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Liang T, Dunn J, Zou X, Nayak B, Ikeno Y, Fan L, Bai Y. Characterizing the Electron Transport Chain: Functional Approach Using Extracellular Flux Analyzer on Mouse Tissue Samples. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2497:117-128. [PMID: 35771439 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2309-1_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The Seahorse Extracellular Flux Analyzer enables the high-throughput characterization of oxidative phosphorylation capacity based on the electron transport chain organization and regulation with relatively small amount of material. This development over the traditional polarographic Clark-type electrode approaches make it possible to analyze the respiratory features of mitochondria isolated from tissue samples of particular animal models. Here we provide a description of an optimized approach to carry out multi-well measurement of O2 consumption, with the Agilent Seahorse XFe96 analyzer on mouse brain and muscles to determine the tissue-specific oxidative phosphorylation properties. Protocols include the preparation of the tissue samples, isolation of mitochondria, and analysis of their function; in particular, the preparation and optimization of the reagents and samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Liang
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, College of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Jay Dunn
- Agilent Technologies, Inc, Santa Clara, CA, USA
| | - Xin Zou
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Longyuan First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Bijaya Nayak
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Yuji Ikeno
- Department of Pathology, Barshop Institute of Longevity and Aging Research, University of Texas Health San Antonio, and Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Audie L. Murphy VA Hospital, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Lihong Fan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yidong Bai
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
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Emperador S, López-Gallardo E, Hernández-Ainsa C, Habbane M, Montoya J, Bayona-Bafaluy MP, Ruiz-Pesini E. Ketogenic treatment reduces the percentage of a LHON heteroplasmic mutation and increases mtDNA amount of a LHON homoplasmic mutation. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2019; 14:150. [PMID: 31226990 PMCID: PMC6588889 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-019-1128-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The vision loss in Leber hereditary optic neuropathy patients is due to mitochondrial DNA mutations. No treatment has shown a clear-cut benefit on a clinically meaningful end-point. However, clinical evidences suggest two therapeutic approaches: the reduction of the mutation load in heteroplasmic patients or the elevation of mitochondrial DNA amount in homoplasmic patients. RESULTS Here we show that ketogenic treatment, in cybrid cell lines, reduces the percentage of the m.13094 T > C heteroplasmic mutation and also increases the mitochondrial DNA levels of the m.11778G > A mitochondrial genotype. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that ketogenic diet could be a therapeutic strategy for Leber hereditary optic neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Emperador
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Zaragoza, C/ Miguel Servet, 177. 50013, Zaragoza, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS) de Aragón, Av. San Juan Bosco, 13. 50009, Zaragoza, Spain.,Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5. Pabellon 11, Planta 0. 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ester López-Gallardo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Zaragoza, C/ Miguel Servet, 177. 50013, Zaragoza, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS) de Aragón, Av. San Juan Bosco, 13. 50009, Zaragoza, Spain.,Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5. Pabellon 11, Planta 0. 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Hernández-Ainsa
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Zaragoza, C/ Miguel Servet, 177. 50013, Zaragoza, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS) de Aragón, Av. San Juan Bosco, 13. 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Mouna Habbane
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Zaragoza, C/ Miguel Servet, 177. 50013, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Julio Montoya
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Zaragoza, C/ Miguel Servet, 177. 50013, Zaragoza, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS) de Aragón, Av. San Juan Bosco, 13. 50009, Zaragoza, Spain.,Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5. Pabellon 11, Planta 0. 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Pilar Bayona-Bafaluy
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Zaragoza, C/ Miguel Servet, 177. 50013, Zaragoza, Spain. .,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS) de Aragón, Av. San Juan Bosco, 13. 50009, Zaragoza, Spain. .,Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5. Pabellon 11, Planta 0. 28029, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Eduardo Ruiz-Pesini
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Zaragoza, C/ Miguel Servet, 177. 50013, Zaragoza, Spain. .,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS) de Aragón, Av. San Juan Bosco, 13. 50009, Zaragoza, Spain. .,Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5. Pabellon 11, Planta 0. 28029, Madrid, Spain. .,Fundación ARAID, ARAID, Av. de Ranillas, 1-D. Planta 2º, oficina B. 50018, Zaragoza, Spain.
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McKenzie M, Chiotis M, Hroudová J, Lopez Sanchez MIG, Lim SC, Cook MJ, McKelvie P, Cotton RGH, Murphy M, St John JC, Trounce IA. Capture of somatic mtDNA point mutations with severe effects on oxidative phosphorylation in synaptosome cybrid clones from human brain. Hum Mutat 2015; 35:1476-84. [PMID: 25219341 DOI: 10.1002/humu.22694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is replicated throughout life in postmitotic cells, resulting in higher levels of somatic mutation than in nuclear genes. However, controversy remains as to the importance of low-level mtDNA somatic mutants in cancerous and normal human tissues. To capture somatic mtDNA mutations for functional analysis, we generated synaptosome cybrids from synaptic endings isolated from fresh hippocampus and cortex brain biopsies. We analyzed the whole mtDNA genome from 120 cybrid clones derived from four individual donors by chemical cleavage of mismatch and Sanger sequencing, scanning around two million base pairs. Seventeen different somatic point mutations were identified, including eight coding region mutations, four of which result in frameshifts. Examination of one cybrid clone with a novel m.2949_2953delCTATT mutation in MT-RNR2 (which encodes mitochondrial 16S rRNA) revealed a severe disruption of mtDNA-encoded protein translation. We also performed functional studies on a homoplasmic nonsense mutation in MT-ND1, previously reported in oncocytomas, and show that both ATP generation and the stability of oxidative phosphorylation complex I are disrupted. As the mtDNA remains locked against direct genetic manipulation, we demonstrate that the synaptosome cybrid approach can capture biologically relevant mtDNA mutants in vitro to study effects on mitochondrial respiratory chain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew McKenzie
- Centre for Genetic Diseases, MIMR-PHI Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia; Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia
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Li H, Sharma LK, Li Y, Hu P, Idowu A, Liu D, Lu J, Bai Y. Comparative bioenergetic study of neuronal and muscle mitochondria during aging. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 63:30-40. [PMID: 23643721 PMCID: PMC3786194 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Revised: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial respiratory chain defects have been associated with various diseases and with normal aging, particularly in tissues with high energy demands, including brain and skeletal muscle. Tissue-specific manifestation of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations and mitochondrial dysfunction are hallmarks of mitochondrial diseases although the underlying mechanisms are largely unclear. Previously, we and others have established approaches for transferring mtDNA from muscle and synaptosomes of mice at various ages to cell cultures. In this study, we carried out a comprehensive bioenergetic analysis of cells bearing mitochondria derived from young, middle-aged, and old mouse skeletal muscles and synaptosomes. Significant age-associated alterations in oxidative phosphorylation and regulation during aging were observed in cybrids carrying mitochondria from both skeletal muscle and synaptosomes. Our results also revealed that loss of oxidative phosphorylation capacity may occur at various ages in muscle and brain. These findings indicate the existence of a tissue-specific regulatory mechanism for oxidative phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhi Li
- School of Life Science, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Lokendra Kumar Sharma
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Youfen Li
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
- School of Life Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shanxi 710049, China
| | - Peiqing Hu
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Abimbola Idowu
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Danhui Liu
- School of Life Science, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Jianxin Lu
- School of Life Science, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Yidong Bai
- School of Life Science, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
- Corresponding author at: Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA. Fax: +210 567 3803. (Y. Bai)
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Liu D, Li H, Lu J, Bai Y. Tissue-specific implications of mitochondrial alterations in aging. Front Biosci (Elite Ed) 2013; 5:734-47. [PMID: 23277028 DOI: 10.2741/e654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Aging is a multifactorial process during which physiological alterations occur in all tissues. A decline in mitochondrial function plays an important role in the process of aging and in aging-associated diseases. The mitochondrial genome encodes 13 essential subunits of protein complexes belonging to the oxidative phosphorylation system, while most of the mitochondria-related genes are encoded by the nuclear genome. Coordination between the nucleus and mitochondria is crucial for the regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis and function. In this review, we will discuss aging-related mitochondrial dysfunction in various tissues and its implication in aging-related diseases and the aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danhui Liu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
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He J, Qi Z, Su Y, He Q, Liu J, Yu L, Al-Attas OS, Hussain T, De Rosas ET, Ji L, Ding S. Pifithrin-μ increases mitochondrial COX biogenesis and MnSOD activity in skeletal muscle of middle-aged mice. Mitochondrion 2012; 12:630-9. [PMID: 23006892 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2012.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2011] [Revised: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the biogenesis and mitochondrial antioxidant capacity of cytochrome c oxidase (COX) within the skeletal muscle under the treatments of p53 inhibitors (pifithrin, PFTα and PFTμ). Significantly, PFTμ increased mtDNA content and COX biogenesis. These changes coincided with increases in the activity and expression of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), the key antioxidant enzyme in mitochondria. Conversely, PFTα caused muscle loss, increased oxidative damage and decreased MnSOD activity in intermyofibrillar (IMF) mitochondria. Mechanically, PFTμ inhibited p53 translocation to mitochondria and thus increased its transcriptional activity for expression of synthesis of cytochrome c oxidase 2 (SCO2), an important assembly protein for COX. This study provides in vivo evidence that PFTμ, superior to PFTα, preserves muscle mass and increases mitochondrial antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie He
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200241, China
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Gómez-Durán A, Pacheu-Grau D, Martínez-Romero I, López-Gallardo E, López-Pérez MJ, Montoya J, Ruiz-Pesini E. Oxidative phosphorylation differences between mitochondrial DNA haplogroups modify the risk of Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2012; 1822:1216-22. [PMID: 22561905 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2012.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Revised: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy is a maternally inherited optic atrophy caused by mitochondrial DNA point mutations. Previous epidemiological studies have shown that individuals from mitochondrial genetic backgrounds (haplogroups) J/Uk and H have a higher and a lower risk, respectively, of suffering this disorder. To analyze the bases of these associations at cellular and molecular levels, functional studies with cybrids provide high quality evidence. Cybrids from haplogroup J contain less mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) and synthesize a smaller amount of mitochondrial DNA-encoded polypeptides than those from haplogroup H. Haplogroup J cybrids also display lower oxygen consumption, mitochondrial inner membrane potential and total adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) levels. Moreover, mitochondrial DNA levels correlate with many parameters of the oxidative phosphorylation system. These results suggest that the mitochondrial DNA amount determines oxidative phosphorylation capacity and, along with other recently published observations, support the possibility that mitochondrial DNA levels may be responsible for the bias of the disorder toward males, for the incomplete penetrance of mutations causing Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy and for the association of the disease with particular mitochondrial DNA haplogroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurora Gómez-Durán
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Celular, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas En Red de Enfermedades Raras, Universidad de Zaragoza, Spain
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Hurley BF, Hanson ED, Sheaff AK. Strength training as a countermeasure to aging muscle and chronic disease. Sports Med 2011; 41:289-306. [PMID: 21425888 DOI: 10.2165/11585920-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Strength training (ST) has long been considered a promising intervention for reversing the loss of muscle function and the deterioration of muscle structure associated with advanced age but, until recently, the evidence was insufficient to support its role in the prevention or treatment of disease. In recent decades, there has been a long list of quality reviews examining the effects of ST on functional abilities and a few on risk factors for specific diseases, but none have provided a comprehensive assessment of ST as an intervention for a broad range of diseases. This review provides an overview of research addressing the effectiveness of ST as an intervention for the prevention or treatment of the adverse consequences of (i) aging muscle; (ii) the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components, i.e. insulin resistance, abdominal obesity, hyperlipidaemia and hypertension; (iii) fibromyalgia; (iv) rheumatoid arthritis; and (v) Alzheimer's disease. Collectively, these studies indicate that ST may serve as an effective countermeasure to some of the adverse consequences of the MetS, fibromyalgia and rheumatoid arthritis. Evidence in support of the hypothesis that ST reduces insulin resistance or improves insulin action comes both from indirect biomarkers, such as glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA(1c)), and insulin responses to oral glucose tolerance tests, as well as from more direct procedures such as hyperglycaemic and hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamp techniques. The evidence for the use of ST as a countermeasure of abdominal obesity is less convincing. Although some reports show statistically significant reductions in visceral fat, it is unclear if the magnitude of these changes are physiologically meaningful and if they are independent of dietary influences. The efficacy of ST as an intervention for reducing dyslipidaemia is at best inconsistent, particularly when compared with other pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions, such as aerobic exercise training. However, there is more consistent evidence for the effectiveness of ST in reducing triglyceride levels. This finding could have clinical significance, given that elevated triglyceride is one of the five criterion measures for the diagnosis of the MetS. Small to moderate reductions in resting and exercise blood pressure have been reported with some indication that this effect may be genotype dependent. ST improves or reverses some of the adverse effects of fibromyalgia and rheumatoid arthritis, particularly pain, inflammation, muscle weakness and fatigue. Investigations are needed to determine how these effects compare with those elicited from aerobic exercise training and/or standard treatments. There is no evidence that ST can reverse any of the major biological or behavioural outcomes of Alzheimer's disease, but there is evidence that the prevalence of this disease is inversely associated with muscle mass and strength. Some indicators of cognitive function may also improve with ST. Thus, ST is an effective countermeasure for some of the adverse effects experienced by patients of many chronic diseases, as discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben F Hurley
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.
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Tranah GJ. Mitochondrial-nuclear epistasis: implications for human aging and longevity. Ageing Res Rev 2011; 10:238-52. [PMID: 20601194 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2010.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2010] [Revised: 06/17/2010] [Accepted: 06/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
There is substantial evidence that mitochondria are involved in the aging process. Mitochondrial function requires the coordinated expression of hundreds of nuclear genes and a few dozen mitochondrial genes, many of which have been associated with either extended or shortened life span. Impaired mitochondrial function resulting from mtDNA and nuclear DNA variation is likely to contribute to an imbalance in cellular energy homeostasis, increased vulnerability to oxidative stress, and an increased rate of cellular senescence and aging. The complex genetic architecture of mitochondria suggests that there may be an equally complex set of gene interactions (epistases) involving genetic variation in the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. Results from Drosophila suggest that the effects of mtDNA haplotypes on longevity vary among different nuclear allelic backgrounds, which could account for the inconsistent associations that have been observed between mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups and survival in humans. A diversity of pathways may influence the way mitochondria and nuclear-mitochondrial interactions modulate longevity, including: oxidative phosphorylation; mitochondrial uncoupling; antioxidant defenses; mitochondrial fission and fusion; and sirtuin regulation of mitochondrial genes. We hypothesize that aging and longevity, as complex traits having a significant genetic component, are likely to be controlled by nuclear gene variants interacting with both inherited and somatic mtDNA variability.
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Mitochondrial dysfunction in some oxidative stress-related genetic diseases: Ataxia-Telangiectasia, Down Syndrome, Fanconi Anaemia and Werner Syndrome. Biogerontology 2010; 11:401-19. [PMID: 20237955 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-010-9269-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2009] [Accepted: 02/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a phenotypic hallmark in several genetic disorders characterized by cancer predisposition and/or propensity to premature ageing. Here we review the published evidence for the involvement of oxidative stress in the phenotypes of Ataxia-Telangiectasia (A-T), Down Syndrome (DS), Fanconi Anaemia (FA), and Werner Syndrome (WS), from the viewpoint of mitochondrial dysfunction. Mitochondria are recognized as both the cell compartment where energetic metabolism occurs and as the first and most susceptible target of reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation. Thus, a critical evaluation of the basic mechanisms leading to an in vivo pro-oxidant state relies on elucidating the features of mitochondrial impairment in each disorder. The evidence for different mitochondrial dysfunctions reported in A-T, DS, and FA is reviewed. In the case of WS, clear-cut evidence linking human WS phenotype to mitochondrial abnormalities is lacking so far in the literature. Nevertheless, evidence relating mitochondrial dysfunctions to normal ageing suggests that WS, as a progeroid syndrome, is likely to feature mitochondrial abnormalities. Hence, ad hoc research focused on elucidating the nature of mitochondrial dysfunction in WS pathogenesis is required. Based on the recognized, or reasonably suspected, role of mitochondrial abnormalities in the pathogenesis of these disorders, studies of chemoprevention with mitochondria-targeted supplements are warranted.
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