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Mishra N, Agarwal R. Research models of sulfur mustard- and nitrogen mustard-induced ocular injuries and potential therapeutics. Exp Eye Res 2022; 223:109209. [PMID: 35961426 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.109209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Sulfur mustard (SM) is a notorious, bifunctional alkylating vesicant that was first used in warfare during World War I in 1917 and since then has been deployed in numerous skirmishes with its most recent documented use being during the Middle Eastern conflicts. Apart from its use in combat and terrorist activities, continual threat of accidental exposure from old stockpiles and improperly discarded munitions is ever present, especially to the innocent and unassuming civilian populations. SM can cause devastating injuries, depending on the dosage of SM exposure, route of exposure, as well as the physiological conditions of the individuals exposed. The most common routes of exposure are ocular, dermal, and exposure to the lungs and respiratory tissues through inhalation. Eyes are the most susceptible organ to SM-induced toxicities owing to their high moisture content and rapidly dividing cells. Additionally, ocular injury causes the most expeditious disablement of individuals even upon whole-body exposures. Therefore, it is imperative to understand the mechanisms underlying SM-induced ocular toxicity and design therapeutic interventions to prevent/mitigate ocular injuries. Ocular SM exposure may cause a wide range of symptoms such as inflammation, lacrimation, itching, dryness, photophobia, edema of the cornea/sclera/retina/iris, conjunctivitis, degradation of the corneal layer, fusion of two or more ocular layers, neovascularization, fibrosis, and temporary or permanent structural damage to one or more ocular layers. These symptoms may lead to vision impairments, resulting in partial or complete blindness that may be permanent. The highly toxic and exceedingly notorious nature of SM makes it a highly regulated chemical, requiring very expensive licensing, security, and safety requirements; thus, the more easily accessible analogue, nitrogen mustard (NM) that mimics SM-induced toxicity and injuries is employed in plethora of studies conducted in different animal models and culture systems. This review provides a comprehensive account of the injuries and symptoms that occur upon ocular SM exposures in human patients as well as studies in animal (in vivo, ex vivo) and cell (in vitro) models of SM and NM ocular exposures. Special emphasis has been laid on highlighting the strengths and lacunae in the research as well as the possible unexplored avenues of mechanisms underlying mustard-induced ocular injury that can be explored in future research endeavors. Furthermore, development of therapeutic interventions and targets of interest in the ocular system exposed to SM and NM, based on studies in human patients as well as in vivo, ex vivo, and in vitro models has been discussed in great depth, providing a valuable knowledge database to delineate pathways associated with vesicant-induced toxicity, and strategies/diagnostic tools against SM-induced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Mishra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Rajesh Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
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2
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Vagher J, Gammon A, Kohlmann W, Jeter J. Non-Melanoma Skin Cancers and Other Cutaneous Manifestations in Bone Marrow Failure Syndromes and Rare DNA Repair Disorders. Front Oncol 2022; 12:837059. [PMID: 35359366 PMCID: PMC8960432 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.837059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although most non-melanoma skin cancers are felt to be sporadic in origin, these tumors do play a role in several cancer predisposition syndromes. The manifestations of skin cancers in these hereditary populations can include diagnosis at extremely early ages and/or multiple primary cancers, as well as tumors at less common sites. Awareness of baseline skin cancer risks for these individuals is important, particularly in the setting of treatments that may compromise the immune system and further increase risk of cutaneous malignancies. Additionally, diagnosis of these disorders and management of non-cutaneous manifestations of these diseases have profound implications for both the patient and their family. This review highlights the current literature on the diagnosis, features, and non-melanoma skin cancer risks associated with lesser-known cancer predisposition syndromes, including bone marrow failure disorders, genomic instability disorders, and base excision repair disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennie Vagher
- Family Cancer Assessment Clinic, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Amanda Gammon
- Family Cancer Assessment Clinic, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Wendy Kohlmann
- Family Cancer Assessment Clinic, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Joanne Jeter
- Family Cancer Assessment Clinic, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
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3
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Birkisdóttir MB, Jaarsma D, Brandt RMC, Barnhoorn S, Vliet N, Imholz S, Oostrom CT, Nagarajah B, Portilla Fernández E, Roks AJM, Elgersma Y, Steeg H, Ferreira JA, Pennings JLA, Hoeijmakers JHJ, Vermeij WP, Dollé MET. Unlike dietary restriction, rapamycin fails to extend lifespan and reduce transcription stress in progeroid DNA repair-deficient mice. Aging Cell 2021; 20:e13302. [PMID: 33484480 PMCID: PMC7884048 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary restriction (DR) and rapamycin extend healthspan and life span across multiple species. We have recently shown that DR in progeroid DNA repair‐deficient mice dramatically extended healthspan and trippled life span. Here, we show that rapamycin, while significantly lowering mTOR signaling, failed to improve life span nor healthspan of DNA repair‐deficient Ercc1∆/− mice, contrary to DR tested in parallel. Rapamycin interventions focusing on dosage, gender, and timing all were unable to alter life span. Even genetically modifying mTOR signaling failed to increase life span of DNA repair‐deficient mice. The absence of effects by rapamycin on P53 in brain and transcription stress in liver is in sharp contrast with results obtained by DR, and appoints reducing DNA damage and transcription stress as an important mode of action of DR, lacking by rapamycin. Together, this indicates that mTOR inhibition does not mediate the beneficial effects of DR in progeroid mice, revealing that DR and rapamycin strongly differ in their modes of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- María B. Birkisdóttir
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Genome Instability and Nutrition ONCODE Institute Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Dick Jaarsma
- Department of Neuroscience Erasmus MC Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | | | - Sander Barnhoorn
- Department of Molecular Genetics Erasmus MC Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Nicole Vliet
- Department of Molecular Genetics Erasmus MC Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Sandra Imholz
- Centre for Health Protection National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM Bilthoven The Netherlands
| | - Conny T. Oostrom
- Centre for Health Protection National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM Bilthoven The Netherlands
| | - Bhawani Nagarajah
- Centre for Health Protection National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM Bilthoven The Netherlands
| | - Eliana Portilla Fernández
- Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology Department of Internal Medicine Erasmus MC Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Anton J. M. Roks
- Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology Department of Internal Medicine Erasmus MC Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Ype Elgersma
- Department of Neuroscience Erasmus MC Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Harry Steeg
- Centre for Health Protection National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM Bilthoven The Netherlands
| | - José A. Ferreira
- Department of Statistics, Informatics and Modelling National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM Bilthoven The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen L. A. Pennings
- Centre for Health Protection National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM Bilthoven The Netherlands
| | - Jan H. J. Hoeijmakers
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Genome Instability and Nutrition ONCODE Institute Utrecht The Netherlands
- Department of Molecular Genetics Erasmus MC Rotterdam The Netherlands
- CECAD Forschungszentrum Köln Germany
| | - Wilbert P. Vermeij
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Genome Instability and Nutrition ONCODE Institute Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Martijn E. T. Dollé
- Centre for Health Protection National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM Bilthoven The Netherlands
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4
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Kellum AH, Qiu DY, Voehler MW, Martin W, Gates KS, Stone MP. Structure of a Stable Interstrand DNA Cross-Link Involving a β- N-Glycosyl Linkage Between an N6-dA Amino Group and an Abasic Site. Biochemistry 2020; 60:41-52. [PMID: 33382597 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Abasic (AP) sites are one of the most common forms of DNA damage. The deoxyribose ring of AP sites undergoes anomerization between α and β configurations, via an electrophilic aldehyde intermediate. In sequences where an adenine residue is located on the opposing strand and offset 1 nt to the 3' side of the AP site, the nucleophilic N6-dA amino group can react with the AP aldehyde residue to form an interstrand cross-link (ICL). Here, we present an experimentally determined structure of the dA-AP ICL by NMR spectroscopy. The ICL was constructed in the oligodeoxynucleotide 5'-d(T1A2T3G4T5C6T7A8A9G10T11T12C13A14T15C16T17A18)-3':5'-d(T19A20G21A22T23G24A25A26C27X28T29A30G31A32C33A34T35A36)-3' (X=AP site), with the dA-AP ICL forming between A8 and X28. The NMR spectra indicated an ordered structure for the cross-linked DNA duplex and afforded detailed spectroscopic resonance assignments. Structural refinement, using molecular dynamics calculations restrained by NOE data (rMD), revealed the structure of the ICL. In the dA-AP ICL, the 2'-deoxyribosyl ring of the AP site was ring-closed and in the β configuration. Juxtapositioning the N6-dA amino group and the aldehydic C1 of the AP site within bonding distance while simultaneously maintaining two flanking unpaired A9 and T29 bases stacked within the DNA is accomplished by the unwinding of the DNA at the ICL. The structural data is discussed in the context of recent studies describing the replication-dependent unhooking of the dA-AP ICL by the base excision repair glycosylase NEIL3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew H Kellum
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University Center for Structural Biology, and the Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - David Y Qiu
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University Center for Structural Biology, and the Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Markus W Voehler
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University Center for Structural Biology, and the Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - William Martin
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Kent S Gates
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65221, United States
| | - Michael P Stone
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University Center for Structural Biology, and the Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
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5
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Pavin SS, Prestes ADS, Dos Santos MM, de Macedo GT, Ferreira SA, Claro MT, Dalla Corte C, Vargas Barbosa N. Methylglyoxal disturbs DNA repair and glyoxalase I system in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Toxicol Mech Methods 2020; 31:107-115. [PMID: 33059495 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2020.1838019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Methylglyoxal (MG) is a highly reactive aldehyde able to form covalent adducts with proteins and nucleic acids, disrupting cellular functions. In this study, we performed a screening of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae) strains to find out which genes of cells are responsive to MG, emphasizing genes against oxidative stress and DNA repair. Yeast strains were grown in the YPD-Galactose medium containing MG (0.5 to 12 mM). The tolerance to MG was evaluated by determining cellular growth and cell viability. The toxicity of MG was more pronounced in the strains with deletion in genes engaged with DNA repair checkpoint proteins, namely Rad23 and Rad50. MG also impaired the growth and viability of S. cerevisiae mutant strains Glo1 and Gsh1, both components of the glyoxalase I system. Differently, the strains with deletion in genes encoding for antioxidant enzymes were apparently resistant to MG. In summary, our data indicate that DNA repair and MG detoxification pathways are keys in the control of MG toxicity in S. cerevisiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Sartoretto Pavin
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Alessandro de Souza Prestes
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Matheus Mulling Dos Santos
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Teixeira de Macedo
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Sabrina Antunes Ferreira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Mariana Torri Claro
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Dalla Corte
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Nilda Vargas Barbosa
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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6
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Slowly Repaired Bulky DNA Damages Modulate Cellular Redox Environment Leading to Premature Senescence. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:5367102. [PMID: 32104534 PMCID: PMC7035574 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5367102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Treatments on neoplastic diseases and cancer using genotoxic drugs often cause long-term health problems related to premature aging. The underlying mechanism is poorly understood. Based on the study of a long-lasting senescence-like growth arrest (10-12 weeks) of human dermal fibroblasts induced by psoralen plus UVA (PUVA) treatment, we here revealed that slowly repaired bulky DNA damages can serve as a “molecular scar” leading to reduced cell proliferation through persistent endogenous production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that caused accelerated telomere erosion. The elevated levels of ROS were the results of mitochondrial dysfunction and the activation of NADPH oxidase (NOX). A combined inhibition of DNA-PK and PARP1 could suppress the level of ROS. Together with a reduced expression level of BRCA1 as well as the upregulation of PP2A and 53BP1, these data suggest that the NHEJ repair of DNA double-strand breaks may be the initial trigger of metabolic changes leading to ROS production. Further study showed that stimulation of the pentose phosphate pathway played an important role for NOX activation, and ROS could be efficiently suppressed by modulating the NADP/NADPH ratio. Interestingly, feeding cells with ribose-5-phosphate, a precursor for nucleotide biosynthesis that produced through the PPP, could evidently suppress the ROS level and prevent the cell enlargement related to mitochondrial biogenesis. Taken together, these results revealed an important signaling pathway between DNA damage repair and the cell metabolism, which contributed to the premature aging effects of PUVA, and may be generally applicable for a large category of chemotherapeutic reagents including many cancer drugs.
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7
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Abstract
Decades of research into stress responses have highlighted large variation among individuals, populations, and species, and the sources of this variation have been a center of research across disciplines. The most common measure of the vertebrate stress response is glucocorticoids. However, the predictive power of glucocorticoid responses to fitness is surprisingly low. This is partly because the hormone levels rapidly change in response to stressor exposure and elevated levels at one time point can indicate either that glucocorticoids are helping the organism cope with the stressor or that dysregulation of hormone release is harming the organism. Meaning, the fitness consequences of the stressor depends on how efficient the stress responses are at negating the harmful impacts of stressors to cells and tissues. To encompass the idea of the efficiency of stress responses and to integrate cellular and organismal stress responses, a new theoretical model called the Damage-Fitness Model was developed. The model focuses on the downstream effects of stress responses and predicts that the accumulation of damage in cells and tissues (e.g., persistent damage to proteins, lipids, and DNA) negatively impacts fitness components. In this mini-review, we examine evidence supporting the Damage-Fitness Model and explore new directions forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruka Wada
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Britt Heidinger
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
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8
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Hu CW, Chang YJ, Cooke MS, Chao MR. DNA Crosslinkomics: A Tool for the Comprehensive Assessment of Interstrand Crosslinks Using High Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2019; 91:15193-15203. [PMID: 31670503 PMCID: PMC6891145 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
DNA-DNA crosslinks, especially interstrand crosslinks (ICLs), cause cytotoxicity via blocking replication and transcription. Most measurements of ICLs lack sensitivity and structural information. Here, a high resolution, accurate mass spectrometry (HRMS) method was developed to comprehensively determine the untargeted, totality of DNA crosslinks, a.k.a. DNA crosslinkomics. Two novel features were introduced into this method: the accurate mass neutral losses of both two 2-deoxyribose (dR) and one dR groups will screen for ICLs as modified dinucleosides; the accurate mass neutral losses of both of the two nucleobases and one nucleobase will detect unstable DNA crosslinks, that could undergo depurination. Our crosslinkomics approach was tested by screening for crosslinks in formaldehyde- and chlorambucil-treated calf thymus DNA. The results showed that all expected drug-bridged crosslinks were detected successfully, along with various unexpected crosslinks. Using HRMS, the molecular formula and chemical structures of these unexpected crosslinks were determined. The formation of apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) site-derived crosslinks, at levels comparable to those for drug-bridged crosslinks, highlighted their novel, potential role in cytotoxicity. Our new crosslinkomics approach can detect expected and unexpected environmental and drug-induced crosslinks in biological samples. This broadens the existing cellular DNA adductome and offers the potential to become a powerful tool in precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiung-Wen Hu
- Department of Public Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Jhe Chang
- Department of Occupational Safety and Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Marcus S. Cooke
- Oxidative Stress Group, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
- Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
| | - Mu-Rong Chao
- Department of Occupational Safety and Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 402, Taiwan
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9
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Moore ES, Daugherity EK, Karambizi DI, Cummings BP, Behling-Kelly E, Schaefer DMW, Southard TL, McFadden JW, Weiss RS. Sex-specific hepatic lipid and bile acid metabolism alterations in Fancd2-deficient mice following dietary challenge. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:15623-15637. [PMID: 31434739 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.005729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Defects in the Fanconi anemia (FA) DNA damage-response pathway result in genomic instability, developmental defects, hematopoietic failure, cancer predisposition, and metabolic disorders. The endogenous sources of damage contributing to FA phenotypes and the links between FA and metabolic disease remain poorly understood. Here, using mice lacking the Fancd2 gene, encoding a central FA pathway component, we investigated whether the FA pathway protects against metabolic challenges. Fancd2 -/- and wildtype (WT) mice were fed a standard diet (SD), a diet enriched in fat, cholesterol, and cholic acid (Paigen diet), or a diet enriched in lipid alone (high-fat diet (HFD)). Fancd2 -/- mice developed hepatobiliary disease and exhibited decreased survival when fed a Paigen diet but not a HFD. Male Paigen diet-fed mice lacking Fancd2 had significant biliary hyperplasia, increased serum bile acid concentration, and increased hepatic pathology. In contrast, female mice were similarly impacted by Paigen diet feeding regardless of Fancd2 status. Upon Paigen diet challenge, male Fancd2 -/- mice had altered expression of genes encoding hepatic bile acid transporters and cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism proteins, including Scp2/x, Abcg5/8, Abca1, Ldlr, Srebf1, and Scd-1 Untargeted lipidomic profiling in liver tissue revealed 132 lipid species, including sphingolipids, glycerophospholipids, and glycerolipids, that differed significantly in abundance depending on Fancd2 status in male mice. We conclude that the FA pathway has sex-specific impacts on hepatic lipid and bile acid metabolism, findings that expand the known functions of the FA pathway and may provide mechanistic insight into the metabolic disease predisposition in individuals with FA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth S Moore
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Erin K Daugherity
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853.,Center for Animal Resources and Education, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - David I Karambizi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Bethany P Cummings
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Erica Behling-Kelly
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Deanna M W Schaefer
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996
| | - Teresa L Southard
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Joseph W McFadden
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Robert S Weiss
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
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10
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Dattani A, Wilkinson SR. Deciphering the interstrand crosslink DNA repair network expressed by Trypanosoma brucei. DNA Repair (Amst) 2019; 78:154-166. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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11
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Prazdnova EV, Mazanko MS, Chistyakov VA, Denisenko YV, Makarenko MS, Usatov AV, Bren AB, Tutelyan AV, Komarova ZB, Gorlov IF, Weeks R, Chikindas ML. Effect of Bacillus subtilis KATMIRA1933 and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens B-1895 on the productivity, reproductive aging, and physiological characteristics of hens and roosters. Benef Microbes 2019; 10:395-412. [PMID: 30964325 DOI: 10.3920/bm2018.0149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The study aims at investigating the effect of preparations of two bacilli strains on laying hens and roosters. Preparations were based on the strains Bacillus subtilis KATMIRA1933 and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens B-1895. Several groups of roosters and hens received a preparation based on either strain, or a mixture of both, from the first day to the last day of poultry in production. These preparations improved egg production, quality of sperm production, quality/hatchery of eggs, and slowed down the reproductive aging of hens. These observations were confirmed by the mathematical model proposed herein. At the molecular level, the slowing down of aging was confirmed by a decrease in the amount of mitochondrial DNA damage. Monitoring the physiological parameters of the experimental and control groups of birds showed that live weight gain in all experimental groups was higher than in the control group, and the reproductive organs of hens were more developed. There was also an improvement in the biochemical parameters of blood, the quality of the sperm of roosters, the laying of laying hens, and the morphological and biochemical parameters of the eggs. One of the most significant results is an increase in egg fertilization and a decrease in embryo death during the first 7 days of incubation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E V Prazdnova
- 1 Laboratory of Experimental Mutagenesis, Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Stachki av. 194/1, Rostov-on-Don 344090, Russia
| | - M S Mazanko
- 1 Laboratory of Experimental Mutagenesis, Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Stachki av. 194/1, Rostov-on-Don 344090, Russia
| | - V A Chistyakov
- 1 Laboratory of Experimental Mutagenesis, Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Stachki av. 194/1, Rostov-on-Don 344090, Russia
| | - Y V Denisenko
- 1 Laboratory of Experimental Mutagenesis, Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Stachki av. 194/1, Rostov-on-Don 344090, Russia
| | - M S Makarenko
- 1 Laboratory of Experimental Mutagenesis, Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Stachki av. 194/1, Rostov-on-Don 344090, Russia
| | - A V Usatov
- 1 Laboratory of Experimental Mutagenesis, Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Stachki av. 194/1, Rostov-on-Don 344090, Russia
| | - A B Bren
- 1 Laboratory of Experimental Mutagenesis, Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Stachki av. 194/1, Rostov-on-Don 344090, Russia
| | - A V Tutelyan
- 2 Federal Budget Institution of Science 'Central Research Institute of Epidemiology' of the Federal Service on Customers' Rights Protection and Human Well-being Surveillance, Novogireevskaya 3a, Moscow 111123, Russia
| | - Z B Komarova
- 3 State Scientific Institution Volga Research Institute of Production and Processing of Meat and Dairy Products of the Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Volgograd, Russia
| | - I F Gorlov
- 3 State Scientific Institution Volga Research Institute of Production and Processing of Meat and Dairy Products of the Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Volgograd, Russia
| | - R Weeks
- 4 Health Promoting Naturals Laboratory, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 65 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, 08901-8520 NJ, USA
| | - M L Chikindas
- 1 Laboratory of Experimental Mutagenesis, Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Stachki av. 194/1, Rostov-on-Don 344090, Russia.,4 Health Promoting Naturals Laboratory, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 65 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, 08901-8520 NJ, USA
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12
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Sumpter R, Levine B. Emerging functions of the Fanconi anemia pathway at a glance. J Cell Sci 2018; 130:2657-2662. [PMID: 28811338 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.204909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a rare disease, in which homozygous or compound heterozygous inactivating mutations in any of 21 genes lead to genomic instability, early-onset bone marrow failure and increased cancer risk. The FA pathway is essential for DNA damage response (DDR) to DNA interstrand crosslinks. However, proteins of the FA pathway have additional cytoprotective functions that may be independent of DDR. We have shown that many FA proteins participate in the selective autophagy pathway that is required for the destruction of unwanted intracellular constituents. In this Cell Science at a Glance and the accompanying poster, we briefly review the role of the FA pathway in DDR and recent findings that link proteins of the FA pathway to selective autophagy of viruses and mitochondria. Finally, we discuss how perturbations in FA protein-mediated selective autophagy may contribute to inflammatory as well as genotoxic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhea Sumpter
- Center for Autophagy Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Beth Levine
- Center for Autophagy Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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13
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Garschall K, Dellago H, Gáliková M, Schosserer M, Flatt T, Grillari J. Ubiquitous overexpression of the DNA repair factor dPrp19 reduces DNA damage and extends Drosophila life span. NPJ Aging Mech Dis 2017. [PMID: 28649423 PMCID: PMC5445577 DOI: 10.1038/s41514-017-0005-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms that ensure and maintain the stability of genetic information are fundamentally important for organismal function and can have a large impact on disease, aging, and life span. While a multi-layered cellular apparatus exists to detect and respond to DNA damage, various insults from environmental and endogenous sources continuously affect DNA integrity. Over time this can lead to the accumulation of somatic mutations, which is thought to be one of the major causes of aging. We have previously found that overexpression of the essential human DNA repair and splicing factor SNEV, also called PRP19 or hPso4, extends replicative life span of cultured human endothelial cells and impedes accumulation of DNA damage. Here, we show that adult-specific overexpression of dPrp19, the D. melanogaster ortholog of human SNEV/PRP19/hPso4, robustly extends life span in female fruit flies. This increase in life span is accompanied by reduced levels of DNA damage and improved resistance to oxidative and genotoxic stress. Our findings suggest that dPrp19 plays an evolutionarily conserved role in aging, life span modulation and stress resistance, and support the notion that superior DNA maintenance is key to longevity. Increasing levels of DNA repair factor Prp19 in fruit flies extends their life span and protects against stress. Prp19 is a protein that is present in a wide range of organisms and enables human endothelial cells to live longer in vitro. In this article, an international team of scientists from Austria, Germany and Switzerland found that higher Prp19 levels also prolong the life span of a whole organism in fruit flies, reduce DNA damage and increase survival when exposed to DNA damaging compounds. In contrast to female flies, males were unaffected. Their findings support the long-held view that repair of DNA damage, one of the hallmarks of aging, is key to longevity. They also provide an intriguing but poorly understood connection between cellular aging and the survival of whole organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Garschall
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hanna Dellago
- Department of Biotechnology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martina Gáliková
- Institut für Populationsgenetik, Vetmeduni Vienna, Vienna Austria.,Department of Developmental Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Markus Schosserer
- Department of Biotechnology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Flatt
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Institut für Populationsgenetik, Vetmeduni Vienna, Vienna Austria
| | - Johannes Grillari
- Department of Biotechnology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Christian Doppler Laboratory on Biotechnology of Skin Aging, Dept. of Biotechnology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Evercyte GmbH, Vienna, Austria
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14
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Nitrogen Mustard-Induced Corneal Injury Involves DNA Damage and Pathways Related to Inflammation, Epithelial-Stromal Separation, and Neovascularization. Cornea 2016; 35:257-66. [PMID: 26555588 DOI: 10.1097/ico.0000000000000685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the toxic effects and associated mechanisms in corneal tissue exposed to the vesicating agent, nitrogen mustard (NM), a bifunctional alkylating analog of the chemical warfare agent sulfur mustard. METHODS Toxic effects and associated mechanisms were examined in maximally affected corneal tissue using corneal cultures and human corneal epithelial (HCE) cells exposed to NM. RESULTS Analysis of ex vivo rabbit corneas showed that NM exposure increased apoptotic cell death, epithelial thickness, epithelial-stromal separation, and levels of vascular endothelial growth factor, cyclooxygenase 2, and matrix metalloproteinase-9. In HCE cells, NM exposure resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in cell viability and proliferation, which was associated with DNA damage in terms of an increase in p53 ser15, total p53, and H2A.X ser139 levels. NM exposure also induced caspase-3 and poly ADP ribose polymerase cleavage, suggesting their involvement in NM-induced apoptotic death in the rabbit cornea and HCE cells. Similar to rabbit cornea, NM exposure caused an increase in cyclooxygenase 2, matrix metalloproteinase-9, and vascular endothelial growth factor levels in HCE cells, indicating a role of these molecules and related pathways in NM-induced corneal inflammation, epithelial-stromal separation, and neovascularization. NM exposure also induced activation of activator protein 1 transcription factor proteins and upstream signaling pathways including mitogen-activated protein kinases and Akt protein kinase, suggesting that these could be key factors involved in NM-induced corneal injury. CONCLUSIONS Results from this study provide insight into the molecular targets and pathways that could be involved in NM-induced corneal injuries laying the background for further investigation of these pathways in vesicant-induced ocular injuries, which could be helpful in the development of targeted therapies.
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15
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Monteforte R, Beilhack GF, Grausenburger R, Mayerhofer B, Bittner R, Grillari‐Voglauer R, Sibilia M, Dellago H, Tschachler E, Gruber F, Grillari J. SNEV(Prp19/PSO4) deficiency increases PUVA-induced senescence in mouse skin. Exp Dermatol 2016; 25:212-7. [PMID: 26663487 PMCID: PMC4832318 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Senescent cells accumulate during ageing in various tissues and contribute to organismal ageing. However, factors that are involved in the induction of senescence in vivo are still not well understood. SNEV(P) (rp19/) (PSO) (4) is a multifaceted protein, known to be involved in DNA damage repair and senescence, albeit only in vitro. In this study, we used heterozygous SNEV(+/-) mice (SNEV-knockout results in early embryonic lethality) and wild-type littermate controls as a model to elucidate the role of SNEV(P) (rp19/) (PSO) (4) in DNA damage repair and senescence in vivo. We performed PUVA treatment as model system for potently inducing cellular senescence, consisting of 8-methoxypsoralen in combination with UVA on mouse skin to induce DNA damage and premature skin ageing. We show that SNEV(P) (rp19/) (PSO) (4) expression decreases during organismal ageing, while p16, a marker of ageing in vivo, increases. In response to PUVA treatment, we observed in the skin of both SNEV(P) (rp19/) (PSO) (4) and wild-type mice an increase in γ-H2AX levels, a DNA damage marker. In old SNEV(P) (rp19/) (PSO) (4) mice, this increase is accompanied by reduced epidermis thickening and increase in p16 and collagenase levels. Thus, the DNA damage response occurring in the mouse skin upon PUVA treatment is dependent on SNEV(P) (rp19/) (PSO) (4) expression and lower levels of SNEV(P) (rp19/) (PSO) (4) , as in old SNEV(+/-) mice, result in increase in cellular senescence and acceleration of premature skin ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Monteforte
- Department of BiotechnologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Applied Life SciencesViennaAustria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory on Biotechnology of Skin AgingViennaAustria
| | - Georg F. Beilhack
- Division of Nephrology & DialysisInternal Medicine IIIMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Reinhard Grausenburger
- Department of BiotechnologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Applied Life SciencesViennaAustria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory on Biotechnology of Skin AgingViennaAustria
| | - Benjamin Mayerhofer
- Neuromuscular Research DepartmentCenter of Anatomy & Cell BiologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Reginald Bittner
- Neuromuscular Research DepartmentCenter of Anatomy & Cell BiologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Regina Grillari‐Voglauer
- Department of BiotechnologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Applied Life SciencesViennaAustria
- Evercyte GmbHViennaAustria
| | - Maria Sibilia
- Institute for Cancer ResearchMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Hanna Dellago
- Department of BiotechnologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Applied Life SciencesViennaAustria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory on Biotechnology of Skin AgingViennaAustria
| | - Erwin Tschachler
- Department of DermatologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Florian Gruber
- Christian Doppler Laboratory on Biotechnology of Skin AgingViennaAustria
- Department of DermatologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Johannes Grillari
- Department of BiotechnologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Applied Life SciencesViennaAustria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory on Biotechnology of Skin AgingViennaAustria
- Evercyte GmbHViennaAustria
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16
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Bossuet-Greif N, Dubois D, Petit C, Tronnet S, Martin P, Bonnet R, Oswald E, Nougayrède JP. Escherichia coli ClbS is a colibactin resistance protein. Mol Microbiol 2015; 99:897-908. [PMID: 26560421 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The genomic pks island codes for the biosynthetic machinery that produces colibactin, a peptide-polyketide metabolite. Colibactin is a genotoxin that contributes to the virulence of extra-intestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli and promotes colorectal cancer. In this work, we examined whether the pks-encoded clbS gene of unknown function could participate in the self-protection of E. coli-producing colibactin. A clbS mutant was not impaired in the ability to inflict DNA damage in HeLa cells, but the bacteria activated the SOS response and ceased to replicate. This autotoxicity phenotype was markedly enhanced in a clbS uvrB double mutant inactivated for DNA repair by nucleotide excision but was suppressed in a clbS clbA double mutant unable to produce colibactin. In addition, ectopic expression of clbS protected infected HeLa cells from colibactin. Thus, ClbS is a resistance protein blocking the genotoxicity of colibactin both in the procaryotic and the eucaryotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadège Bossuet-Greif
- INRA, USC 1360, Toulouse, France.,Inserm, UMR 1043, Toulouse, France.,CNRS, UMR 5282, Toulouse, France.,Université de Toulouse, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Damien Dubois
- INRA, USC 1360, Toulouse, France.,Inserm, UMR 1043, Toulouse, France.,CNRS, UMR 5282, Toulouse, France.,Université de Toulouse, UPS, Toulouse, France.,CHU Toulouse, Service de bactériologie-Hygiène, Toulouse, France
| | - Claude Petit
- INRA, USC 1360, Toulouse, France.,Inserm, UMR 1043, Toulouse, France.,CNRS, UMR 5282, Toulouse, France.,Université de Toulouse, UPS, Toulouse, France.,INP-ENVT ESC, Toulouse, France
| | - Sophie Tronnet
- INRA, USC 1360, Toulouse, France.,Inserm, UMR 1043, Toulouse, France.,CNRS, UMR 5282, Toulouse, France.,Université de Toulouse, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Patricia Martin
- INRA, USC 1360, Toulouse, France.,Inserm, UMR 1043, Toulouse, France.,CNRS, UMR 5282, Toulouse, France.,Université de Toulouse, UPS, Toulouse, France.,CHU Toulouse, Service de bactériologie-Hygiène, Toulouse, France
| | - Richard Bonnet
- Université d'Auvergne, Inserm UMR 1071, INRA USC 2018, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Eric Oswald
- INRA, USC 1360, Toulouse, France.,Inserm, UMR 1043, Toulouse, France.,CNRS, UMR 5282, Toulouse, France.,Université de Toulouse, UPS, Toulouse, France.,CHU Toulouse, Service de bactériologie-Hygiène, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Nougayrède
- INRA, USC 1360, Toulouse, France.,Inserm, UMR 1043, Toulouse, France.,CNRS, UMR 5282, Toulouse, France.,Université de Toulouse, UPS, Toulouse, France
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17
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Yang Z, Price NE, Johnson KM, Gates KS. Characterization of Interstrand DNA-DNA Cross-Links Derived from Abasic Sites Using Bacteriophage ϕ29 DNA Polymerase. Biochemistry 2015; 54:4259-66. [PMID: 26103998 PMCID: PMC4826736 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b00482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Interstrand cross-links in cellular DNA are highly deleterious lesions that block transcription and replication. We recently characterized two new structural types of interstrand cross-links derived from the reaction of abasic (Ap) sites with either guanine or adenine residues in duplex DNA. Interestingly, these Ap-derived cross-links are forged by chemically reversible processes, in which the two strands of the duplex are joined by hemiaminal, imine, or aminoglycoside linkages. Therefore, understanding the stability of Ap-derived cross-links may be critical in defining the potential biological consequences of these lesions. Here we employed bacteriophage φ29 DNA polymerase, which can couple DNA synthesis and strand displacement, as a model system to examine whether dA-Ap cross-links can withstand DNA-processing enzymes. We first demonstrated that a chemically stable interstrand cross-link generated by hydride reduction of the dG-Ap cross-link completely blocked primer extension by φ29 DNA polymerase at the last unmodified nucleobase preceding cross-link. We then showed that the nominally reversible dA-Ap cross-link behaved, for all practical purposes, like an irreversible, covalent DNA-DNA cross-link. The dA-Ap cross-link completely blocked progress of the φ29 DNA polymerase at the last unmodified base before the cross-link. This suggests that Ap-derived cross-links have the power to block various DNA-processing enzymes in the cell. In addition, our results reveal φ29 DNA polymerase as a tool for detecting the presence and mapping the location of interstrand cross-links (and possibly other lesions) embedded within regions of duplex DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyu Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, 125 Chemistry Building, Columbia, MO 65211
| | - Nathan E. Price
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, 125 Chemistry Building, Columbia, MO 65211
| | - Kevin M. Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, 125 Chemistry Building, Columbia, MO 65211
| | - Kent S. Gates
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, 125 Chemistry Building, Columbia, MO 65211
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, 125 Chemistry Building, Columbia, MO 65211
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18
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Gamboa Varela J, Gates KS. A simple, high-yield synthesis of DNA duplexes containing a covalent, thermally cleavable interstrand cross-link at a defined location. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:7666-9. [PMID: 25967397 PMCID: PMC4532324 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201502566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Interstrand DNA-DNA cross-links are highly toxic to cells because these lesions block the extraction of information from the genetic material. The pathways by which cells repair cross-links are important, but not well understood. The preparation of chemically well-defined cross-linked DNA substrates represents a significant challenge in the study of cross-link repair. Here a simple method is reported that employs "post-synthetic" modifications of commercially available 2'-deoxyoligonucleotides to install a single cross-link in high yield at a specified location within a DNA duplex. The cross-linking process exploits the formation of a hydrazone between a non-natural N(4) -amino-2'-deoxycytidine nucleobase and the aldehyde residue of an abasic site in duplex DNA. The resulting cross-link is stable under physiological conditions, but can be readily dissociated and re-formed through heating-cooling cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kent S Gates
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211 (USA).
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211 (USA).
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19
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Kumar V, Ali MJ, Ramachandran C. Effect of mitomycin-C on contraction and migration of human nasal mucosa fibroblasts: implications in dacryocystorhinostomy. Br J Ophthalmol 2015; 99:1295-300. [DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2014-306516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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20
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Gamboa Varela J, Gates KS. A Simple, High-Yield Synthesis of DNA Duplexes Containing a Covalent, Thermally Cleavable Interstrand Cross-Link at a Defined Location. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201502566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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21
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Bianchessi V, Badi I, Bertolotti M, Nigro P, D'Alessandra Y, Capogrossi MC, Zanobini M, Pompilio G, Raucci A, Lauri A. The mitochondrial lncRNA ASncmtRNA-2 is induced in aging and replicative senescence in Endothelial Cells. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2015; 81:62-70. [PMID: 25640160 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Age-associated cardiovascular diseases are at least partially ascribable to vascular cell senescence. Replicative senescence (RS) and stress-induced premature senescence (SIPS) are provoked respectively by endogenous (telomere erosion) and exogenous (H2O2, UV) stimuli resulting in cell cycle arrest in G1 and G2 phases. In both scenarios, mitochondria-derived ROS are important players in senescence initiation. We aimed to define whether a mtDNA-transcribed long-non-coding-RNA (lncRNA), ASncmtRNA-2, has a role in vascular aging and senescence. Aortas of old mice, characterized by increased senescence, showed an increment in ASncmtRNA-2 expression. In vitro analysis of Endothelial Cells (EC) and Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells (VSMC) established that ASncmtRNA-2 is induced in EC, but not in VSMC, during RS. Surprisingly, ASncmtRNA-2 is not upregulated in two different EC SIPS scenarios, treated with H2O2 and UV. The p16 gene displayed similar ASncmtRNA-2 expression patterns, suggesting a possible co-regulation of the two genes. Interestingly, the expression of two miRNAs, hsa-miR-4485 and hsa-miR-1973, with perfect homology to the double strand region of ASncmtRNA-2 and originating at least in part from a mitochondrial transcript, was induced in RS, opening to the possibility that this lncRNA functions as a non-canonical precursor of these miRNAs. Cell cycle analysis of EC transiently over-expressing ASncmtRNA-2 revealed an accumulation of EC in the G2/M phase, but not in the G1 phase. We propose that ASncmtRNA-2 in EC might be involved in the RS establishment by participating in the cell cycle arrest in G2/M phase, possibly through the production of hsa-miR-4485 and hsa-miR-1973. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Bianchessi
- Unità di Biologia Vascolare e Medicina Rigenerativa, Centro Cardiologico Monzino (CCM), IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Ileana Badi
- Unità di Cardio-Oncologia Sperimentale e Invecchiamento Cardiovascolare, Centro Cardiologico Monzino (CCM), IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Matteo Bertolotti
- Unità di Cardio-Oncologia Sperimentale e Invecchiamento Cardiovascolare, Centro Cardiologico Monzino (CCM), IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Patrizia Nigro
- Unità di Biologia Vascolare e Medicina Rigenerativa, Centro Cardiologico Monzino (CCM), IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Yuri D'Alessandra
- Unità di Immunologia e Genomica Funzionale, Centro Cardiologico Monzino (CCM), IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Maurizio C Capogrossi
- Laboratorio di Patologia Vascolare, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata (IDI), IRCCS, Roma, Italy
| | - Marco Zanobini
- Dipartimento di Chirurgia Vascolare, Centro Cardiologico Monzino (CCM), IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Giulio Pompilio
- Unità di Biologia Vascolare e Medicina Rigenerativa, Centro Cardiologico Monzino (CCM), IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Angela Raucci
- Unità di Cardio-Oncologia Sperimentale e Invecchiamento Cardiovascolare, Centro Cardiologico Monzino (CCM), IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea Lauri
- Unità di Biologia Vascolare e Medicina Rigenerativa, Centro Cardiologico Monzino (CCM), IRCCS, Milano, Italy.
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22
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Abstract
Accumulation of DNA damage has been linked to the process of aging and to the onset of age-related diseases including diabetes. Studies on progeroid syndromes have suggested that the DNA damage response is involved in regulation of metabolic homeostasis. DNA damage could impair metabolic organ functions by causing cell death or senescence. DNA damage also could induce tissue inflammation that disturbs the homeostasis of systemic metabolism. Various roles of molecules related to DNA repair in cellular metabolism are being uncovered, and such molecules could also have an impact on systemic metabolism. This review explores mechanisms by which the DNA damage response could contribute to metabolic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ippei Shimizu
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata 951-8510, Japan; Department of Molecular Aging and Cell Biology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Yohko Yoshida
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata 951-8510, Japan; Department of Molecular Aging and Cell Biology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Suda
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Tohru Minamino
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata 951-8510, Japan; PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan.
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23
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Mitterberger MC, Mattesich M, Zwerschke W. Bariatric surgery and diet-induced long-term caloric restriction protect subcutaneous adipose-derived stromal/progenitor cells and prolong their life span in formerly obese humans. Exp Gerontol 2014; 56:106-13. [PMID: 24747059 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2014.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2013] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A key effect of prolonged reducing diets and bariatric surgeries in formerly obese people is long-term caloric restriction (CR). The analysis of the impact of these interventions on specific tissues will contribute to a better understanding of their mechanisms of action. The physiological functions of subcutaneous white adipose tissues are mainly fulfilled by adipocytes arising out of adipose-derived stromal/progenitor cells (ASCs), which are crucial for adipose tissue homeostasis. In the present study we analyzed ASC from age-matched long-term calorically restricted formerly obese (CRD), obese (OD) and normal weight donors (NWDs). We demonstrate that ASC derived from CRD has a significant longer replicative lifespan than ASC isolated from OD and NWD. This correlated with strongly reduced DNA-damage and improved survival of the CRD ASC, both are hallmarks of CR. The adipogenic capacity was significantly lower in ASC derived from CRD than that from OD, as shown by reduced expression of the adipogenic key regulator PPARγ2 and the differentiation marker FABP4. The adipogenic capacity of ASCs from CRD and NWD differed only slightly. In conclusion, we provide evidence that bariatric surgery and diet-induced long-term CR substantially reprogram ASCs in formerly obese humans, comprising reduced DNA-damage, improved viability, extended replicative lifespan and reduced adipogenic differentiation potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Mitterberger
- Cell Metabolism and Differentiation Research Group, Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of Innsbruck, Rennweg 10, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Monika Mattesich
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstrasse 35, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Werner Zwerschke
- Cell Metabolism and Differentiation Research Group, Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of Innsbruck, Rennweg 10, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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24
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Inturi S, Tewari-Singh N, Agarwal C, White CW, Agarwal R. Activation of DNA damage repair pathways in response to nitrogen mustard-induced DNA damage and toxicity in skin keratinocytes. Mutat Res 2014; 763-764:53-63. [PMID: 24732344 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen mustard (NM), a structural analog of chemical warfare agent sulfur mustard (SM), forms adducts and crosslinks with DNA, RNA and proteins. Here we studied the mechanism of NM-induced skin toxicity in response to double strand breaks (DSBs) resulting in cell cycle arrest to facilitate DNA repair, as a model for developing countermeasures against vesicant-induced skin injuries. NM exposure of mouse epidermal JB6 cells decreased cell growth and caused S-phase arrest. Consistent with these biological outcomes, NM exposure also increased comet tail extent moment and the levels of DNA DSB repair molecules phospho H2A.X Ser139 and p53 Ser15 indicating NM-induced DNA DSBs. Since DNA DSB repair occurs via non homologous end joining pathway (NHEJ) or homologous recombination repair (HRR) pathways, next we studied these two pathways and noted their activation as defined by an increase in phospho- and total DNA-PK levels, and the formation of Rad51 foci, respectively. To further analyze the role of these pathways in the cellular response to NM-induced cytotoxicity, NHEJ and HRR were inhibited by DNA-PK inhibitor NU7026 and Rad51 inhibitor BO2, respectively. Inhibition of NHEJ did not sensitize cells to NM-induced decrease in cell growth and cell cycle arrest. However, inhibition of the HRR pathway caused a significant increase in cell death, and prolonged G2M arrest following NM exposure. Together, our findings, indicating that HRR is the key pathway involved in the repair of NM-induced DNA DSBs, could be useful in developing new therapeutic strategies against vesicant-induced skin injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swetha Inturi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anchutz Medical Campus, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Neera Tewari-Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anchutz Medical Campus, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Chapla Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anchutz Medical Campus, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Carl W White
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Rajesh Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anchutz Medical Campus, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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25
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Abstract
Genomes are inherently unstable because of the need for DNA sequence variation as a substrate for evolution through natural selection. However, most multicellular organisms have postmitotic tissues, with limited opportunity for selective removal of cells harboring persistent damage and deleterious mutations, which can therefore contribute to functional decline, disease, and death. Key in this process is the role of genome maintenance, the network of protein products that repair DNA damage and signal DNA damage response pathways. Genome maintenance is beneficial early in life by swiftly eliminating DNA damage or damaged cells, facilitating rapid cell proliferation. However, at later ages accumulation of unrepaired damage and mutations, as well as ongoing cell depletion, promotes cancer, atrophy, and other deleterious effects associated with aging. As such, genome maintenance and its phenotypic sequelae provide yet another example of antagonistic pleiotropy in aging and longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Vijg
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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26
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Werner syndrome: association of premature aging and cancer predisposition. Mol Oncol 2013. [DOI: 10.1017/cbo9781139046947.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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27
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The effects of pectins on life span and stress resistance in Drosophila melanogaster. Biogerontology 2013; 15:113-27. [DOI: 10.1007/s10522-013-9484-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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28
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Roh DS, Du Y, Gabriele ML, Robinson AR, Niedernhofer LJ, Funderburgh JL. Age-related dystrophic changes in corneal endothelium from DNA repair-deficient mice. Aging Cell 2013; 12:1122-31. [PMID: 23927039 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The corneal endothelium (CE) is a single layer of cells lining the posterior face of the cornea providing metabolic functions essential for maintenance of corneal transparency. Adult CE cells lack regenerative potential, and the number of CE cells decreases throughout life. To determine whether endogenous DNA damage contributes to the age-related spontaneous loss of CE, we characterized CE in Ercc1(-/Δ) mice, which have impaired capacity to repair DNA damage and age prematurely. Eyes from 4.5- to 6-month-old Ercc1(-/Δ) mice, age-matched wild-type (WT) littermates, and old WT mice (24- to 34-month-old) were compared by spectral domain optical coherence tomography and corneal confocal microscopy. Histopathological changes in CE were further identified in paraffin tissue sections, whole-mount immunostaining, and scanning electron and transmission electron microscopy. The CE of old WT mice displayed polymorphism and polymegathism, polyploidy, decreased cell density, increased cell size, increases in Descemet's thickness, and the presence of posterior projections originating from the CE toward the anterior chamber, similar to changes documented for aging human corneas. Similar changes were observed in young adult Ercc1(-/Δ) mice CE, demonstrating spontaneous premature aging of the CE of these DNA repair-deficient mice. CD45(+) immune cells were associated with the posterior surface of CE from Ercc1(-/Δ) mice and the tissue expressed increased IL-1α, Cxcl2, and TNFα, pro-inflammatory proteins associated with senescence-associated secretory phenotype. These data provide strong experimental evidence that DNA damage can promote aging of the CE and that Ercc1(-/Δ) mice offer a rapid and accurate model to study CE pathogenesis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny S. Roh
- Department of Ophthalmology; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; 203 Lothrop St. Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
| | - Yiqin Du
- Department of Ophthalmology; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; 203 Lothrop St. Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
| | - Michelle L. Gabriele
- Department of Ophthalmology; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; 203 Lothrop St. Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
| | - Andria R. Robinson
- Department of Human Genetics; University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health; 130 DeSoto Street Pittsburgh PA 15261 USA
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute; Hillman Cancer Center; 5117 Centre Ave, 2.6 Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
| | - Laura J. Niedernhofer
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute; Hillman Cancer Center; 5117 Centre Ave, 2.6 Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; 523 Bridgeside Point II 450 Technology Drive Pittsburgh PA 15219 USA
| | - James L. Funderburgh
- Department of Ophthalmology; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; 203 Lothrop St. Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
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Carrette LLG, Gyssels E, Madder A. DNA interstrand cross-link formation using furan as a masked reactive aldehyde. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 54:5.12.1-5.12.16. [PMID: 24510798 DOI: 10.1002/0471142700.nc0512s54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This unit describes a method for interstrand cross-linking between a furan-modified oligonucleotide and its unmodified complement. The synthesis of two furan-modified phosphoramidites, selected based on high cross-linking yield versus improved cross-linking selectivity, is described. The methods allow gram-scale synthesis starting from stable and readily available furan derivatives. Cross-linking requires selective oxidation of the furan moiety to an aldehyde. The masked nature of the latter avoids undesired and off-target reactions, resulting in clean and high-yield cross-link formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieselot L G Carrette
- Organic and Biomimetic Chemistry Research Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ellen Gyssels
- Organic and Biomimetic Chemistry Research Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Annemieke Madder
- Organic and Biomimetic Chemistry Research Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan, Ghent, Belgium
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Williams HL, Gottesman ME, Gautier J. The differences between ICL repair during and outside of S phase. Trends Biochem Sci 2013; 38:386-93. [PMID: 23830640 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2013.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
DNA interstrand crosslinks (ICLs) are complex lesions that block essential DNA transactions including DNA replication, recombination, and RNA transcription. Naturally occurring ICLs are rare, yet these lesions are the major cause of toxicity following treatment with several classes of crosslinking cancer chemotherapeutic drugs. ICLs are repaired during and outside of S phase by pathways with overlapping as well as distinct features. Here, we discuss some recent insights into the mechanisms of replication-dependent and replication-independent repair of ICLs with special emphasis on the differences between these repair pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah L Williams
- Department of Genetics and Development, Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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31
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Nishimoto A, Jitsuzaki D, Onizuka K, Taniguchi Y, Nagatsugi F, Sasaki S. 4-vinyl-substituted pyrimidine nucleosides exhibit the efficient and selective formation of interstrand cross-links with RNA and duplex DNA. Nucleic Acids Res 2013; 41:6774-81. [PMID: 23778430 PMCID: PMC3711451 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkt197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of interstrand cross-links in nucleic acids can have a strong impact on biological function of nucleic acids; therefore, many cross-linking agents have been developed for biological applications. Despite numerous studies, there remains a need for cross-linking agents that exhibit both efficiency and selectivity. In this study, a 4-vinyl-substituted analog of thymidine (T-vinyl derivative) was designed as a new cross-linking agent, in which the vinyl group is oriented towards the Watson–Crick face to react with the amino group of an adenine base. The interstrand cross-link formed rapidly and selectively with a uridine on the RNA substrate at the site opposite to the T-vinyl derivative. A detailed analysis of cross-link formation while varying the flanking bases of the RNA substrates indicated that interstrand cross-link formation is preferential for the adenine base on the 5′-side of the opposing uridine. In the absence of a 5′-adenine, a uridine at the opposite position underwent cross-linking. The oligodeoxynucleotides probe incorporating the T-vinyl derivative efficiently formed interstrand cross-links in parallel-type triplex DNA with high selectivity for dA in the homopurine strand. The efficiency and selectivity of the T-vinyl derivative illustrate its potential use as a unique tool in biological and materials research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Nishimoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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32
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Tu CY, Chen YF, Lii CK, Wang TS. Methylglyoxal induces DNA crosslinks in ECV304 cells via a reactive oxygen species-independent protein carbonylation pathway. Toxicol In Vitro 2013; 27:1211-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2013.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Revised: 01/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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33
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Moskalev AA, Shaposhnikov MV, Plyusnina EN, Zhavoronkov A, Budovsky A, Yanai H, Fraifeld VE. The role of DNA damage and repair in aging through the prism of Koch-like criteria. Ageing Res Rev 2013; 12:661-84. [PMID: 22353384 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2012.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Revised: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Since the first publication on Somatic Mutation Theory of Aging (Szilárd, 1959), a great volume of knowledge in the field has been accumulated. Here we attempted to organize the evidence "for" and "against" the hypothesized causal role of DNA damage and mutation accumulation in aging in light of four Koch-like criteria. They are based on the assumption that some quantitative relationship between the levels of DNA damage/mutations and aging rate should exist, so that (i) the longer-lived individuals or species would have a lower rate of damage than the shorter-lived, and (ii) the interventions that modulate the level of DNA damage and repair capacity should also modulate the rate of aging and longevity and vice versa. The analysis of how the existing data meets the proposed criteria showed that many gaps should still be filled in order to reach a clear-cut conclusion. As a perspective, it seems that the main emphasis in future studies should be put on the role of DNA damage in stem cell aging.
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34
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Johnson KM, Price NE, Wang J, Fekry MI, Dutta S, Seiner DR, Wang Y, Gates KS. On the formation and properties of interstrand DNA-DNA cross-links forged by reaction of an abasic site with the opposing guanine residue of 5'-CAp sequences in duplex DNA. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:1015-25. [PMID: 23215239 DOI: 10.1021/ja308119q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We recently reported that the aldehyde residue of an abasic (Ap) site in duplex DNA can generate an interstrand cross-link via reaction with a guanine residue on the opposing strand. This finding is intriguing because the highly deleterious nature of interstrand cross-links suggests that even small amounts of Ap-derived cross-links could make a significant contribution to the biological consequences stemming from the generation of Ap sites in cellular DNA. Incubation of 21-bp duplexes containing a central 5'-CAp sequence under conditions of reductive amination (NaCNBH(3), pH 5.2) generated much higher yields of cross-linked DNA than reported previously. At pH 7, in the absence of reducing agents, these Ap-containing duplexes also produced cross-linked duplexes that were readily detected on denaturing polyacrylamide gels. Cross-link formation was not highly sensitive to reaction conditions, and the cross-link, once formed, was stable to a variety of workup conditions. Results of multiple experiments including MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, gel mobility, methoxyamine capping of the Ap aldehyde, inosine-for-guanine replacement, hydroxyl radical footprinting, and LC-MS/MS were consistent with a cross-linking mechanism involving reversible reaction of the Ap aldehyde residue with the N(2)-amino group of the opposing guanine residue in 5'-CAp sequences to generate hemiaminal, imine, or cyclic hemiaminal cross-links (7-10) that were irreversibly converted under conditions of reductive amination (NaCNBH(3)/pH 5.2) to a stable amine linkage. Further support for the importance of the exocyclic N(2)-amino group in this reaction was provided by an experiment showing that installation of a 2-aminopurine-thymine base pair at the cross-linking site produced high yields (15-30%) of a cross-linked duplex at neutral pH, in the absence of NaCNBH(3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, 125 Chemistry Building, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
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35
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Dellago H, Khan A, Nussbacher M, Gstraunthaler A, Lämmermann I, Schosserer M, Mück C, Anrather D, Scheffold A, Ammerer G, Jansen-Dürr P, Rudolph KL, Voglauer-Grillari R, Grillari J. ATM-dependent phosphorylation of SNEVhPrp19/hPso4 is involved in extending cellular life span and suppression of apoptosis. Aging (Albany NY) 2012; 4:290-304. [PMID: 22529335 PMCID: PMC3371764 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Defective DNA repair is widely acknowledged to negatively impact on healthy aging, since mutations in DNA repair factors lead to accelerated and premature aging. However, the opposite, namely if improved DNA repair will also increase the life or health span is less clear, and only few studies have tested if overexpression of DNA repair factors modulates life and health span in cells or organisms. Recently, we identified and characterized SNEVhPrp19/hPso4, a protein that plays a role in DNA repair and pre-mRNA splicing, and observed a doubling of the replicative life span upon ectopic overexpression, accompanied by lower basal DNA damage and apoptosis levels as well as an increased resistance to oxidative stress. Here we find that SNEVhPrp19/hPso4 is phosphorylated at S149 in an ataxia telangiectasia mutated protein (ATM)-dependent manner in response to oxidative stress and DNA double strand break inducing agents. By overexpressing wild-type SNEVhPrp19/hPso4 and a phosphorylation-deficient point-mutant, we found that S149 phosphorylation is necessary for mediating the resistance to apoptosis upon oxidative stress and is partially necessary for elongating the cellular life span. Therefore, ATM dependent phosphorylation of SNEVhPrp19/hPso4 upon DNA damage or oxidative stress might represent a novel axis capable of modulating cellular life span.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Dellago
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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36
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Le Breton C, Hennion M, Arimondo PB, Hyrien O. Replication-fork stalling and processing at a single psoralen interstrand crosslink in Xenopus egg extracts. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18554. [PMID: 21525992 PMCID: PMC3078125 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Accepted: 03/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Interstrand crosslink (ICL)-inducing agents block the separation of the two DNA strands. They prevent transcription and replication and are used in clinics for the treatment of cancer and skin diseases. Here, we have introduced a single psoralen ICL at a specific site in plasmid DNA using a triplex-forming-oligonucleotide (TFO)-psoralen conjugate and studied its repair in Xenopus egg extracts that support nuclear assembly and replication of plasmid DNA. Replication forks arriving from either side stalled at the psoralen ICL. In contrast to previous observations with other ICL-inducing agents, the leading strands advanced up to the lesion without any prior pausing. Subsequently, incisions were introduced on one parental strand on both sides of the ICL. These incisions could be detected whether one or both forks reached the ICL. Using small molecule inhibitors, we found that the ATR-Chk1 pathway, but not the ATM-Chk2 pathway, stimulated both the incision step and the subsequent processing of the broken replication intermediates. Our results highlight both similarities and differences in fork stalling and repair induced by psoralen and by other ICL-forming agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrille Le Breton
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS UMR 8197-Inserm U1024, Paris, France
| | - Magali Hennion
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS UMR 8197-Inserm U1024, Paris, France
- Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle UMR 7196 CNRS-INSERM U565, Paris, France
| | - Paola B. Arimondo
- Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle UMR 7196 CNRS-INSERM U565, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Hyrien
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS UMR 8197-Inserm U1024, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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37
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Treiber N, Maity P, Singh K, Kohn M, Keist AF, Ferchiu F, Sante L, Frese S, Bloch W, Kreppel F, Kochanek S, Sindrilaru A, Iben S, Högel J, Ohnmacht M, Claes LE, Ignatius A, Chung JH, Lee MJ, Kamenisch Y, Berneburg M, Nikolaus T, Braunstein K, Sperfeld AD, Ludolph AC, Briviba K, Wlaschek M, Florin L, Angel P, Scharffetter-Kochanek K. Accelerated aging phenotype in mice with conditional deficiency for mitochondrial superoxide dismutase in the connective tissue. Aging Cell 2011; 10:239-54. [PMID: 21108731 DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-9726.2010.00658.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The free radical theory of aging postulates that the production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species is the major determinant of aging and lifespan. Its role in aging of the connective tissue has not yet been established, even though the incidence of aging-related disorders in connective tissue-rich organs is high, causing major disability in the elderly. We have now addressed this question experimentally by creating mice with conditional deficiency of the mitochondrial manganese superoxide dismutase in fibroblasts and other mesenchyme-derived cells of connective tissues in all organs. Here, we have shown for the first time that the connective tissue-specific lack of superoxide anion detoxification in the mitochondria results in reduced lifespan and premature onset of aging-related phenotypes such as weight loss, skin atrophy, kyphosis (curvature of the spine), osteoporosis and muscle degeneration in mutant mice. Increase in p16(INK4a) , a robust in vivo marker for fibroblast aging, may contribute to the observed phenotype. This novel model is particularly suited to decipher the underlying mechanisms and to develop hopefully novel connective tissue-specific anti-aging strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolai Treiber
- Department of Dermatology and Allergic Diseases, University of Ulm, Maienweg 12, Ulm, Germany
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38
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Wang LC, Gautier J. The Fanconi anemia pathway and ICL repair: implications for cancer therapy. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2011; 45:424-39. [PMID: 20807115 DOI: 10.3109/10409238.2010.502166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is an inherited disease caused by mutations in at least 13 genes and characterized by genomic instability. In addition to displaying strikingly heterogenous clinical phenotypes, FA patients are exquisitely sensitive to treatments with crosslinking agents that create interstrand crosslinks (ICL). In contrast to bacteria and yeast, in which ICLs are repaired through replication-dependent and -independent mechanisms, it is thought that ICLs are repaired primarily during DNA replication in vertebrates. However, recent data indicate that replication-independent ICL repair also operates in vertebrates. While the precise role of the FA pathway in ICL repair remains elusive, increasing evidence suggests that FA proteins function at different steps in the sensing, recognition and processing of ICLs, as well as in signaling from these very toxic lesions, which can be generated by a wide variety of cancer chemotherapeutic drugs. Here, we discuss some of the recent findings that have shed light on the role of the FA pathway in ICL repair, with special emphasis on the implications of these findings for cancer therapy since disruption of FA genes have been associated with cancer predisposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily C Wang
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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dos Santos DJVA, Saenz-Méndez P, Eriksson LA, Guedes RC. Properties and behaviour of tetracyclic allopsoralen derivatives inside a DPPC lipid bilayer model. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:10174-82. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cp02245d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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40
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Kozekov ID, Turesky RJ, Alas GR, Harris CM, Harris TM, Rizzo CJ. Formation of deoxyguanosine cross-links from calf thymus DNA treated with acrolein and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal. Chem Res Toxicol 2010; 23:1701-13. [PMID: 20964440 DOI: 10.1021/tx100179g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Acrolein (AC) and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) are endogenous bis-electrophiles that arise from the oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids. AC is also found in high concentrations in cigarette smoke and automobile exhaust. These reactive α,β-unsaturated aldehyde (enal) covalently modify nucleic acids, to form exocyclic adducts, where the three-carbon hydroxypropano unit bridges the N1 and N(2) positions of deoxyguanosine (dG). The bifunctional nature of these enals allows them to undergo reaction with a second nucleophilic group and form DNA cross-links. These cross-linked enal adducts are likely to contribute to the genotoxic effects of both AC and HNE. We have developed a sensitive mass spectrometric method to detect cross-linked adducts of these enals in calf thymus DNA (CT DNA) treated with AC or HNE. The AC and HNE cross-linked adducts were measured by the stable isotope dilution method, employing a linear quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer and consecutive reaction monitoring at the MS(3) or MS(4) scan stage. The lower limit of quantification of the cross-linked adducts is ∼1 adduct per 10(8) DNA bases, when 50 μg of DNA is assayed. The cross-linked adducts occur at levels that are ∼1-2% of the levels of the monomeric 1,N(2)-dG adducts in CT DNA treated with either enal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan D Kozekov
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235-1822, USA
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41
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Hlavin EM, Smeaton MB, Miller PS. Initiation of DNA interstrand cross-link repair in mammalian cells. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2010; 51:604-24. [PMID: 20658650 PMCID: PMC2911644 DOI: 10.1002/em.20559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Interstrand cross-links (ICLs) are among the most cytotoxic DNA lesions to cells because they prevent the two DNA strands from separating, thereby precluding replication and transcription. Even though chemotherapeutic cross-linking agents are well established in clinical use, and numerous repair proteins have been implicated in the initial events of mammalian ICL repair, the precise mechanistic details of these events remain to be elucidated. This review will summarize our current understanding of how ICL repair is initiated with an emphasis on the context (replicating, transcribed or quiescent DNA) in which the ICL is recognized, and how the chemical and physical properties of ICLs influence repair. Although most studies have focused on replication-dependent repair because of the relation to highly replicative tumor cells, replication-independent ICL repair is likely to be important in the circumvention of cross-link cytotoxicity in nondividing, terminally differentiated cells that may be challenged with exogenous or endogenous sources of ICLs. Consequently, the ICL repair pathway that should be considered "dominant" appears to depend on the cell type and the DNA context in which the ICL is encountered. The ability to define and inhibit distinct pathways of ICL repair in different cell cycle phases may help in developing methods that increase cytotoxicity to cancer cells while reducing side-effects in nondividing normal cells. This may also lead to a better understanding of pathways that protect against malignancy and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paul S. Miller
- Correspondence should be addressed to Paul S. Miller, , Phone: (410)-955-3489, Fax: (410)-955-2926
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42
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Xiao C, Song ZG, Liu ZQ. Synthesis of methyl-substituted xanthotoxol to clarify prooxidant effect of methyl on radical-induced oxidation of DNA. Eur J Med Chem 2010; 45:2559-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2010.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2009] [Revised: 02/08/2010] [Accepted: 02/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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43
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Hlavin EM, Smeaton MB, Noronha AM, Wilds CJ, Miller PS. Cross-link structure affects replication-independent DNA interstrand cross-link repair in mammalian cells. Biochemistry 2010; 49:3977-88. [PMID: 20373772 DOI: 10.1021/bi902169q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
DNA interstrand cross-links (ICLs) are cytotoxic products of common anticancer drugs and cellular metabolic processes, whose mechanism(s) of repair remains poorly understood. In this study, we show that cross-link structure affects ICL repair in nonreplicating reporter plasmids that contain a mispaired N(4)C-ethyl-N(4)C (C-C), N3T-ethyl-N3T (T-T), or N1I-ethyl-N3T (I-T) ICL. The T-T and I-T cross-links obstruct the hydrogen bond face of the base and mimic the N1G-ethyl-N3C ICL created by bis-chloroethylnitrosourea, whereas the C-C cross-link does not interfere with base pair formation. Host-cell reactivation (HCR) assays in human and hamster cells showed that repair of these ICLs primarily involves the transcription-coupled nucleotide excision repair (TC-NER) pathway. Repair of the C-C ICL was 5-fold more efficient than repair of the T-T or I-T ICLs, suggesting the latter cross-links hinder lesion bypass following initial ICL unhooking. The level of luciferase expression from plasmids containing a C-C cross-link remnant on either the transcribed or nontranscribed strand increased in NER-deficient cells, indicating NER involvement occurs at a step prior to remnant removal, whereas expression from similar T-T remnant plasmids was inhibited in NER-deficient cells, demonstrating NER is required for remnant removal. Sequence analysis of repaired plasmids showed a high proportion of C residues inserted at the site of the T-T and I-T cross-links, and HCR assays showed that Rev1 was likely responsible for these insertions. In contrast, both C and G residues were inserted at the C-C cross-link site, and Rev1 was not required for repair, suggesting replicative or other translesion polymerases can bypass the C-C remnant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica M Hlavin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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44
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Chistyakov VA, Sazykina MA, Alexandrova AA, Belichenko NI, Mashkina EV, Gutnikova LV, Zolotukhin PV, Shkurat TP. Antimutagenic activity of mitochondria-targeted plastoquinone derivative. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2010; 75:269-73. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297910030028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Mitochondrial dysfunction in some oxidative stress-related genetic diseases: Ataxia-Telangiectasia, Down Syndrome, Fanconi Anaemia and Werner Syndrome. Biogerontology 2010; 11:401-19. [PMID: 20237955 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-010-9269-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2009] [Accepted: 02/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a phenotypic hallmark in several genetic disorders characterized by cancer predisposition and/or propensity to premature ageing. Here we review the published evidence for the involvement of oxidative stress in the phenotypes of Ataxia-Telangiectasia (A-T), Down Syndrome (DS), Fanconi Anaemia (FA), and Werner Syndrome (WS), from the viewpoint of mitochondrial dysfunction. Mitochondria are recognized as both the cell compartment where energetic metabolism occurs and as the first and most susceptible target of reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation. Thus, a critical evaluation of the basic mechanisms leading to an in vivo pro-oxidant state relies on elucidating the features of mitochondrial impairment in each disorder. The evidence for different mitochondrial dysfunctions reported in A-T, DS, and FA is reviewed. In the case of WS, clear-cut evidence linking human WS phenotype to mitochondrial abnormalities is lacking so far in the literature. Nevertheless, evidence relating mitochondrial dysfunctions to normal ageing suggests that WS, as a progeroid syndrome, is likely to feature mitochondrial abnormalities. Hence, ad hoc research focused on elucidating the nature of mitochondrial dysfunction in WS pathogenesis is required. Based on the recognized, or reasonably suspected, role of mitochondrial abnormalities in the pathogenesis of these disorders, studies of chemoprevention with mitochondria-targeted supplements are warranted.
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Wilson DM, Seidman MM. A novel link to base excision repair? Trends Biochem Sci 2010; 35:247-52. [PMID: 20172733 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2010.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2009] [Revised: 01/07/2010] [Accepted: 01/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
DNA interstrand crosslinks (ICLs) can arise from reactions with endogenous chemicals, such as malondialdehyde - a lipid peroxidation product - or from exposure to various clinical anti-cancer drugs, most notably bifunctional alkylators and platinum compounds. Because they covalently link the two strands of DNA, ICLs completely block transcription and replication, and, as a result, are lethal to the cell. It is well established that proteins that function in nucleotide excision repair and homologous recombination are involved in ICL resolution. Recent work, coupled with a much earlier report, now suggest an emerging link between proteins of the base excision repair pathway and crosslink processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Wilson
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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New benzoxanthone derivatives as topoisomerase inhibitors and DNA cross-linkers. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:1010-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.12.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2009] [Revised: 12/24/2009] [Accepted: 12/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Muniandy PA, Liu J, Majumdar A, Liu ST, Seidman MM. DNA interstrand crosslink repair in mammalian cells: step by step. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2010; 45:23-49. [PMID: 20039786 PMCID: PMC2824768 DOI: 10.3109/10409230903501819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Interstrand DNA crosslinks (ICLs) are formed by natural products of metabolism and by chemotherapeutic reagents. Work in E. coli identified a two cycle repair scheme involving incisions on one strand on either side of the ICL (unhooking) producing a gapped intermediate with the incised oligonucleotide attached to the intact strand. The gap is filled by recombinational repair or lesion bypass synthesis. The remaining monoadduct is then removed by nucleotide excision repair (NER). Despite considerable effort, our understanding of each step in mammalian cells is still quite limited. In part this reflects the variety of crosslinking compounds, each with distinct structural features, used by different investigators. Also, multiple repair pathways are involved, variably operative during the cell cycle. G(1) phase repair requires functions from NER, although the mechanism of recognition has not been determined. Repair can be initiated by encounters with the transcriptional apparatus, or a replication fork. In the case of the latter, the reconstruction of a replication fork, stalled or broken by collision with an ICL, adds to the complexity of the repair process. The enzymology of unhooking, the identity of the lesion bypass polymerases required to fill the first repair gap, and the functions involved in the second repair cycle are all subjects of active inquiry. Here we will review current understanding of each step in ICL repair in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parameswary A Muniandy
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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Grillari J, Grillari-Voglauer R. Novel modulators of senescence, aging, and longevity: Small non-coding RNAs enter the stage. Exp Gerontol 2010; 45:302-11. [PMID: 20080172 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2010.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2009] [Revised: 12/08/2009] [Accepted: 01/08/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
During the last decade evidence has accumulated that the aging process is driven by limited allocation of energy to somatic maintenance resulting in accumulation of stochastic damage. This damage, affecting molecules, cells, and tissues, is counteracted by genetically programmed repair, the efficiency of which thus importantly determines the life and 'health span' of organisms. Therefore, understanding the regulation of gene expression during cellular and organismal aging as well as upon exposure to various damaging events is important to understand the biology of aging and to positively influence the health span. The recent identification of small non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), has added an additional layer of complexity to the regulation of gene expression with the classes of endogenous small inhibitory RNAs (siRNAs), PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), QDE1-interacting RNAs (qiRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs). Some of these ncRNAs have not yet been identified in mammalian cells and are dependent on RNA-dependent RNA polymerases. The first mammalian enzyme with such activity has only now emerged and surprisingly consists of the catalytic subunit of telomerase (hTERT) together with RMPR, an alternative RNA component. The so far most studied small non-coding RNAs, miRNAs, however, are now increasingly found to operate in the complex network of cellular aging. Recent findings show that (i) miRNAs are regulated during cellular senescence in vitro, (ii) they contribute to tissue regeneration by regulation of stem cell function, and (iii) at least one miRNA modulates the life span of the model organism C. elegans. Additionally, (iv) they act as inhibitors of proteins mediating the insulin/IGF1 and target of rapamycin (TOR) signalling, both of which are conserved modulators of organism life span. Here we will give an overview on the current status of these topics. Since little is so far known on the functions of small ncRNAs in the context of aging and longevity, the entry of the RNA world into the field of biogerontology certainly holds additional surprises and promises. Even more so, as miRNAs are implicated in many age-associated pathologies, and as RNAi and miRNA based therapeutics are on their way to clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Grillari
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences Vienna, Austria.
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Abstract
Progeroid syndromes are a group of diseases characterized by signs of premature aging. These syndromes comprise diseases such as Werner syndrome, Bloom syndrome, Rothmund-Thomson syndrome, Hutchinson-Gilford syndrome, Fanconi anemia, and ataxia-telangiectasia, as well as xeroderma pigmentosum, trichothiodystrophy, and Cockayne syndrome. Clinical symptoms of premature aging are skin atrophy with loss of cutaneous elasticity, dysfunction of cutaneous appendices, degeneration of the central nervous system and an increased susceptibility for malignant tumors. Genetic defects in the repair of DNA damage can lead to progeroid syndromes, and it is becoming increasingly evident that direct DNA damage and indirect damage by highly reactive oxygen species play central roles in aging. The clinical signs of progeroid syndromes and the molecular aspects of UV (ultraviolet radiation)-induced oxidative stress in aging are discussed.Journal of Investigative Dermatology Symposium Proceedings (2009) 14, 8-14; doi:10.1038/jidsymp.2009.6.
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