Axis–Controlled NFAT Nuclear Translocation Is Crucial for Optimal T Cell Immunity in an Early Vertebrate. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 204:569-585. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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17
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Early Growth Response 1 Deficiency Protects the Host against Pseudomonas aeruginosa Lung Infection. Infect Immun 2019; 88:IAI.00678-19. [PMID: 31611276 PMCID: PMC6921661 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00678-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen that is a common cause of nosocomial infections. The molecular mechanisms governing immune responses to P. aeruginosa infection remain incompletely defined. Early growth response 1 (Egr-1) is a zinc-finger transcription factor that controls inflammatory responses. Here, we characterized the role of Egr-1 in host defense against P. aeruginosa infection in a mouse model of acute bacterial pneumonia. Egr-1 expression was rapidly and transiently induced in response to P. aeruginosa infection. Egr-1-deficient mice displayed decreased mortality, reduced levels of proinflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor [TNF], interleukin-1β [IL-1β], IL-6, IL-12, and IL-17), and enhanced bacterial clearance from the lung. Egr-1 deficiency caused diminished NF-κB activation in P. aeruginosa-infected macrophages independently of IκBα phosphorylation. A physical interaction between Egr-1 and NF-κB p65 was found in P. aeruginosa-infected macrophages, suggesting that Egr-1 could be required for assembly of heterodimeric transcription factors that direct synthesis of inflammatory mediators. Interestingly, Egr-1 deficiency had no impact on neutrophil recruitment in vivo due to its differential effects on chemokine production, which included diminished accumulation of KC (CXCL1), MIP2 (CXCL2), and IP-10 (CXCL10) and increased accumulation of LIX (CXCL5). Importantly, Egr-1-deficient macrophages and neutrophils displayed significant increases in nitric oxide production and bacterial killing ability that correlated with enhanced bacterial clearance in Egr-1-deficient mice. Together, these findings suggest that Egr-1 plays a detrimental role in host defense against P. aeruginosa acute lung infection by promoting systemic inflammation and negatively regulating the nitric oxide production that normally assists with bacterial clearance.
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18
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Baek E, Lee JS, Lee GM. Untangling the mechanism of 3‐methyladenine in enhancing the specific productivity: Transcriptome analysis of recombinant Chinese hamster ovary cells treated with 3‐methyladenine. Biotechnol Bioeng 2018; 115:2243-2254. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Baek
- Department of Biological SciencesKAISTDaejeon Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Seong Lee
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of DenmarkKgs. Lyngby Denmark
- Department of Molecular Science and TechnologyAjou UniversitySuwon Republic of Korea
| | - Gyun Min Lee
- Department of Biological SciencesKAISTDaejeon Republic of Korea
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of DenmarkKgs. Lyngby Denmark
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19
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Cesar ASM, Regitano LCA, Reecy JM, Poleti MD, Oliveira PSN, de Oliveira GB, Moreira GCM, Mudadu MA, Tizioto PC, Koltes JE, Fritz-Waters E, Kramer L, Garrick D, Beiki H, Geistlinger L, Mourão GB, Zerlotini A, Coutinho LL. Identification of putative regulatory regions and transcription factors associated with intramuscular fat content traits. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:499. [PMID: 29945546 PMCID: PMC6020320 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4871-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Integration of high throughput DNA genotyping and RNA-sequencing data allows for the identification of genomic regions that control gene expression, known as expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL), on a whole genome scale. Intramuscular fat (IMF) content and carcass composition play important roles in metabolic and physiological processes in mammals because they influence insulin sensitivity and consequently prevalence of metabolic diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. However, limited information is available on the genetic variants and mechanisms associated with IMF deposition in mammals. Thus, our hypothesis was that eQTL analyses could identify putative regulatory regions and transcription factors (TFs) associated with intramuscular fat (IMF) content traits. Results We performed an integrative eQTL study in skeletal muscle to identify putative regulatory regions and factors associated with intramuscular fat content traits. Data obtained from skeletal muscle samples of 192 animals was used for association analysis between 461,466 SNPs and the transcription level of 11,808 genes. This yielded 1268 cis- and 10,334 trans-eQTLs, among which we identified nine hotspot regions that each affected the expression of > 119 genes. These putative regulatory regions overlapped with previously identified QTLs for IMF content. Three of the hotspots respectively harbored the transcription factors USF1, EGR4 and RUNX1T1, which are known to play important roles in lipid metabolism. From co-expression network analysis, we further identified modules significantly correlated with IMF content and associated with relevant processes such as fatty acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism and lipid metabolism. Conclusion This study provides novel insights into the link between genotype and IMF content as evident from the expression level. It thereby identifies genomic regions of particular importance and associated regulatory factors. These new findings provide new knowledge about the biological processes associated with genetic variants and mechanisms associated with IMF deposition in mammals. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-4871-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline S M Cesar
- Department of Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil.,Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | | | - James M Reecy
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Mirele D Poleti
- Department of Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil
| | | | | | - Gabriel C M Moreira
- Department of Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil
| | | | - Polyana C Tizioto
- Department of Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil
| | - James E Koltes
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Elyn Fritz-Waters
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Luke Kramer
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Dorian Garrick
- School of Agriculture, Massey University, Ruakura, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Hamid Beiki
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | | | - Gerson B Mourão
- Department of Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil
| | | | - Luiz L Coutinho
- Department of Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil.
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20
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Identifying low density lipoprotein cholesterol associated variants in the Annexin A2 (ANXA2) gene. Atherosclerosis 2017; 261:60-68. [PMID: 28456096 PMCID: PMC5446264 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2017.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Annexin-A2 (AnxA2) is an endogenous inhibitor of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type-9 (PCSK9). The repeat-one (R1) domain of AnxA2 binds to PCSK9, blocking its ability to promote degradation of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol-receptors (LDL-R) and thereby regulate low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels. Here we identify variants in ANXA2 influencing LDL-C levels and we determine the molecular mechanisms of their effects. RESULTS The ANXA2 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotype-phenotype association was examined using the Second-Northwick-Park Heart Study (NPHSII) (n∼2700) and the UCL-LSHTM-Edinburgh-Bristol (UCLEB) consortium (n∼14,600). The ANXA2-R1 domain coding-SNP rs17845226 (V98L) associated with LDL-C, homozygotes for the minor allele having ≈18.8% higher levels of LDL-C (p = 0.004), and higher risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) (p = 0.04). The SNP is in modest linkage disequilibrium (r2 > 0.5) with two intergenic SNPs, rs17191344 and rs11633032. Both SNPs showed allele-specific protein binding, and the minor alleles caused significant reduction in reporter gene expression (≈18%, p < 0.001). In the expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) study, minor allele homozygotes have significantly lower levels of ANXA2-mRNA expression (p = 1.36 × 10-05). CONCLUSIONS Both rs11633032 and rs17191344 SNPs are functional variants, where the minor alleles create repressor-binding protein sites for transcription factors that contribute to reduced ANXA2 gene expression. Lower AnxA2 levels could increase plasma levels of PCSK9 and thus increase LDL-C levels and risk of CHD. This supports, for the first time in humans, previous observations in mouse models that changes in the levels of AnxA2 directly influence plasma LDL-C levels, and thus implicate this protein as a potential therapeutic target for LDL-C lowering.
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21
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Jernigan NL, Resta TC, Gonzalez Bosc LV. Altered Redox Balance in the Development of Chronic Hypoxia-induced Pulmonary Hypertension. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 967:83-103. [PMID: 29047083 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-63245-2_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Normally, the pulmonary circulation is maintained in a low-pressure, low-resistance state with little resting tone. Pulmonary arteries are thin-walled and rely heavily on pulmonary arterial distension and recruitment for reducing pulmonary vascular resistance when cardiac output is elevated. Under pathophysiological conditions, however, active vasoconstriction and vascular remodeling lead to enhanced pulmonary vascular resistance and subsequent pulmonary hypertension (PH). Chronic hypoxia is a critical pathological factor associated with the development of PH resulting from airway obstruction (COPD, sleep apnea), diffusion impairment (interstitial lung disease), developmental lung abnormalities, or high altitude exposure (World Health Organization [WHO]; Group III). The rise in pulmonary vascular resistance increases right heart afterload causing right ventricular hypertrophy that can ultimately lead to right heart failure in patients with chronic lung disease. PH is typically characterized by diminished paracrine release of vasodilators, antimitogenic factors, and antithrombotic factors (e.g., nitric oxide and protacyclin) and enhanced production of vasoconstrictors and mitogenic factors (e.g., reactive oxygen species and endothelin-1) from the endothelium and lung parenchyma. In addition, phenotypic changes to pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMC), including alterations in Ca2+ homeostasis, Ca2+ sensitivity, and activation of transcription factors are thought to play prominent roles in the development of both vasoconstrictor and arterial remodeling components of hypoxia-associated PH. These changes in PASMC function are briefly reviewed in Sect. 1 and the influence of altered reactive oxygen species homeostasis on PASMC function discussed in Sects. 2-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikki L Jernigan
- Department Cell Biology and Physiology, Vascular Physiology Group, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Thomas C Resta
- Department Cell Biology and Physiology, Vascular Physiology Group, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Laura V Gonzalez Bosc
- Department Cell Biology and Physiology, Vascular Physiology Group, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.
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22
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Krishnan ML, Wang Z, Silver M, Boardman JP, Ball G, Counsell SJ, Walley AJ, Montana G, Edwards AD. Possible relationship between common genetic variation and white matter development in a pilot study of preterm infants. Brain Behav 2016; 6:e00434. [PMID: 27110435 PMCID: PMC4821839 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The consequences of preterm birth are a major public health concern with high rates of ensuing multisystem morbidity, and uncertain biological mechanisms. Common genetic variation may mediate vulnerability to the insult of prematurity and provide opportunities to predict and modify risk. OBJECTIVE To gain novel biological and therapeutic insights from the integrated analysis of magnetic resonance imaging and genetic data, informed by prior knowledge. METHODS We apply our previously validated pathway-based statistical method and a novel network-based method to discover sources of common genetic variation associated with imaging features indicative of structural brain damage. RESULTS Lipid pathways were highly ranked by Pathways Sparse Reduced Rank Regression in a model examining the effect of prematurity, and PPAR (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor) signaling was the highest ranked pathway once degree of prematurity was accounted for. Within the PPAR pathway, five genes were found by Graph Guided Group Lasso to be highly associated with the phenotype: aquaporin 7 (AQP7), malic enzyme 1, NADP(+)-dependent, cytosolic (ME1), perilipin 1 (PLIN1), solute carrier family 27 (fatty acid transporter), member 1 (SLC27A1), and acetyl-CoA acyltransferase 1 (ACAA1). Expression of four of these (ACAA1, AQP7, ME1, and SLC27A1) is controlled by a common transcription factor, early growth response 4 (EGR-4). CONCLUSIONS This suggests an important role for lipid pathways in influencing development of white matter in preterm infants, and in particular a significant role for interindividual genetic variation in PPAR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Krishnan
- Centre for the Developing Brain King's College London St Thomas' Hospital London SE1 7EH UK
| | - Zi Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering King's College London St Thomas' Hospital London SE1 7EH UK
| | - Matt Silver
- Department of Population Health London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine London WC1E 7HT UK
| | - James P Boardman
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health University of Edinburgh Edinburgh EH16 4TJ UK
| | - Gareth Ball
- Centre for the Developing Brain King's College London St Thomas' Hospital London SE1 7EH UK
| | - Serena J Counsell
- Centre for the Developing Brain King's College London St Thomas' Hospital London SE1 7EH UK
| | - Andrew J Walley
- School of Public Health Faculty of Medicine Imperial College London Norfolk Place London W2 1PG UK
| | - Giovanni Montana
- Department of Biomedical Engineering King's College London St Thomas' Hospital London SE1 7EH UK
| | - Anthony David Edwards
- Centre for the Developing Brain King's College London St Thomas' Hospital London SE1 7EH UK
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Cell cycle and apoptosis regulation by NFAT transcription factors: new roles for an old player. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2199. [PMID: 27100893 PMCID: PMC4855676 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 03/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The NFAT (nuclear factor of activated T cells) family of transcription factors consists of four Ca2+-regulated members (NFAT1–NFAT4), which were first described in T lymphocytes. In addition to their well-documented role in T lymphocytes, where they control gene expression during cell activation and differentiation, NFAT proteins are also expressed in a wide range of cells and tissue types and regulate genes involved in cell cycle, apoptosis, angiogenesis and metastasis. The NFAT proteins share a highly conserved DNA-binding domain (DBD), which allows all NFAT members to bind to the same DNA sequence in enhancers or promoter regions. The same DNA-binding specificity suggests redundant roles for the NFAT proteins, which is true during the regulation of some genes such as IL-2 and p21. However, it has become increasingly clear that different NFAT proteins and even isoforms can have unique functions. In this review, we address the possible reasons for these distinct roles, particularly regarding N- and C-terminal transactivation regions (TADs) and the partner proteins that interact with these TADs. We also discuss the genes regulated by NFAT during cell cycle regulation and apoptosis and the role of NFAT during tumorigenesis.
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van den Akker GGH, Surtel DAM, Cremers A, Hoes MFGA, Caron MM, Richardson SM, Rodrigues-Pinto R, van Rhijn LW, Hoyland JA, Welting TJM, Voncken JW. EGR1 controls divergent cellular responses of distinctive nucleus pulposus cell types. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2016; 17:124. [PMID: 26975996 PMCID: PMC4791893 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-016-0979-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Immediate early genes (IEGs) encode transcription factors which serve as first line response modules to altered conditions and mediate appropriate cell responses. The immediate early response gene EGR1 is involved in physiological adaptation of numerous different cell types. We have previously shown a role for EGR1 in controlling processes supporting chondrogenic differentiation. We recently established a unique set of phenotypically distinct cell lines from the human nucleus pulposus (NP). Extensive characterization showed that these NP cellular subtypes represented progenitor-like cell types and more functionally mature cells. Methods To further understanding of cellular heterogeneity in the NP, we analyzed the response of these cell subtypes to anabolic and catabolic factors. Here, we test the hypothesis that physiological responses of distinct NP cell types are mediated by EGR1 and reflect specification of cell function using an RNA interference-based experimental approach. Results We show that distinct NP cell types rapidly induce EGR1 exposure to either growth factors or inflammatory cytokines. In addition, we show that mRNA profiles induced in response to anabolic or catabolic conditions are cell type specific: the more mature NP cell type produced a strong and more specialized transcriptional response to IL-1β than the NP progenitor cells and aspects of this response were controlled by EGR1. Conclusions Our current findings provide important substantiation of differential functionality among NP cellular subtypes. Additionally, the data shows that early transcriptional programming initiated by EGR1 is essentially restrained by the cells’ epigenome as it was determined during development and differentiation. These studies begin to define functional distinctions among cells of the NP and will ultimately contribute to defining functional phenotypes within the adult intervertebral disc. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12891-016-0979-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guus G H van den Akker
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Molecular Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Current Address: Department of Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Don A M Surtel
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Andy Cremers
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn F G A Hoes
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolein M Caron
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Stephen M Richardson
- Centre for Tissue Injury and Repair, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Ricardo Rodrigues-Pinto
- Centre for Tissue Injury and Repair, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Current Address: Department of Orthopaedics, Centro Hospitalar do Porto - Hospital de Santo António, Porto, Portugal
| | - Lodewijk W van Rhijn
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Judith A Hoyland
- Centre for Tissue Injury and Repair, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,NIHR Manchester Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Tim J M Welting
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Willem Voncken
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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25
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Fava VM, Manry J, Cobat A, Orlova M, Van Thuc N, Ba NN, Thai VH, Abel L, Alcaïs A, Schurr E. A Missense LRRK2 Variant Is a Risk Factor for Excessive Inflammatory Responses in Leprosy. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004412. [PMID: 26844546 PMCID: PMC4742274 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Depending on the epidemiological setting, a variable proportion of leprosy patients will suffer from excessive pro-inflammatory responses, termed type-1 reactions (T1R). The LRRK2 gene encodes a multi-functional protein that has been shown to modulate pro-inflammatory responses. Variants near the LRRK2 gene have been associated with leprosy in some but not in other studies. We hypothesized that LRRK2 was a T1R susceptibility gene and that inconsistent association results might reflect different proportions of patients with T1R in the different sample settings. Hence, we evaluated the association of LRRK2 variants with T1R susceptibility. Methodology An association scan of the LRRK2 locus was performed using 156 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Evidence of association was evaluated in two family-based samples: A set of T1R-affected and a second set of T1R-free families. Only SNPs significant for T1R-affected families with significant evidence of heterogeneity relative to T1R-free families were considered T1R-specific. An expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) analysis was applied to evaluate the impact of T1R-specific SNPs on LRRK2 gene transcriptional levels. Principal Findings A total of 18 T1R-specific variants organized in four bins were detected. The core SNP capturing the T1R association was the LRRK2 missense variant M2397T (rs3761863) that affects LRRK2 protein turnover. Additionally, a bin of nine SNPs associated with T1R were eQTLs for LRRK2 in unstimulated whole blood cells but not after exposure to Mycobacterium leprae antigen. Significance The results support a preferential association of LRRK2 variants with T1R. LRRK2 involvement in T1R is likely due to a pathological pro-inflammatory loop modulated by LRRK2 availability. Interestingly, the M2397T variant was reported in association with Crohn’s disease with the same risk allele as in T1R suggesting common inflammatory mechanism in these two distinct diseases. A major challenge of current leprosy control is the management of host pathological immune responses coined Type-1 Reactions (T1R). T1R are characterized by acute inflammatory episodes whereby cellular immune responses are directed against host peripheral nerve cells. T1R affects up half of all leprosy patients and are a major cause of leprosy-associated disabilities. Since there is evidence that host genetic factors predispose leprosy patients to T1R, we have conducted a candidate gene study to test if LRRK2 gene variants are T1R risk factors. The choice of LRRK2 was motivated by the fact that LRRK2 was associated with leprosy per se in some but not in other studies. We reasoned that this may reflect different proportions of leprosy patients with T1R in the different samples and that LRRK2 may in truth be a T1R susceptibility gene. Here, we show that variants overlapping the LRRK2 gene, reported as suggestive leprosy per se susceptibility factors in a previous genome-wide association study, are preferentially associated with T1R. The main SNP carrying most of the association signal is the amino-acid change M2397T (rs3761863) which is known to impact LRRK2 turnover. Interestingly, eQTL SNPs counterbalanced the effect of the M2397T variant but this compensatory mechanism was abrogated by Mycobacterium leprae antigen stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius M. Fava
- Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
- The McGill International TB Centre, Departments of Human Genetics and Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Jérémy Manry
- Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
- The McGill International TB Centre, Departments of Human Genetics and Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Aurélie Cobat
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1163, Paris, France
- University Paris Descartes, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Marianna Orlova
- Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
- The McGill International TB Centre, Departments of Human Genetics and Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Nguyen Ngoc Ba
- Hospital for Dermato-Venerology, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Vu Hong Thai
- Hospital for Dermato-Venerology, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Laurent Abel
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1163, Paris, France
- University Paris Descartes, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Alexandre Alcaïs
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1163, Paris, France
- University Paris Descartes, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Centre d’Investigation Clinique, Unité de Recherche Clinique, Necker and Cochin Hospitals, Paris, France
| | - Erwin Schurr
- Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
- The McGill International TB Centre, Departments of Human Genetics and Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
An effective host defense mechanism involves inflammation to eliminate pathogens from the site of infection, followed by the resolution of inflammation and the restoration of tissue homeostasis. Lipoxins are endogenous anti-inflammatory, pro-resolving molecules that play a vital role in reducing excessive tissue injury and chronic inflammation. In this review, the mechanisms of action of lipoxins at the site of inflammation and their interaction with other cellular signaling molecules and transcription factors are discussed. Emphasis has also been placed on immune modulatory role(s) of lipoxins. Lipoxins regulate components of both the innate and adaptive immune systems including neutrophils, macrophages, T-, and B-cells. Lipoxins also modulate levels of various transcription factors such as nuclear factor κB, activator protein-1, nerve growth factor-regulated factor 1A binding protein 1, and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ and control the expression of many inflammatory genes. Since lipoxins and aspirin-triggered lipoxins have clinical relevance, we discuss their important role in clinical research to treat a wide range of diseases like inflammatory disorders, renal fibrosis, cerebral ischemia, and cancer. A brief overview of lipoxins in viral malignancies and viral pathogenesis especially the unexplored role of lipoxins in Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpes virus biology is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayashree A Chandrasekharan
- HM Bligh Cancer Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Neelam Sharma-Walia
- HM Bligh Cancer Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA
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27
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Chen F, Zhang C, Jia X, Wang S, Wang J, Chen Y, Zhao J, Tian S, Han X, Han L. Transcriptome Profiles of Human Lung Epithelial Cells A549 Interacting with Aspergillus fumigatus by RNA-Seq. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135720. [PMID: 26273834 PMCID: PMC4537115 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung epithelial cells constitute the first defense line of host against the inhaled Aspergillus fumigatus; however, the transcriptional response of human alveolar type II epithelial cells was still unclear. Here we used RNA-Seq technology to assess the transcriptome profiles of A549 cells following direct interaction with conidia of A. fumigatus. The total number of identified genes was 19118. Compared with uninfected A549 cells, 459 genes were differentially expressed in cells co-incubated with conidia for 8 h, including 302 up-regulated genes and 157 down-regulated genes. GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that most of the up-regulated genes were related to immune response, chemotaxis and inflammatory response and enriched in cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, JAK-STAT and MAPK signaling pathways. The down-regulated genes were mainly enriched for terms associated with development, hemopoiesis and ion transport. Among them, EGR4 and HIST1H4J gene had the maximum of fold change in up-regulated and down-regulated genes, respectively. Fourteen up-regulated genes and three down-regulated genes were further validated and significant increase on expression of IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α in A549 cells were confirmed by qRT-PCR during the interaction of A549 cells with A. fumigatus. Besides, western blot showed that expression of two proteins (ARC, EGR1) significantly increased in A549 cells during interaction with A. fumigatus conidia for 8h. Interference of endogenous expression of ARC or EGR1 protein in A549 cells reduced the internalization of A. fumigatus. These results provided important insights into dynamic changes of gene expression in lung epithelial cells, especially its strong immunological response against A. fumigatus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyan Chen
- Department for Hospital Infection Control & Research, Institute of Disease Control & Prevention of PLA, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Changjian Zhang
- Department for Hospital Infection Control & Research, Institute of Disease Control & Prevention of PLA, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaodong Jia
- Department for Hospital Infection Control & Research, Institute of Disease Control & Prevention of PLA, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Department for Hospital Infection Control & Research, Institute of Disease Control & Prevention of PLA, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department for Hospital Infection Control & Research, Institute of Disease Control & Prevention of PLA, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Chen
- Department for Hospital Infection Control & Research, Institute of Disease Control & Prevention of PLA, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jingya Zhao
- Department for Hospital Infection Control & Research, Institute of Disease Control & Prevention of PLA, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuguang Tian
- Department for Hospital Infection Control & Research, Institute of Disease Control & Prevention of PLA, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xuelin Han
- Department for Hospital Infection Control & Research, Institute of Disease Control & Prevention of PLA, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (LH); (XH)
| | - Li Han
- Department for Hospital Infection Control & Research, Institute of Disease Control & Prevention of PLA, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (LH); (XH)
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Zhang J, He S, Wang Y, Brulois K, Lan K, Jung JU, Feng P. Herpesviral G protein-coupled receptors activate NFAT to induce tumor formation via inhibiting the SERCA calcium ATPase. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004768. [PMID: 25811856 PMCID: PMC4374719 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) constitute the largest family of proteins that transmit signal to regulate an array of fundamental biological processes. Viruses deploy diverse tactics to hijack and harness intracellular signaling events induced by GPCR. Herpesviruses encode multiple GPCR homologues that are implicated in viral pathogenesis. Cellular GPCRs are primarily regulated by their cognate ligands, while herpesviral GPCRs constitutively activate downstream signaling cascades, including the nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) pathway. However, the roles of NFAT activation and mechanism thereof in viral GPCR tumorigenesis remain unknown. Here we report that GPCRs of human Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kGPCR) and cytomegalovirus (US28) shortcut NFAT activation by inhibiting the sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase (SERCA), which is necessary for viral GPCR tumorigenesis. Biochemical approaches, entailing pharmacological inhibitors and protein purification, demonstrate that viral GPCRs target SERCA2 to increase cytosolic calcium concentration. As such, NFAT activation induced by vGPCRs was exceedingly sensitive to cyclosporine A that targets calcineurin, but resistant to inhibition upstream of ER calcium release. Gene expression profiling identified a signature of NFAT activation in endothelial cells expressing viral GPCRs. The expression of NFAT-dependent genes was up-regulated in tumors derived from tva-kGPCR mouse and human KS. Employing recombinant kGPCR-deficient KSHV, we showed that kGPCR was critical for NFAT-dependent gene expression in KSHV lytic replication. Finally, cyclosporine A treatment diminished NFAT-dependent gene expression and tumor formation induced by viral GPCRs. These findings reveal essential roles of NFAT activation in viral GPCR tumorigenesis and a mechanism of “constitutive” NFAT activation by viral GPCRs. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) constitute the largest family of proteins that transmit signal across plasma membrane. Herpesviral GPCRs (vGPCRs) activate diverse signaling cascades and are implicated in viral pathogenesis (e.g., tumor development). In contrast to cellular GPCRs that are chiefly regulated via cognate ligand-association, vGPCRs are constitutively active independent of ligand-binding. vGPCRs provide useful tools to dissect signal transduction from plasma membrane receptors to nuclear transcription factors. To probe the activation of nuclear factor of T cells (NFAT), we demonstrate that vGPCRs target the ER calcium ATPase to increase cytosolic calcium concentration and activate NFAT. Inhibition of NFAT activation impairs tumor formation induced by vGPCRs, implying the antitumor therapeutic potential via disabling NFAT activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Zhang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Shanping He
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Kevin Brulois
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Ke Lan
- Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Jae U. Jung
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Pinghui Feng
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Mortlock SA, Wei J, Williamson P. T-cell activation and early gene response in dogs. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121169. [PMID: 25803042 PMCID: PMC4372360 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cells play a crucial role in canine immunoregulation and defence against invading pathogens. Proliferation is fundamental to T-cell differentiation, homeostasis and immune response. Initiation of proliferation following receptor mediated stimuli requires a temporally programmed gene response that can be identified as immediate-early, mid- and late phases. The immediate-early response genes in T-cell activation engage the cell cycle machinery and promote subsequent gene activation events. Genes involved in this immediate-early response in dogs are yet to be identified. The present study was undertaken to characterise the early T-cell gene response in dogs to improve understanding of the genetic mechanisms regulating immune function. Gene expression profiles were characterised using canine gene expression microarrays and quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR), and paired samples from eleven dogs. Significant functional annotation clusters were identified following stimulation with phytohemagluttinin (PHA) (5μg/ml), including the Toll-like receptor signaling pathway and phosphorylation pathways. Using strict statistical criteria, 13 individual genes were found to be differentially expressed, nine of which have ontologies that relate to proliferation and cell cycle control. These included, prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2/COX2), early growth response 1 (EGR1), growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible gene (GADD45B), phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate-induced protein 1 (PMAIP1), V-FOS FBJ murine osteosarcoma viral oncogene homolog (FOS), early growth response 2 (EGR2), hemogen (HEMGN), polo-like kinase 2 (PLK2) and polo-like kinase 3 (PLK3). Differential gene expression was re-examined using qRT-PCR, which confirmed that EGR1, EGR2, PMAIP1, PTGS2, FOS and GADD45B were significantly upregulated in stimulated cells and ALAS2 downregulated. PTGS2 and EGR1 showed the highest levels of response in these dogs. Both of these genes are involved in cell cycle regulation. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the early T-cell gene response to activation in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally-Anne Mortlock
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Jerry Wei
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Peter Williamson
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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Kim SS, Lee EH, Lee K, Jo SH, Seo SR. PKA regulates calcineurin function through the phosphorylation of RCAN1: identification of a novel phosphorylation site. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 459:604-9. [PMID: 25753203 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.02.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Calcineurin is a calcium/calmodulin-dependent phosphatase that has been implicated in T cell activation through the induction of nuclear factors of activated T cells (NFAT). We have previously suggested that endogenous regulator of calcineurin (RCAN1, also known as DSCR1) is targeted by protein kinase A (PKA) for the control of calcineurin activity. In the present study, we characterized the PKA-mediated phosphorylation site in RCAN1 by mass spectrometric analysis and revealed that PKA directly phosphorylated RCAN1 at the Ser 93. PKA-induced phosphorylation and the increase in the half-life of the RCAN1 protein were prevented by the substitution of Ser 93 with Ala (S93A). Furthermore, the PKA-mediated phosphorylation of RCAN1 at Ser 93 potentiated the inhibition of calcineurin-dependent pro-inflammatory cytokine gene expression by RCAN1. Our results suggest the presence of a novel phosphorylation site in RCAN1 and that its phosphorylation influences calcineurin-dependent inflammatory target gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon Sook Kim
- Department of Molecular Bioscience, College of Biomedical Science, Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Hye Lee
- Department of Molecular Bioscience, College of Biomedical Science, Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Kooyeon Lee
- Department of Bio-Health Technology, College of Biomedical Science, Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Hyun Jo
- Department of Physiology, BK21 Plus Graduate Program, Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Republic of Korea.
| | - Su Ryeon Seo
- Department of Molecular Bioscience, College of Biomedical Science, Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Republic of Korea.
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EGR-1 and DUSP-1 are important negative regulators of pro-allergic responses in airway epithelium. Mol Immunol 2015; 65:43-50. [PMID: 25638726 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2014.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary nasal epithelium of house dust mite allergic individuals is in a permanently activated inflammatory transcriptional state. OBJECTIVE To investigate whether a deregulated expression of EGR-1 and/or DUSP-1, two potential negative regulators of pro-inflammatory responses, could contribute to the activation of the inflammatory state. METHODS We silenced the expression of EGR-1 or DUSP-1 in the airway epithelial cell line NCI-H292. The cell lines were stimulated in a 24-h time course with the house dust mite allergen or poly(I:C). RNA expression profiles of cytokines were established using q-PCR and protein levels were determined in supernatants with ELISA. RESULTS The shRNA-mediated gene silencing reduced expression levels of EGR-1 by 92% (p<0.0001) and of DUSP-1 by 76% (p<0.0001). Both mutant cells lines showed an increased and prolonged response to the HDM allergen. The mRNA induction of IL-6 was 4.6 fold (p=0.02) and 2.4 fold higher (p=0.01) in the EGR-1 and DUSP-1 knock-down, respectively when compared to the induced levels in the control cell line. For IL-8, the induction levels were 4.6 fold (p=0.01) and 13.0 (p=0.001) fold higher. The outcome was largely similar, yet not identical at the secreted protein levels. Furthermore, steroids were able to suppress the poly(I:C) induced cytokine levels by 70-95%. CONCLUSIONS Deregulation of EGR-1 and/or DUSP-1 in nasal epithelium could be responsible for the prolonged activated transcriptional state observed in vivo in allergic disease. This could have clinical consequences as cytokine levels after the steroid treatment in EGR-1 or DUSP-1 knock-down remained higher than in the control cell line.
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32
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Matsuo T, Dat LT, Komatsu M, Yoshimaru T, Daizumoto K, Sone S, Nishioka Y, Katagiri T. Early growth response 4 is involved in cell proliferation of small cell lung cancer through transcriptional activation of its downstream genes. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113606. [PMID: 25411851 PMCID: PMC4239076 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is aggressive, with rapid growth and frequent bone metastasis; however, its detailed molecular mechanism remains poorly understood. Here, we report the critical role of early growth factor 4 (EGR4), a DNA-binding, zinc-finger transcription factor, in cell proliferation of SCLC. EGR4 overexpression in HEK293T cells conferred significant upregulation of specific splice variants of the parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) gene, resulting in enhancement of the secretion of PTHrP protein, a known mediator of osteolytic bone metastasis. More importantly, depletion of EGR4 expression by siRNA significantly suppressed growth of the SCLC cell lines, SBC-5, SBC-3 and NCI-H1048. On the other hand, introduction of EGR4 into NIH3T3 cells significantly enhanced cell growth. We identified four EGR4 target genes, SAMD5, RAB15, SYNPO and DLX5, which were the most significantly downregulated genes upon depletion of EGR4 expression in all of the SCLC cells examined, and demonstrated the direct recruitment of EGR4 to their promoters by ChIP and luciferase reporter analysis. Notably, knockdown of the expression of these genes by siRNA remarkably suppressed the growth of all the SCLC cells. Taken together, our findings suggest that EGR4 likely regulates the bone metastasis and proliferation of SCLC cells via transcriptional regulation of several target genes, and may therefore be a promising target for the development of anticancer drugs for SCLC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taisuke Matsuo
- Division of Genome Medicine, Institute for Genome Research, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Le Tan Dat
- Division of Genome Medicine, Institute for Genome Research, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Masato Komatsu
- Division of Genome Medicine, Institute for Genome Research, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Yoshimaru
- Division of Genome Medicine, Institute for Genome Research, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Kei Daizumoto
- Division of Genome Medicine, Institute for Genome Research, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Saburo Sone
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Nishioka
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Toyomasa Katagiri
- Division of Genome Medicine, Institute for Genome Research, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Park SH, Kim J, Do KH, Park J, Oh CG, Choi HJ, Song BG, Lee SJ, Kim YS, Moon Y. Activating transcription factor 3-mediated chemo-intervention with cancer chemokines in a noncanonical pathway under endoplasmic reticulum stress. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:27118-27133. [PMID: 25122760 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.568717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell-protective features of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response are chronically activated in vigorously growing malignant tumor cells, which provide cellular growth advantages over the adverse microenvironment including chemotherapy. As an intervention with ER stress responses in the intestinal cancer cells, preventive exposure to flavone apigenin potentiated superinduction of a regulatory transcription factor, activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3), which is also known to be an integral player coordinating ER stress response-related gene expression. ATF3 superinduction was due to increased turnover of ATF3 transcript via stabilization with HuR protein in the cancer cells under ER stress. Moreover, enhanced ATF3 caused inhibitory action against ER stress-induced cancer chemokines that are potent mediators determining the survival and metastatic potential of epithelial cancer cells. Although enhanced ATF3 was a negative regulator of the well known proinflammatory transcription factor NF-κB, blocking of NF-κB signaling did not affect ER stress-induced chemokine expression. Instead, immediately expressed transcription factor early growth response protein 1 (EGR-1) was positively involved in cancer chemokine induction by ER stressors. ER stress-induced EGR-1 and subsequent chemokine production were repressed by ATF3. Mechanistically, ATF3 directly interacted with and recruited HDAC1 protein, which led to epigenetic suppression of EGR-1 expression and subsequent chemokine production. Conclusively, superinduced ATF3 attenuated ER stress-induced cancer chemokine expression by epigenetically interfering with induction of EGR-1, a transcriptional modulator crucial to cancer chemokine production. Thus, these results suggest a potent therapeutic intervention of ER stress response-related cancer-favoring events by ATF3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Hwan Park
- Laboratory of Mucosal Exposome and Biomodulation, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan 626-870, Korea,; Research Institute for Basic Sciences and Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea
| | - Juil Kim
- Laboratory of Mucosal Exposome and Biomodulation, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan 626-870, Korea
| | - Kee Hun Do
- Laboratory of Mucosal Exposome and Biomodulation, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan 626-870, Korea
| | - Jiyeon Park
- Laboratory of Mucosal Exposome and Biomodulation, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan 626-870, Korea
| | - Chang Gyu Oh
- Laboratory of Mucosal Exposome and Biomodulation, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan 626-870, Korea
| | - Hye Jin Choi
- Laboratory of Mucosal Exposome and Biomodulation, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan 626-870, Korea
| | - Bo Gyoung Song
- Laboratory of Mucosal Exposome and Biomodulation, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan 626-870, Korea
| | - Seung Joon Lee
- Laboratory of Mucosal Exposome and Biomodulation, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan 626-870, Korea
| | - Yong Sik Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-799, Korea, and
| | - Yuseok Moon
- Laboratory of Mucosal Exposome and Biomodulation, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan 626-870, Korea,; Research Institute for Basic Sciences and Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea,; Immunoregulatory Therapeutics Group in Brain Busan 21 Project, Busan 609-735, South Korea.
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Butí E, Mesquita D, Araújo SJ. Hedgehog is a positive regulator of FGF signalling during embryonic tracheal cell migration. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92682. [PMID: 24651658 PMCID: PMC3961400 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell migration is a widespread and complex process that is crucial for morphogenesis and for the underlying invasion and metastasis of human cancers. During migration, cells are steered toward target sites by guidance molecules that induce cell direction and movement through complex intracellular mechanisms. The spatio-temporal regulation of the expression of these guidance molecules is of extreme importance for both normal morphogenesis and human disease. One way to achieve this precise regulation is by combinatorial inputs of different transcription factors. Here we used Drosophila melanogaster mutants with migration defects in the ganglionic branches of the tracheal system to further clarify guidance regulation during cell migration. By studying the cellular consequences of overactivated Hh signalling, using ptc mutants, we found that Hh positively regulates Bnl/FGF levels during embryonic stages. Our results show that Hh modulates cell migration non-autonomously in the tissues surrounding the action of its activity. We further demonstrate that the Hh signalling pathway regulates bnl expression via Stripe (Sr), a zinc-finger transcription factor with homology to the Early Growth Response (EGR) family of vertebrate transcription factors. We propose that Hh modulates embryonic cell migration by participating in the spatio-temporal regulation of bnl expression in a permissive mode. By doing so, we provide a molecular link between the activation of Hh signalling and increased chemotactic responses during cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisenda Butí
- Developmental Biology Department, Institute of Molecular Biology of Barcelona (IBMB-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
- Cell and Developmental Biology Programme, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Duarte Mesquita
- Developmental Biology Department, Institute of Molecular Biology of Barcelona (IBMB-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
- Cell and Developmental Biology Programme, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sofia J. Araújo
- Developmental Biology Department, Institute of Molecular Biology of Barcelona (IBMB-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
- Cell and Developmental Biology Programme, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Difference in apoptosis-associated genes expression profiling and immunohistology analysis between Kashin-Beck disease and primary osteoarthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-014-0130-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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MacNeil AJ, Junkins RD, Wu Z, Lin TJ. Stem cell factor induces AP-1-dependent mast cell IL-6 production via MAPK kinase 3 activity. J Leukoc Biol 2014; 95:903-15. [PMID: 24453276 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0713401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells are critical immune effectors abundant in tissues interfacing with the environment and have major roles in allergen-induced inflammation and host responses to infection. SCF is a regulator of mast cell function and growth. However, the critical mechanisms in SCF-directed events remain incompletely defined. Here, we have investigated the role of MKK3 in mast cell SCF signaling-dependent functions by using BMMCs from MKK3-deficient mice. MKK3 was phosphorylated rapidly and persistently following SCF-induced activation and contributed to mast cell proliferation but not survival or migration in response to SCF. Analysis of SCF-induced mast cell mediator secretion demonstrated that IL-6 production is specifically dependent on MKK3 signals, both independently and in concert with IgE. Analysis of SCF-induced signaling showed that sustained p38 phosphorylation was impaired in MKK3-deficient mast cells, where as early JNK and IκBα activation were enhanced. Notably, SCF-inducible expression and activation of c-Jun, a component of the AP-1 transcription factor, was significantly dependent on MKK3. Accordingly, AP-1 DNA-binding activity and interaction with the IL6 gene promoter was markedly impaired in MKK3-deficient mast cells, whereas transcription factors of the Egr family, NF-κB, and NFAT retained near-full activity. These results designate MKK3 as a novel, positive regulator of SCF-induced mast cell proliferation and a critical signaling protein for AP-1-dependent IL-6 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J MacNeil
- Departments of Microbiology & Immunology and Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, and Beatrice Hunter Cancer Research Institute, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Robert D Junkins
- Departments of Microbiology & Immunology and Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, and Beatrice Hunter Cancer Research Institute, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Zhengli Wu
- Departments of Microbiology & Immunology and Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, and Beatrice Hunter Cancer Research Institute, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Tong-Jun Lin
- Departments of Microbiology & Immunology and Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, and Beatrice Hunter Cancer Research Institute, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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Veyrac A, Besnard A, Caboche J, Davis S, Laroche S. The transcription factor Zif268/Egr1, brain plasticity, and memory. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2014; 122:89-129. [PMID: 24484699 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-420170-5.00004-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The capacity to remember our past experiences and organize our future draws on a number of cognitive processes that allow our brain to form and store neural representations that can be recalled and updated at will. In the brain, these processes require mechanisms of neural plasticity in the activated circuits, brought about by cellular and molecular changes within the neurons activated during learning. At the cellular level, a wealth of experimental data accumulated in recent years provides evidence that signaling from synapses to nucleus and the rapid regulation of the expression of immediate early genes encoding inducible, regulatory transcription factors is a key step in the mechanisms underlying synaptic plasticity and the modification of neural networks required for the laying down of memories. In the activated neurons, these transcriptional events are thought to mediate the activation of selective gene programs and subsequent synthesis of proteins, leading to stable functional and structural remodeling of the activated networks, so that the memory can later be reactivated upon recall. Over the past few decades, novel insights have been gained in identifying key transcriptional regulators that can control the genomic response of synaptically activated neurons. Here, as an example of this approach, we focus on one such activity-dependent transcription factor, Zif268, known to be implicated in neuronal plasticity and memory formation. We summarize current knowledge about the regulation and function of Zif268 in different types of brain plasticity and memory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Veyrac
- CNRS, Centre de Neurosciences Paris-Sud, UMR 8195, Orsay, France; Centre de Neurosciences Paris-Sud, Univ Paris-Sud, UMR 8195, Orsay, France
| | - Antoine Besnard
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jocelyne Caboche
- INSERM, UMRS 952, Physiopathologie des Maladies du Système Nerveux Central, Paris, France; CNRS, UMR7224, Physiopathologie des Maladies du Système Nerveux Central, Paris, France; UPMC University Paris 6, Paris, France
| | - Sabrina Davis
- CNRS, Centre de Neurosciences Paris-Sud, UMR 8195, Orsay, France; Centre de Neurosciences Paris-Sud, Univ Paris-Sud, UMR 8195, Orsay, France
| | - Serge Laroche
- CNRS, Centre de Neurosciences Paris-Sud, UMR 8195, Orsay, France; Centre de Neurosciences Paris-Sud, Univ Paris-Sud, UMR 8195, Orsay, France
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Yan HQ, Shin SS, Ma X, Li Y, Dixon CE. Differential effect of traumatic brain injury on the nuclear factor of activated T Cells C3 and C4 isoforms in the rat hippocampus. Brain Res 2013; 1548:63-72. [PMID: 24389074 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The interaction between the phosphatase calcineurin and transcription factor nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) plays an important role numerous signaling and the regulatory events. Although NFAT is mostly known for its transcription function in the immune system, NFAT also has essential functions even in the central nervous system (CNS). The effects of traumatic brain injury (TBI) on NFAT are currently unknown. To determine if there is an alteration in NFAT after TBI, we examined NFATc3 and c4 levels at 6 h, 1 day, 1 week, 2 weeks and 4 weeks post injury. Rats were anesthetized and surgically prepared for controlled cortical impact (CCI) injury or sham surgery. Semi-quantitative measurements of NFATc3 and c4 in the hippocampal homogenates from injured and sham rats sacrificed at the appropriate time after injury were assessed using Western blot analysis. After TBI insult, in the hippocampus ipsilateral to the injury, NFATc3 expression levels were decreased both in the cytoplasmic and nuclear fractions. However, NFATc4 expression levels were increased in the cytoplasmic fraction but decreased in the nuclear fraction. Double labeling (with NeuN and GFAP) immunohistochemistry revealed that NFATc3 was expressed in subset of astrocytes and NFATc4 was expressed primarily in neurons. These differential responses in NFATc3 and c4 expression after TBI insult may indicate long-term changes in hippocampal excitability and may contribute to behavioral deficits. Further study is warranted to illustrate the role of NFATc3 and c4 in the setting of TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Q Yan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Trauma Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
| | - Samuel S Shin
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Trauma Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
| | - Xiecheng Ma
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Trauma Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
| | - Youming Li
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Trauma Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
| | - C Edward Dixon
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Trauma Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260.,Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System Pittsburgh, PA 15240
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Marzec M, Halasa K, Liu X, Wang HY, Cheng M, Baldwin D, Tobias JW, Schuster SJ, Woetmann A, Zhang Q, Turner SD, Ødum N, Wasik MA. Malignant transformation of CD4+ T lymphocytes mediated by oncogenic kinase NPM/ALK recapitulates IL-2-induced cell signaling and gene expression reprogramming. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:6200-7. [PMID: 24218456 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), physiologically expressed only by nervous system cells, displays a remarkable capacity to transform CD4(+) T lymphocytes and other types of nonneural cells. In this study, we report that activity of nucleophosmin (NPM)/ALK chimeric protein, the dominant form of ALK expressed in T cell lymphomas (TCLs), closely resembles cell activation induced by IL-2, the key cytokine supporting growth and survival of normal CD4(+) T lymphocytes. Direct comparison of gene expression by ALK(+) TCL cells treated with an ALK inhibitor and IL-2-dependent ALK(-) TCL cells stimulated with the cytokine revealed a very similar, albeit inverse, gene-regulation pattern. Depending on the analysis method, up to 67% of the affected genes were modulated in common by NPM/ALK and IL-2. Based on the gene expression patterns, Jak/STAT- and IL-2-signaling pathways topped the list of pathways identified as affected by both IL-2 and NPM/ALK. The expression dependence on NPM/ALK and IL-2 of the five selected genes-CD25 (IL-2Rα), Egr-1, Fosl-1, SOCS3, and Irf-4-was confirmed at the protein level. In both ALK(+) TCL and IL-2-stimulated ALK(-) TCL cells, CD25, SOCS3, and Irf-4 genes were activated predominantly by the STAT5 and STAT3 transcription factors, whereas transcription of Egr-1 and Fosl-1 was induced by the MEK-ERK pathway. Finally, we found that Egr-1, a protein not associated previously with either IL-2 or ALK, contributes to the cell proliferation. These findings indicate that NPM/ALK transforms the target CD4(+) T lymphocytes, at least in part, by using the pre-existing, IL-2-dependent signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Marzec
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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Crist SA, Elzey BD, Ahmann MT, Ratliff TL. Early growth response-1 (EGR-1) and nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) cooperate to mediate CD40L expression in megakaryocytes and platelets. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:33985-33996. [PMID: 24106272 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.511881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence implicates circulating platelets as mediators of chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases via the expression and release of CD40L, an important modulator of inflammation and adaptive immune responses traditionally associated with activated T cells. Emerging evidence suggests that platelet CD40L is dynamically regulated in several chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases and may mediate progression and secondary pathology associated with those disease states. The present study identifies NFATc2 as a key transcriptional modulator of CD40L expression in megakaryocytes and inflammatory activity of platelets. Furthermore, the current data show that EGR-1, a member of the early growth response family of zinc finger transcription factors, modulates NFATc2-dependent regulation of CD40L expression in megakaryocytes. Our novel demonstration that in vivo biochemical or genetic inhibition of NFATc2 activity in megakaryocyte diminishes platelet CD40L implicates the NFATc2/EGR-1 axis as a key regulatory pathway of inflammatory and immunomodulatory activity in platelets and represents a target for the development of therapeutics for the potential treatment of chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Crist
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University School of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907; Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Bennett D Elzey
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University School of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907; Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Michelle T Ahmann
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University School of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Timothy L Ratliff
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University School of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907; Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907.
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Dietary obesity-induced Egr-1 in adipocytes facilitates energy storage via suppression of FOXC2. Sci Rep 2013; 3:1476. [PMID: 23502673 PMCID: PMC3600596 DOI: 10.1038/srep01476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanism to regulate energy balance is not completely understood. Here we observed that Egr-1 expression in white adipose tissue (WAT) was highly correlated with dietary-induced obesity and insulin resistance both in mice and humans. Egr-1 null mice were protected from diet-induced obesity and obesity-associated pathologies such as fatty liver, insulin resistance, hyperlipidemia and hyperinsulinemia. This phenotype can be largely explained by the increase of energy expenditure in Egr-1 null mice. Characterization of these mice revealed that the expression of FOXC2 and its target genes were significantly elevated in white adipose tissues, leading to WAT energy expenditure instead of energy storage. Altogether, these studies suggest an important role for Egr-1, which, by repressing FOXC2 expression, promotes energy storage in WAT and favored the development of obesity under high energy intake.
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Klenke S, Siffert W, Frey UH. Cloning and Characterization of theGNA11Promoter and its Regulation by Early Growth Response 1. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2013; 113:316-24. [DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Klenke
- Institut für Pharmakogenetik; Universität Duisburg-Essen and Universitätsklinikum Essen; Essen; Germany
| | - Winfried Siffert
- Institut für Pharmakogenetik; Universität Duisburg-Essen and Universitätsklinikum Essen; Essen; Germany
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Spaapen F, van den Akker GGH, Caron MMJ, Prickaerts P, Rofel C, Dahlmans VEH, Surtel DAM, Paulis Y, Schweizer F, Welting TJM, Eijssen LM, Voncken JW. The immediate early gene product EGR1 and polycomb group proteins interact in epigenetic programming during chondrogenesis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58083. [PMID: 23483971 PMCID: PMC3590300 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Initiation of and progression through chondrogenesis is driven by changes in the cellular microenvironment. At the onset of chondrogenesis, resting mesenchymal stem cells are mobilized in vivo and a complex, step-wise chondrogenic differentiation program is initiated. Differentiation requires coordinated transcriptomic reprogramming and increased progenitor proliferation; both processes require chromatin remodeling. The nature of early molecular responses that relay differentiation signals to chromatin is poorly understood. We here show that immediate early genes are rapidly and transiently induced in response to differentiation stimuli in vitro. Functional ablation of the immediate early factor EGR1 severely deregulates expression of key chondrogenic control genes at the onset of differentiation. In addition, differentiating cells accumulate DNA damage, activate a DNA damage response and undergo a cell cycle arrest and prevent differentiation associated hyper-proliferation. Failed differentiation in the absence of EGR1 affects global acetylation and terminates in overall histone hypermethylation. We report novel molecular connections between EGR1 and Polycomb Group function: Polycomb associated histone H3 lysine27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) blocks chromatin access of EGR1. In addition, EGR1 ablation results in abnormal Ezh2 and Bmi1 expression. Consistent with this functional interaction, we identify a number of co-regulated targets genes in a chondrogenic gene network. We here describe an important role for EGR1 in early chondrogenic epigenetic programming to accommodate early gene-environment interactions in chondrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Spaapen
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Guus G. H. van den Akker
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolein M. J. Caron
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Peggy Prickaerts
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Celine Rofel
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Vivian E. H. Dahlmans
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Don A. M. Surtel
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Yvette Paulis
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Finja Schweizer
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Tim J. M. Welting
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Lars M. Eijssen
- Department of Bioinformatics – BiGCaT, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Willem Voncken
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Negative regulatory responses to metabolically triggered inflammation impair renal epithelial immunity in diabetes mellitus. J Mol Med (Berl) 2012; 91:587-98. [PMID: 23149823 PMCID: PMC3644409 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-012-0969-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2012] [Revised: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is characterized by chronic inflammation and increased risk of infections, particularly of tissues exposed to the external environment. However, the causal molecular mechanisms that affect immune cells and their functions in diabetes are unclear. Here we show, by transcript and protein analyses, signatures of glucose-induced tissue damage, chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and dysregulated expression of multiple inflammation- and immunity-related molecules in diabetic kidneys compared with non-diabetic controls. Abnormal signaling involving cytokines, G-protein coupled receptors, protein kinase C isoforms, mitogen-activated protein kinases, nuclear factor-κB (NFκB), and Toll-like receptors (TLR) were evident. These were accompanied by overexpression of negative regulators of NFκB, TLR, and other proinflammatory pathways, e.g., A20, SOCS1, IRAK-M, IκBα, Triad3A, Tollip, SIGIRR, and ST2L. Anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory molecules, e.g., IL-10, IL-4, and TSLP that favor TH2 responses were strongly induced. These molecular indicators of immune dysfunction led us to detect the cryptic presence of bacteria and human cytomegalovirus in more than one third of kidneys of diabetic subjects but none in non-diabetic kidneys. Similar signaling abnormalities could be induced in primary human renal tubular epithelial (but not mesangial) cell cultures exposed to high glucose, proinflammatory cytokines and methylglyoxal, and were reversed by combined pharmacological treatment with an antioxidant and a PKC inhibitor. Our results suggest that diabetes impairs epithelial immunity as a consequence of chronic and inappropriate activation of counter-regulatory immune responses, which are otherwise physiological protective mechanisms against inflammation. The immune abnormalities and cryptic renal infections described here may contribute to progression of diabetic nephropathy.
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Do KH, Choi HJ, Kim J, Park SH, Kim HH, Oh CG, Moon Y. Ambivalent roles of early growth response 1 in inflammatory signaling following ribosomal insult in human enterocytes. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 84:513-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Revised: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Psychostimulant abuse and neuroinflammation: emerging evidence of their interconnection. Neurotox Res 2012; 23:174-88. [PMID: 22714667 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-012-9334-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Revised: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
During the past two decades, there has been a tremendous expansion of knowledge regarding the neurobiological effects of substance abuse and how these effects impact behavior. At the same time, there has been a profound change in our understanding of the way in which the central nervous system responds to noxious stimuli. Most often referred to as the innate immune response (IIR), this defense mechanism is activated by a number of agents (toxic, microbial, ischemic) and has been implicated in the progression of a number of neurodegenerative diseases. We review evidence that psychostimulants of abuse (cocaine, methamphetamine, ecstasy) are associated with activation of the IIR. We first present background on what is currently known about the IIR including some of the cellular elements involved (microglia, astrocytes, vascular endothelial cells), key receptor pathways, and primary inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α). We then present a variety of protein and gene expression data taken from animal studies that show increased expression of various components of the IIR following acute or repeated psychostimulant administration. Collectively the data indicate an association of psychostimulant use with IIR activation in the brain even at exposures not traditionally associated with neurotoxicity. Thus, the gradually escalating deleterious effects of psychostimulant use could in part involve neuroinflammatory mechanisms. Finally, we offer one hypothesis of a possible mechanism by which psychostimulants result in IIR activation and discuss the potential therapeutic implications of these findings for treatment of the recovering addict.
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van Golen RF, van Gulik TM, Heger M. The sterile immune response during hepatic ischemia/reperfusion. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2012; 23:69-84. [PMID: 22609105 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2012.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic ischemia and reperfusion elicits an immune response that lacks a microbial constituent yet poses a potentially lethal threat to the host. In this sterile setting, the immune system is alarmed by endogenous danger signals that are release by stressed and dying liver cells. The detection of these immunogenic messengers by sentinel leukocyte populations constitutes the proximal trigger for a self-perpetuating cycle of inflammation, in which consecutive waves of cytokines and chemokines orchestrate the influx of various leukocyte subsets that ultimately confer tissue destruction. This review focuses on the temporal organization of sterile hepatic inflammation, using surgery-induced trauma as a template disease state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowan F van Golen
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Kundumani-Sridharan V, Van Quyen D, Subramani J, Singh NK, Chin YE, Rao GN. Novel interactions between NFATc1 (Nuclear Factor of Activated T cells c1) and STAT-3 (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription-3) mediate G protein-coupled receptor agonist, thrombin-induced biphasic expression of cyclin D1, with first phase influencing cell migration and second phase directing cell proliferation. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:22463-82. [PMID: 22566696 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.362996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombin, a G protein-coupled receptor agonist, induced a biphasic expression of cyclin D1 in primary vascular smooth muscle cells. Although both phases of cyclin D1 expression require binding of the newly identified cooperative complex, NFATc1·STAT-3, to its promoter, the second phase, which is more robust, depends on NFATc1-mediated recruitment of p300 onto the complex and the subsequent acetylation of STAT-3. In addition, STAT-3 is tyrosine-phosphorylated in a biphasic manner, and the late phase requires NFATc1-mediated p300-dependent acetylation. Furthermore, interference with acetylation of STAT-3 by overexpression of acetylation null STAT-3 mutant led to the loss of the late phase of cyclin D1 expression. EMSA analysis and reporter gene assays revealed that NFATc1·STAT-3 complex binding to the cyclin D1 promoter led to an enhanceosome formation and facilitated cyclin D1 expression. In the early phase of its expression, cyclin D1 is localized mostly in the cytoplasm and influenced cell migration. However, during the late and robust phase of its expression, cyclin D1 is translocated to the nucleus and directed cell proliferation. Together, these results demonstrate for the first time that the dual function of cyclin D1 in cell migration and proliferation is temperospatially separated by its biphasic expression, which is mediated by cooperative interactions between NFATc1 and STAT-3.
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Nebbaki SS, El Mansouri FE, Afif H, Kapoor M, Benderdour M, Duval N, Pelletier JP, Martel-Pelletier J, Fahmi H. Egr-1 contributes to IL-1-mediated down-regulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ expression in human osteoarthritic chondrocytes. Arthritis Res Ther 2012; 14:R69. [PMID: 22455954 PMCID: PMC3446440 DOI: 10.1186/ar3788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Revised: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)γ has been shown to exhibit anti-inflammatory and anti-catabolic properties and to be protective in animal models of osteoarthritis (OA). We have previously shown that interleukin-1β (IL-1) down-regulates PPARγ expression in human OA chondrocytes. However, the mechanisms underlying this effect have not been well characterized. The PPARγ promoter harbors an overlapping Egr-1/specificity protein 1 (Sp1) binding site. In this study, our objective was to define the roles of Egr-1 and Sp1 in IL-1-mediated down-regulation of PPARγ expression. METHODS Chondrocytes were stimulated with IL-1 and the expression levels of Egr-1 and Sp1 mRNAs and proteins were evaluated using real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blotting, respectively. The role of de novo protein synthesis was evaluated using the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide (CHX). The recruitment of Sp1 and Egr-1 to the PPARγ promoter was evaluated using chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays. The PPARγ promoter activity was analyzed in transient transfection experiments. The roles of Egr-1 and Sp1 were further evaluated using small interfering RNA (siRNA) approaches. The level of Egr-1 in cartilage was determined using immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Down-regulation of PPARγ expression by IL-1 requires de novo protein synthesis and was concomitant with the induction of the transcription factor Egr-1. Treatment with IL-1 induced Egr-1 recruitment and reduced Sp1 occupancy at the PPARγ promoter. Overexpression of Egr-1 potentiated, whereas overexpression of Sp1 alleviated, the suppressive effect of IL-1 on the PPARγ promoter, suggesting that Egr-1 may mediate the suppressive effect of IL-1. Consistently, Egr-1 silencing prevented IL-1-mediated down-regulation of PPARγ expression. We also showed that the level of Egr-1 expression was elevated in OA cartilage compared to normal cartilage. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that induction and recruitment of Egr-1 contributed to the suppressive effect of IL-1 on PPARγ expression. They also suggest that modulation of Egr-1 levels in the joint may have therapeutic potential in OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah-Salwa Nebbaki
- Osteoarthritis Research Unit, Research Centre of the University of Montreal Hospital Center (CR-CHUM), Notre-Dame Hospital, 1560 Sherbrooke Street East, J,A, DeSève Pavillion, Y-2628, and Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H2L 4M1, Canada
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del Blanco B, García-Mariscal A, Wiest DL, Hernández-Munain C. Tcra enhancer activation by inducible transcription factors downstream of pre-TCR signaling. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:3278-93. [PMID: 22357628 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1100271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The Tcra enhancer (Eα) is essential for pre-TCR-mediated activation of germline transcription and V(D)J recombination. Eα is considered an archetypical enhanceosome that acts through the functional synergy and cooperative binding of multiple transcription factors. Based on dimethylsulfate genomic footprinting experiments, there has been a long-standing paradox regarding Eα activation in the absence of differences in enhancer occupancy. Our data provide the molecular mechanism of Eα activation and an explanation of this paradox. We found that germline transcriptional activation of Tcra is dependent on constant phospholipase Cγ, as well as calcineurin- and MAPK/ERK-mediated signaling, indicating that inducible transcription factors are crucially involved. NFAT, AP-1, and early growth response factor 1, together with CREB-binding protein/p300 coactivators, bind to Eα as part of an active enhanceosome assembled during pre-TCR signaling. We favor a scenario in which the binding of lymphoid-restricted and constitutive transcription factors to Eα prior to its activation forms a regulatory scaffold to recruit factors induced by pre-TCR signaling. Thus, the combinatorial assembly of tissue- and signal-specific transcription factors dictates the Eα function. This mechanism for enhancer activation may represent a general paradigm in tissue-restricted and stimulus-responsive gene regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz del Blanco
- Departamento de Biología Celular e Inmunología, Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López-Neyra (IPBLN-CSIC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 18100-Armilla, Granada, Spain
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