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Datta Darshan VM, Arumugam N, Almansour AI, Sivaramakrishnan V, Kanchi S. In silico energetic and molecular dynamic simulations studies demonstrate potential effect of the point mutations with implications for protein engineering in BDNF. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 271:132247. [PMID: 38750847 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Protein engineering by directed evolution is time-consuming. Hence, in silico techniques like FoldX-Yasara for ∆∆G calculation, and SNPeffect for predicting propensity for aggregation, amyloid formation, and chaperone binding are employed to design proteins. Here, we used in silico techniques to engineer BDNF-NTF3 interaction and validated it using mutations with known functional implications for NGF dimer. The structures of three mutants representing a positive, negative, or neutral ∆∆G involving two interface residues in BDNF and two mutations representing a neutral and positive ∆∆G in NGF, which is aligned with BDNF, were selected for molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. Our MD results conclude that the secondary structure of individual protomers of the positive and negative mutants displayed a similar or different conformation from the NTF3 monomer, respectively. The positive mutants showed fewer hydrophobic interactions and higher hydrogen bonds compared to the wild-type, negative, and neutral mutants with similar SASA, suggesting solvent-mediated disruption of hydrogen-bonded interactions. Similar results were obtained for mutations with known functional implications for NGF and BDNF. The results suggest that mutations with known effects in homologous proteins could help in validation, and in silico directed evolution experiments could be a viable alternative to the experimental technique used for protein engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Datta Darshan
- Disease Biology Lab, Department of Biosciences, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Prasanthi Nilayam, Andhra Pradesh 515134, India
| | - Natarajan Arumugam
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman I Almansour
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Venketesh Sivaramakrishnan
- Disease Biology Lab, Department of Biosciences, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Prasanthi Nilayam, Andhra Pradesh 515134, India.
| | - Subbarao Kanchi
- Department of Physics, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Prasanthi Nilayam, Andhra Pradesh 515134, India.
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2
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Wang Z, Zhang Z, Luo W, Wang L, Han X, Zhao R, Liu X, Zhang J, Yu W, Li J, Yang Y, Zuo C, Xie G. Universal probe-based SNP genotyping with visual readout: a robust and versatile method. NANOSCALE 2023. [PMID: 37464941 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr01950k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Detection of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) is critical for personalized clinical diagnosis, treatment, and medication. Current clinical detection methods suffer from primer dimerization and require the redesigning of reaction systems for different targets, resulting in a time-consuming and laborious process. Here, we present a robust and versatile method for SNP typing by using tailed primers and universal small molecule probes in combination with a visualized lateral flow assay (LFA). This approach enables not only rapid typing of different targets, but also eliminates the interference of primer dimers and enhances the accuracy and reliability of the results. Our proposed universal assay has been successfully applied to the typing of four SNP loci of clinical samples to verify the accuracy and universality, and the results are consistent with those obtained by Sanger sequencing. Therefore, our study establishes a new universal "typing formula" using nucleic acid tags and small molecule probes that provides a powerful genotyping platform for genetic analysis and molecular diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongzhong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics (Chinese Ministry of Education), College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical Laboratory Microfluidics and SPRi Engineering Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China.
| | - Zhang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics (Chinese Ministry of Education), College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical Laboratory Microfluidics and SPRi Engineering Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China.
| | - Wang Luo
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics (Chinese Ministry of Education), College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical Laboratory Microfluidics and SPRi Engineering Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China.
| | - Luojia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics (Chinese Ministry of Education), College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical Laboratory Microfluidics and SPRi Engineering Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China.
| | - Xiaole Han
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics (Chinese Ministry of Education), College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical Laboratory Microfluidics and SPRi Engineering Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China.
| | - Rong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics (Chinese Ministry of Education), College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical Laboratory Microfluidics and SPRi Engineering Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China.
| | - Xin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics (Chinese Ministry of Education), College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical Laboratory Microfluidics and SPRi Engineering Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China.
| | - Jianhong Zhang
- Clinical Laboratories, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, P.R. China
| | - Wen Yu
- Chongqing University Cancer Hospital and Chongqing Cancer Institute, Chongqing 400030, P.R. China
| | - Junjie Li
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics (Chinese Ministry of Education), College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical Laboratory Microfluidics and SPRi Engineering Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China.
| | - Yujun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics (Chinese Ministry of Education), College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical Laboratory Microfluidics and SPRi Engineering Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China.
| | - Chen Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics (Chinese Ministry of Education), College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical Laboratory Microfluidics and SPRi Engineering Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China.
| | - Guoming Xie
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics (Chinese Ministry of Education), College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical Laboratory Microfluidics and SPRi Engineering Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China.
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3
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Hajji K, Sedmík J, Cherian A, Amoruso D, Keegan LP, O'Connell MA. ADAR2 enzymes: efficient site-specific RNA editors with gene therapy aspirations. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 28:1281-1297. [PMID: 35863867 PMCID: PMC9479739 DOI: 10.1261/rna.079266.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The adenosine deaminase acting on RNA (ADAR) enzymes are essential for neuronal function and innate immune control. ADAR1 RNA editing prevents aberrant activation of antiviral dsRNA sensors through editing of long, double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs). In this review, we focus on the ADAR2 proteins involved in the efficient, highly site-specific RNA editing to recode open reading frames first discovered in the GRIA2 transcript encoding the key GLUA2 subunit of AMPA receptors; ADAR1 proteins also edit many of these sites. We summarize the history of ADAR2 protein research and give an up-to-date review of ADAR2 structural studies, human ADARBI (ADAR2) mutants causing severe infant seizures, and mouse disease models. Structural studies on ADARs and their RNA substrates facilitate current efforts to develop ADAR RNA editing gene therapy to edit disease-causing single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Artificial ADAR guide RNAs are being developed to retarget ADAR RNA editing to new target transcripts in order to correct SNP mutations in them at the RNA level. Site-specific RNA editing has been expanded to recode hundreds of sites in CNS transcripts in Drosophila and cephalopods. In Drosophila and C. elegans, ADAR RNA editing also suppresses responses to self dsRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadija Hajji
- CEITEC Masaryk University, Brno 62500, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Sedmík
- CEITEC Masaryk University, Brno 62500, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Cherian
- CEITEC Masaryk University, Brno 62500, Czech Republic
| | | | - Liam P Keegan
- CEITEC Masaryk University, Brno 62500, Czech Republic
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4
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Kurtz P, Jones AE, Tiwari B, Link N, Wylie A, Tracy C, Krämer H, Abrams JM. Drosophila p53 directs nonapoptotic programs in postmitotic tissue. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 30:1339-1351. [PMID: 30892991 PMCID: PMC6724604 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e18-12-0791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
TP53 is the most frequently mutated gene in human cancers, and despite intensive research efforts, genome-scale studies of p53 function in whole animal models are rare. The need for such in vivo studies is underscored by recent challenges to established paradigms, indicating that unappreciated p53 functions contribute to cancer prevention. Here we leveraged the Drosophila system to interrogate p53 function in a postmitotic context. In the developing embryo, p53 robustly activates important apoptotic genes in response to radiation-induced DNA damage. We recently showed that a p53 enhancer (p53RErpr) near the cell death gene reaper forms chromatin contacts and enables p53 target activation across long genomic distances. Interestingly, we found that this canonical p53 apoptotic program fails to activate in adult heads. Moreover, this failure to exhibit apoptotic responses was not associated with altered chromatin contacts. Instead, we determined that p53 does not occupy the p53RErpr enhancer in this postmitotic tissue as it does in embryos. Through comparative RNA-seq and chromatin immunoprecipitation-seq studies of developing and postmitotic tissues, we further determined that p53 regulates distinct transcriptional programs in adult heads, including DNA repair, metabolism, and proteolysis genes. Strikingly, in the postmitotic context, p53-binding landscapes were poorly correlated with nearby transcriptional effects, raising the possibility that p53 enhancers could be generally acting through long distances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Kurtz
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Amanda E Jones
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Bhavana Tiwari
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Nichole Link
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Annika Wylie
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Charles Tracy
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Helmut Krämer
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - John M Abrams
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
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5
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Collin R, St-Pierre C, Guilbault L, Mullins-Dansereau V, Policheni A, Guimont-Desrochers F, Pelletier AN, Gray DH, Drobetsky E, Perreault C, Hillhouse EE, Lesage S. An Unbiased Linkage Approach Reveals That the p53 Pathway Is Coupled to NK Cell Maturation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:1490-1504. [PMID: 28710252 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer cells constitute potent innate lymphoid cells that play a major role in both tumor immunosurveillance and viral clearance via their effector functions. A four-stage model of NK cell functional maturation has been established according to the expression of CD11b and CD27, separating mature NK (mNK) cells into distinct populations that exhibit specific phenotypic and functional properties. To identify genetic factors involved in the regulation of NK cell functional maturation, we performed a linkage analysis on F2 (B6.Rag1-/- × NOD.Rag1-/- intercross) mice. We identified six loci on chromosomes 2, 4, 7, 10, 11, and 18 that were linked to one or more mNK cell subsets. Subsequently, we performed an in silico analysis exploiting mNK cell subset microarray data, highlighting various genes and microRNAs as potential regulators of the functional maturation of NK cells. Together, the combination of our unbiased genetic linkage study and the in silico analysis positions genes known to affect NK cell biology along the specific stages of NK cell functional maturation. Moreover, this approach allowed us to uncover a novel candidate gene in the regulation of NK cell maturation, namely Trp53 Using mice deficient for Trp53, we confirm that this tumor suppressor regulates NK cell functional maturation. Additional candidate genes revealed in this study may eventually serve as targets for the modulation of NK cell functional maturation to potentiate both tumor immunosurveillance and viral clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxanne Collin
- Department of Immunology-Oncology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montreal, Quebec H1T 2M4, Canada.,Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Charles St-Pierre
- Institut de Recherche en Immunologie et en Cancérologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada.,Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Lorie Guilbault
- Department of Immunology-Oncology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montreal, Quebec H1T 2M4, Canada.,Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Victor Mullins-Dansereau
- Department of Immunology-Oncology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montreal, Quebec H1T 2M4, Canada.,Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Antonia Policheni
- Molecular Genetics of Cancer Division, Immunology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; and.,Department of Medical Biology, Melbourne University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Fanny Guimont-Desrochers
- Department of Immunology-Oncology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montreal, Quebec H1T 2M4, Canada.,Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Adam-Nicolas Pelletier
- Department of Immunology-Oncology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montreal, Quebec H1T 2M4, Canada.,Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Daniel H Gray
- Molecular Genetics of Cancer Division, Immunology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; and.,Department of Medical Biology, Melbourne University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Elliot Drobetsky
- Department of Immunology-Oncology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montreal, Quebec H1T 2M4, Canada
| | - Claude Perreault
- Institut de Recherche en Immunologie et en Cancérologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada.,Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Erin E Hillhouse
- Department of Immunology-Oncology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montreal, Quebec H1T 2M4, Canada;
| | - Sylvie Lesage
- Department of Immunology-Oncology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montreal, Quebec H1T 2M4, Canada; .,Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
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6
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Lee SY, Kang HG, Choi JE, Jung DK, Lee WK, Lee HC, Lee SY, Yoo SS, Lee J, Seok Y, Lee EB, Cha SI, Cho S, Kim CH, Lee MH, Park JY. Polymorphisms in cancer-related pathway genes and lung cancer. Eur Respir J 2016; 48:1184-1191. [DOI: 10.1183/13993003.02040-2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the associations between potentially functional variants in a comprehensive list of cancer-related genes and lung cancer in a Korean population.A total of 1969 potentially functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of 1151 genes involved in carcinogenesis were evaluated using an Affymetrix custom-made GeneChip in 610 nonsmall cell lung cancer patients and 610 healthy controls. A replication study was conducted in an independent set of 490 cases and 486 controls. 68 SNPs were significantly associated with lung cancer in the discovery set and tested for replication.Among the 68 SNPs, three SNPs (corepressor interacting with RBPJ 1 (CIR1) rs13009079T>C, ribonucleotide reductase M1 (RRM1) rs1465952T>C and solute carrier family 38, member 4 (SLC38A4) rs2429467C>T) consistantly showed significant associations with lung cancer in the replication study. In combined analysis, adjusted odds ratio for CIR1 rs13009079T>C, RRM1 rs1465952T>C and SLC38A4 rs2429467C>T were 0.69, 0.71 and 0.73, respectively (p=4×10−5, 0.01 and 0.001, respectively) under the dominant model. The relative mRNA expression level of CIR1 was significantly associated with rs13009079T>C genotypes in normal lung tissues (ptrend=0.03).These results suggest that the three SNPs, particularly CIR1 rs13009079T>C, may play a role in the pathogenesis of lung cancer.
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7
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Tonelli C, Morelli MJ, Bianchi S, Rotta L, Capra T, Sabò A, Campaner S, Amati B. Genome-wide analysis of p53 transcriptional programs in B cells upon exposure to genotoxic stress in vivo. Oncotarget 2016; 6:24611-26. [PMID: 26372730 PMCID: PMC4694782 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressor p53 is a transcription factor that coordinates the cellular response to DNA damage. Here we provide an integrated analysis of p53 genomic occupancy and p53-dependent gene regulation in the splenic B and non-B cell compartments of mice exposed to whole-body ionizing radiation, providing insight into general principles of p53 activity in vivo. In unstressed conditions, p53 bound few genomic targets; induction of p53 by ionizing radiation increased the number of p53 bound sites, leading to highly overlapping profiles in the different cell types. Comparison of these profiles with chromatin features in unstressed B cells revealed that, upon activation, p53 localized at active promoters, distal enhancers, and a smaller set of unmarked distal regions. At promoters, recognition of the canonical p53 motif as well as binding strength were associated with p53-dependent transcriptional activation, but not repression, indicating that the latter was most likely indirect. p53-activated targets constituted the core of a cell type-independent response, superimposed onto a cell type-specific program. Core response genes included most of the known p53-regulated genes, as well as many new ones. Our data represent a unique characterization of the p53-regulated response to ionizing radiation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Tonelli
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology (IEO), Milan, Italy
| | - Marco J Morelli
- Center for Genomic Science of IIT@SEMM, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Milan, Italy
| | - Salvatore Bianchi
- Center for Genomic Science of IIT@SEMM, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Rotta
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology (IEO), Milan, Italy
| | - Thelma Capra
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology (IEO), Milan, Italy
| | - Arianna Sabò
- Center for Genomic Science of IIT@SEMM, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Campaner
- Center for Genomic Science of IIT@SEMM, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Milan, Italy
| | - Bruno Amati
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology (IEO), Milan, Italy.,Center for Genomic Science of IIT@SEMM, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Milan, Italy
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8
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Naz M, Kodamullil AT, Hofmann-Apitius M. Reasoning over genetic variance information in cause-and-effect models of neurodegenerative diseases. Brief Bioinform 2016; 17:505-16. [PMID: 26249223 PMCID: PMC4870396 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbv063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The work we present here is based on the recent extension of the syntax of the Biological Expression Language (BEL), which now allows for the representation of genetic variation information in cause-and-effect models. In our article, we describe, how genetic variation information can be used to identify candidate disease mechanisms in diseases with complex aetiology such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. In those diseases, we have to assume that many genetic variants contribute moderately to the overall dysregulation that in the case of neurodegenerative diseases has such a long incubation time until the first clinical symptoms are detectable. Owing to the multilevel nature of dysregulation events, systems biomedicine modelling approaches need to combine mechanistic information from various levels, including gene expression, microRNA (miRNA) expression, protein-protein interaction, genetic variation and pathway. OpenBEL, the open source version of BEL, has recently been extended to match this requirement, and we demonstrate in our article, how candidate mechanisms for early dysregulation events in Alzheimer's disease can be identified based on an integrative mining approach that identifies 'chains of causation' that include single nucleotide polymorphism information in BEL models.
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9
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Abstract
The tumor suppressor gene TP53 is the most frequently mutated gene in human cancer; this gene is subject to inactivation by mutation or deletion in >50% of sporadic cancers. Genes that encode proteins that regulate p53 function, such as MDM2, MDM4, and CDKN2A (p14(ARF)) are also frequently altered in tumors, and it is generally believed that the p53 pathway is likely to be inactivated by mutation in close to 100% of human tumors. Unlike most other cancer-relevant signaling pathways, some of the genes in the p53 pathway contain functionally significant single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that alter the amplitude of signaling by this protein. These variants, thus, have the potential to impact cancer risk, progression, and the efficacy of radiation and chemotherapy. In addition, the p53 pathway plays a role in other biological processes, including metabolism and reproductive fitness, so these variants have the potential to modify other diseases as well. Here we have chosen five polymorphisms in three genes in the p53 pathway for review, two in TP53, two in MDM2, and one in MDM4. These five variants were selected based on the quality and reproducibility of functional data associated with them, as well as the convincingness of epidemiological data in support of their association with disease. We also highlight two other polymorphisms that may affect p53 signaling, but for which functional or association data are still forthcoming (KITLG and ANRIL). Finally, we touch on three questions regarding genetic modifiers of the p53 pathway: Why did these variants arise? Were they under selection pressure? And, is there compelling evidence to support genotyping these variants to better predict disease risk and prognosis?
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhasree Basu
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Maureen E Murphy
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
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10
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Jennis M, Kung CP, Basu S, Budina-Kolomets A, Leu JIJ, Khaku S, Scott JP, Cai KQ, Campbell MR, Porter DK, Wang X, Bell DA, Li X, Garlick DS, Liu Q, Hollstein M, George DL, Murphy ME. An African-specific polymorphism in the TP53 gene impairs p53 tumor suppressor function in a mouse model. Genes Dev 2016; 30:918-30. [PMID: 27034505 PMCID: PMC4840298 DOI: 10.1101/gad.275891.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In this study, Jennis et al. characterize the first mouse model of an African-specific naturally occurring coding region variant at codon 47 of the p53 tumor suppressor gene (S47). They show that homozygous S47 mice are markedly tumor-prone and that the S47 variant impairs not only p53-mediated cell death but also the ability of p53 to transactivate a subset of genes involved in metabolism and ferroptosis. A nonsynonymous single-nucleotide polymorphism at codon 47 in TP53 exists in African-descent populations (P47S, rs1800371; referred to here as S47). Here we report that, in human cell lines and a mouse model, the S47 variant exhibits a modest decrease in apoptosis in response to most genotoxic stresses compared with wild-type p53 but exhibits a significant defect in cell death induced by cisplatin. We show that, compared with wild-type p53, S47 has nearly indistinguishable transcriptional function but shows impaired ability to transactivate a subset of p53 target genes, including two involved in metabolism: Gls2 (glutaminase 2) and Sco2. We also show that human and mouse cells expressing the S47 variant are markedly resistant to cell death by agents that induce ferroptosis (iron-mediated nonapoptotic cell death). We show that mice expressing S47 in homozygous or heterozygous form are susceptible to spontaneous cancers of diverse histological types. Our data suggest that the S47 variant may contribute to increased cancer risk in individuals of African descent, and our findings highlight the need to assess the contribution of this variant to cancer risk in these populations. These data also confirm the potential relevance of metabolism and ferroptosis to tumor suppression by p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Jennis
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA; Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology and Genetics, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, USA
| | - Che-Pei Kung
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Subhasree Basu
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Anna Budina-Kolomets
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Julia I-Ju Leu
- Department of Genetics, The Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Sakina Khaku
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Jeremy P Scott
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Kathy Q Cai
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19111, USA
| | - Michelle R Campbell
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
| | - Devin K Porter
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
| | - Xuting Wang
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
| | - Douglas A Bell
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
| | - Xiaoxian Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - David S Garlick
- The Wistar Institute Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Qin Liu
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | | | - Donna L George
- Department of Genetics, The Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Maureen E Murphy
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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11
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Valenzuela-Castillo A, Sánchez-Paz A, Castro-Longoria R, López-Torres MA, Grijalva-Chon JM. Seasonal changes in gene expression and polymorphism of hsp70 in cultivated oysters (Crassostrea gigas) at extreme temperatures. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 110:25-32. [PMID: 26254584 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2015.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The HSP70 proteins are an important element of the response against thermal stress and infectious diseases, and they are highly conserved and ubiquitous. In some species, variations on the hsp70 encoding sequence resulted in intraspecific differential expression, which leads to variations on thermo-tolerance among individuals. This phenomenon has not been described in the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas, which is cultivated in Mexico under temperature conditions highly above the optimal for this species. The present study was aimed to identify associations between hsp70 genotypes and their expression levels in C. gigas. By analyzing a 603 bp fragment from the 3' end of the hsp70 gene, 21 different genotypes with 60 nucleotide polymorphic sites were detected, of which 34 sites were found in heterozygous condition. Although no correlation was found between genotype-expression-season, a minimum expression threshold that should be taken into account as an important feature for a future breeding program is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adán Valenzuela-Castillo
- Universidad de Sonora, Departamento de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, Hermosillo, Sonora 83000, Mexico
| | - Arturo Sánchez-Paz
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste S.C. Laboratorio de Referencia, Análisis y Diagnóstico en Sanidad Acuícola, Hermosillo, Sonora 83106, Mexico
| | - Reina Castro-Longoria
- Universidad de Sonora, Departamento de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, Hermosillo, Sonora 83000, Mexico
| | - Marco Antonio López-Torres
- Universidad de Sonora, Departamento de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, Hermosillo, Sonora 83000, Mexico
| | - José Manuel Grijalva-Chon
- Universidad de Sonora, Departamento de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, Hermosillo, Sonora 83000, Mexico.
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12
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Su D, Wang X, Campbell MR, Song L, Safi A, Crawford GE, Bell DA. Interactions of chromatin context, binding site sequence content, and sequence evolution in stress-induced p53 occupancy and transactivation. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1004885. [PMID: 25569532 PMCID: PMC4287438 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular stresses activate the tumor suppressor p53 protein leading to selective binding to DNA response elements (REs) and gene transactivation from a large pool of potential p53 REs (p53REs). To elucidate how p53RE sequences and local chromatin context interact to affect p53 binding and gene transactivation, we mapped genome-wide binding localizations of p53 and H3K4me3 in untreated and doxorubicin (DXR)-treated human lymphoblastoid cells. We examined the relationships among p53 occupancy, gene expression, H3K4me3, chromatin accessibility (DNase 1 hypersensitivity, DHS), ENCODE chromatin states, p53RE sequence, and evolutionary conservation. We observed that the inducible expression of p53-regulated genes was associated with the steady-state chromatin status of the cell. Most highly inducible p53-regulated genes were suppressed at baseline and marked by repressive histone modifications or displayed CTCF binding. Comparison of p53RE sequences residing in different chromatin contexts demonstrated that weaker p53REs resided in open promoters, while stronger p53REs were located within enhancers and repressed chromatin. p53 occupancy was strongly correlated with similarity of the target DNA sequences to the p53RE consensus, but surprisingly, inversely correlated with pre-existing nucleosome accessibility (DHS) and evolutionary conservation at the p53RE. Occupancy by p53 of REs that overlapped transposable element (TE) repeats was significantly higher (p<10−7) and correlated with stronger p53RE sequences (p<10−110) relative to nonTE-associated p53REs, particularly for MLT1H, LTR10B, and Mer61 TEs. However, binding at these elements was generally not associated with transactivation of adjacent genes. Occupied p53REs located in L2-like TEs were unique in displaying highly negative PhyloP scores (predicted fast-evolving) and being associated with altered H3K4me3 and DHS levels. These results underscore the systematic interaction between chromatin status and p53RE context in the induced transactivation response. This p53 regulated response appears to have been tuned via evolutionary processes that may have led to repression and/or utilization of p53REs originating from primate-specific transposon elements. It is well established that p53 binds DNA elements near p53 target genes to regulate the response to cellular stress. To assess factors influencing binding to response elements and subsequent gene expression, we have analyzed 2932 p53-occupied response elements (p53REs) in the context of genome-wide chromatin state, DNA accessibility and dynamics, and considered roles for binding-sequence specificity and evolutionary conservation. While p53 occupancy level shows little apparent direct relationship to gene expression change, after grouping expressed genes by their chromatin status at baseline, a relationship between occupancy of p53REs and gene expression change emerged. Analysis of p53RE sequences demonstrated that p53 occupancy was strongly correlated with sequence similarity to p53RE consensus, but surprisingly, was inversely correlated with nucleosome accessibility (DHS) and evolutionary conservation. These data revealed a systematic interaction between p53RE content and chromatin context that affects both quantitative p53 occupancy and the induced transactivation response to exposure. Moreover, this interaction appears to have been tuned via evolutionary events involving transposable elements, which strongly bind p53, but in only a few instances affect gene expression levels. Models of p53-regulated gene expression response that consider both chromatin state and sequence context may prove useful in guiding strategies for cancer prevention or therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Su
- Environmental Genomics Group, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Xuting Wang
- Environmental Genomics Group, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Michelle R. Campbell
- Environmental Genomics Group, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Lingyun Song
- Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Alexias Safi
- Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Gregory E. Crawford
- Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Douglas A. Bell
- Environmental Genomics Group, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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13
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Wang X, Pittman GS, Bandele OJ, Bischof JJ, Liu G, Brothers J, Spira A, Bell DA. Linking polymorphic p53 response elements with gene expression in airway epithelial cells of smokers and cancer risk. Hum Genet 2014; 133:1467-76. [PMID: 25179167 PMCID: PMC4225167 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-014-1483-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Chronic cigarette smoking exposes airway epithelial cells to thousands of carcinogens, oxidants and DNA-damaging agents, creating a field of molecular injury in the airway and altering gene expression. Studies of cytologically normal bronchial epithelial cells from smokers have identified transcription-based biomarkers that may prove useful in early diagnosis of lung cancer, including a number of p53-regulated genes. The ability of p53 to regulate transcription is critical for tumor suppression, and this suggests that single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in functional p53 binding sites (p53 response elements, or p53REs) that affect gene expression could influence susceptibility to cancer. To connect p53RE SNP genotype with gene expression and cancer risk, we identified a set of 204 SNPs in putative p53REs, and performed cis expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) analysis, assessing associations between SNP genotypes and mRNA levels of adjacent genes in bronchial epithelial cells obtained from 44 cigarette smokers. To further test and validate these genotype-expression associations, we searched published eQTL studies from independent populations and determined that 53% (39/74) of the bronchial epithelial eQTLs were observed in at least one of other studies. SNPs in p53REs were also evaluated for effects on p53-DNA binding using a quantitative in vitro protein-DNA binding assay. Last, based on linkage disequilibrium, we found 6 p53RE SNPs associated with gene expression were identified as cancer risk SNPs by either genome-wide association studies or candidate gene studies. We provide an approach for identifying and evaluating potentially functional SNPs that may modulate the airway gene expression response to smoking and may influence susceptibility to cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuting Wang
- Environmental Genomics Section, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | - Gary S. Pittman
- Environmental Genomics Section, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | - Omari J. Bandele
- Environmental Genomics Section, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | - Jason J. Bischof
- Environmental Genomics Section, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | - Gang Liu
- Section of Computational Biomedicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118
| | - John Brothers
- Section of Computational Biomedicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Avrum Spira
- Section of Computational Biomedicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Douglas A. Bell
- Environmental Genomics Section, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
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14
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Chromatin structure is distinct between coding and non-coding single nucleotide polymorphisms. BMC Mol Biol 2014; 15:22. [PMID: 25282079 PMCID: PMC4193957 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2199-15-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies suggested that nucleosomes are enriched with single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in humans and that the occurrence of mutations is closely associated with CpG dinucleotides. We aimed to determine if the chromatin organization is genomic locus specific around SNPs, and if newly occurring mutations are associated with SNPs. Results Here, we classified SNPs according their loci and investigated chromatin organization in both CD4+ T cell and lymphoblastoid cell in humans. We calculated the SNP frequency around somatic mutations. The results indicated that nucleosome occupancy is different around SNPs sites in different genomic loci. Coding SNPs are mainly enriched at nucleosomes and associated with repressed histone modifications (HMs) and DNA methylation. Contrastingly, intron SNPs occur in nucleosome-depleted regions and lack HMs. Interestingly, risk-associated non-coding SNPs are also enriched at nucleosomes with HMs but associated with low GC-content and low DNA methylation level. The base-transversion allele frequency is significantly low in coding-synonymous SNPs (P < 10-11). Another finding is that at the -1 and +1 positions relative to the somatic mutation sites, the SNP frequency was significantly higher (P < 3.2 × 10-5). Conclusions The results suggested chromatin structure is different around coding SNPs and non-coding SNPs. New mutations tend to occur at the -1 and +1 position immediately near the SNPs.
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15
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Chang GS, Chen XA, Park B, Rhee HS, Li P, Han KH, Mishra T, Chan-Salis KY, Li Y, Hardison RC, Wang Y, Pugh BF. A comprehensive and high-resolution genome-wide response of p53 to stress. Cell Rep 2014; 8:514-27. [PMID: 25043190 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor suppressor p53 regulates transcription of stress-response genes. Many p53 targets remain undiscovered because of uncertainty as to where p53 binds in the genome and the fact that few genes reside near p53-bound recognition elements (REs). Using chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by exonuclease treatment (ChIP-exo), we associated p53 with 2,183 unsplit REs. REs were positionally constrained with other REs and other regulatory elements, which may reflect structurally organized p53 interactions. Surprisingly, stress resulted in increased occupancy of transcription factor IIB (TFIIB) and RNA polymerase (Pol) II near REs, which was reduced when p53 was present. A subset associated with antisense RNA near stress-response genes. The combination of high-confidence locations for p53/REs, TFIIB/Pol II, and their changes in response to stress allowed us to identify 151 high-confidence p53-regulated genes, substantially increasing the number of p53 targets. These genes composed a large portion of a predefined DNA-damage stress-response network. Thus, p53 plays a comprehensive role in regulating the stress-response network, including regulating noncoding transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gue Su Chang
- Center for Eukaryotic Gene Regulation, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Center for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Xiangyun Amy Chen
- Center for Eukaryotic Gene Regulation, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Center for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Bongsoo Park
- Center for Eukaryotic Gene Regulation, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Center for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Ho Sung Rhee
- Center for Eukaryotic Gene Regulation, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Center for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Pingxin Li
- Center for Eukaryotic Gene Regulation, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Center for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Kang Hoo Han
- Center for Eukaryotic Gene Regulation, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Center for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Tejaswini Mishra
- Center for Eukaryotic Gene Regulation, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Center for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Ka Yim Chan-Salis
- Center for Eukaryotic Gene Regulation, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Center for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Yunfei Li
- Center for Eukaryotic Gene Regulation, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Center for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Ross C Hardison
- Center for Eukaryotic Gene Regulation, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Center for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Yanming Wang
- Center for Eukaryotic Gene Regulation, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Center for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - B Franklin Pugh
- Center for Eukaryotic Gene Regulation, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Center for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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16
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Bryzgalov LO, Antontseva EV, Matveeva MY, Shilov AG, Kashina EV, Mordvinov VA, Merkulova TI. Detection of regulatory SNPs in human genome using ChIP-seq ENCODE data. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78833. [PMID: 24205329 PMCID: PMC3812152 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A vast amount of SNPs derived from genome-wide association studies are represented by non-coding ones, therefore exacerbating the need for effective identification of regulatory SNPs (rSNPs) among them. However, this task remains challenging since the regulatory part of the human genome is annotated much poorly as opposed to coding regions. Here we describe an approach aggregating the whole set of ENCODE ChIP-seq data in order to search for rSNPs, and provide the experimental evidence of its efficiency. Its algorithm is based on the assumption that the enrichment of a genomic region with transcription factor binding loci (ChIP-seq peaks) indicates its regulatory function, and thereby SNPs located in this region are more likely to influence transcription regulation. To ensure that the approach preferably selects functionally meaningful SNPs, we performed enrichment analysis of several human SNP datasets associated with phenotypic manifestations. It was shown that all samples are significantly enriched with SNPs falling into the regions of multiple ChIP-seq peaks as compared with the randomly selected SNPs. For experimental verification, 40 SNPs falling into overlapping regions of at least 7 TF binding loci were selected from OMIM. The effect of SNPs on the binding of the DNA fragments containing them to the nuclear proteins from four human cell lines (HepG2, HeLaS3, HCT-116, and K562) has been tested by EMSA. A radical change in the binding pattern has been observed for 29 SNPs, besides, 6 more SNPs also demonstrated less pronounced changes. Taken together, the results demonstrate the effective way to search for potential rSNPs with the aid of ChIP-seq data provided by ENCODE project.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elena V. Antontseva
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics SD RAS, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
- * E-mail:
| | | | | | - Elena V. Kashina
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics SD RAS, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | | | - Tatyana I. Merkulova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics SD RAS, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
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17
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Zeron-Medina J, Wang X, Repapi E, Campbell MR, Su D, Castro-Giner F, Davies B, Peterse EF, Sacilotto N, Walker GJ, Terzian T, Tomlinson IP, Box NF, Meinshausen N, De Val S, Bell DA, Bond GL. A polymorphic p53 response element in KIT ligand influences cancer risk and has undergone natural selection. Cell 2013; 155:410-22. [PMID: 24120139 PMCID: PMC4171736 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2013.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The ability of p53 to regulate transcription is crucial for tumor suppression and implies that inherited polymorphisms in functional p53-binding sites could influence cancer. Here, we identify a polymorphic p53 responsive element and demonstrate its influence on cancer risk using genome-wide data sets of cancer susceptibility loci, genetic variation, p53 occupancy, and p53-binding sites. We uncover a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in a functional p53-binding site and establish its influence on the ability of p53 to bind to and regulate transcription of the KITLG gene. The SNP resides in KITLG and associates with one of the largest risks identified among cancer genome-wide association studies. We establish that the SNP has undergone positive selection throughout evolution, signifying a selective benefit, but go on to show that similar SNPs are rare in the genome due to negative selection, indicating that polymorphisms in p53-binding sites are primarily detrimental to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Zeron-Medina
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Xuting Wang
- Environmental Genomics Group, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences-National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Emmanouela Repapi
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Michelle R. Campbell
- Environmental Genomics Group, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences-National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Dan Su
- Environmental Genomics Group, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences-National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Francesc Castro-Giner
- Molecular and Population Genetics Laboratory, The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Benjamin Davies
- Transgenic Technology Research Group, The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Elisabeth F.P. Peterse
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Natalia Sacilotto
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Graeme J. Walker
- Skin Carcinogenesis Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Tamara Terzian
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Charles C. Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Ian P. Tomlinson
- Molecular and Population Genetics Laboratory, The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Neil F. Box
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Charles C. Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Nicolai Meinshausen
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, 1 South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3TG, UK
| | - Sarah De Val
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Douglas A. Bell
- Environmental Genomics Group, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences-National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Gareth L. Bond
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
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18
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Azzam G, Wang X, Bell D, Murphy ME. CSF1 is a novel p53 target gene whose protein product functions in a feed-forward manner to suppress apoptosis and enhance p53-mediated growth arrest. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74297. [PMID: 24019961 PMCID: PMC3760869 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The p53 tumor suppressor gene has a common polymorphism at codon 72 that alters its function. We previously reported that the proline 72 polymorphic variant of p53 (P72) demonstrates increased ability to transactivate a subset of genes, relative to arginine 72 (R72); one of these genes is macrophage colony stimulating factor (CSF1). At present, the mechanism(s) underlying the increased transcriptional activity of P72 toward genes like CSF1 have not been completely elucidated. Additionally, the consequences of increased transcription of genes like CSF1 by the P72 variant to the downstream p53 pathway are unknown. In this report, we address these issues. We show that the CSF1 gene contains a conserved binding site for p53, and interestingly that the P72 variant shows increased ability to bind to this site. Moreover, we show that increased CSF1/CSF1R signaling in P72 cells feeds back on the p53 pathway to enhance p53 phosphorylation, levels, and transactivation of target genes, particularly the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 (CDKN1A). This leads to an increase in p53-mediated growth arrest, along with a concomitant decrease in apoptosis. Notably, the CSF1/CSF1R signaling axis is overexpressed in several epithelial cancers, and there is clinical evidence that this pathway plays a role in radio-resistance of some cancers. We show that cells expressing CSF1 and CSF1R are indeed radio-resistant, and further, that this effect requires p53. These combined data are the first to implicate the CSF1/CSF1R pathway in the decision between p53-mediated growth arrest and apoptosis. They are also the first to highlight a cytokine as influential in cell fate determined by p53 in epithelial cells. Finally, these data may explain the association of the P72 variant and the CSF1/CSF1R pathway with increased senescence and radio-resistance in some epithelial tumor types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Azzam
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Xuting Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences-National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Douglas Bell
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences-National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Maureen E. Murphy
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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19
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Teif VB, Erdel F, Beshnova DA, Vainshtein Y, Mallm JP, Rippe K. Taking into account nucleosomes for predicting gene expression. Methods 2013; 62:26-38. [PMID: 23523656 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2013.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The eukaryotic genome is organized in a chain of nucleosomes that consist of 145-147 bp of DNA wrapped around a histone octamer protein core. Binding of transcription factors (TF) to nucleosomal DNA is frequently impeded, which makes it a challenging task to calculate TF occupancy at a given regulatory genomic site for predicting gene expression. Here, we review methods to calculate TF binding to DNA in the presence of nucleosomes. The main theoretical problems are (i) the computation speed that is becoming a bottleneck when partial unwrapping of DNA from the nucleosome is considered, (ii) the perturbation of the binding equilibrium by the activity of ATP-dependent chromatin remodelers, which translocate nucleosomes along the DNA, and (iii) the model parameterization from high-throughput sequencing data and fluorescence microscopy experiments in living cells. We discuss strategies that address these issues to efficiently compute transcription factor binding in chromatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir B Teif
- Research Group Genome Organization & Function, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum-DKFZ & BioQuant, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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20
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Frampton M, da Silva Filho MI, Broderick P, Thomsen H, Försti A, Vijayakrishnan J, Cooke R, Enciso-Mora V, Hoffmann P, Nöthen MM, Lloyd A, Holroyd A, Eisele L, Jöckel KH, Ponader S, von Strandmann EP, Lightfoot T, Roman E, Lake A, Montgomery D, Jarrett RF, Swerdlow AJ, Engert A, Hemminki K, Houlston RS. Variation at 3p24.1 and 6q23.3 influences the risk of Hodgkin's lymphoma. Nat Commun 2013; 4:2549. [PMID: 24149102 PMCID: PMC5053363 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to HLA, recent genome-wide association studies (GWASs) of Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) have identified susceptibility loci for HL at 2p16.1, 8q24.21 and 10p14. In this study, we perform a GWAS meta-analysis with published GWAS (totalling 1,465 cases and 6,417 controls of European background), and follow-up the most significant association signals in 2,024 cases and 1,853 controls. A combined analysis identifies new HL susceptibility loci mapping to 3p24.1 (rs3806624; P=1.14 × 10(-12), odds ratio (OR)=1.26) and 6q23.3 (rs7745098; P=3.42 × 10(-9), OR=1.21). rs3806624 localizes 5' to the EOMES (eomesodermin) gene within a p53 response element affecting p53 binding. rs7745098 maps intergenic to HBS1L and MYB, a region previously associated with haematopoiesis. These findings provide further insight into the genetic and biological basis of inherited susceptibility to HL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Frampton
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK
| | | | - Peter Broderick
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Hauke Thomsen
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Centre, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Asta Försti
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Centre, Heidelberg, Germany
- Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University, 205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Jayaram Vijayakrishnan
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Rosie Cooke
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Victor Enciso-Mora
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Per Hoffmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Genomics Research Group, Medical Genetics, University Hospital Basel
| | - Markus M Nöthen
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Amy Lloyd
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Amy Holroyd
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Lewin Eisele
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg–Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz Jöckel
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg–Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Sabine Ponader
- University Hospital of Cologne, Department of Internal Medicine, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Tracy Lightfoot
- Epidemiology and Cancer Statistics Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK
| | - Eve Roman
- Epidemiology and Cancer Statistics Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK
| | - Annette Lake
- MRC University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Ruth F Jarrett
- MRC University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Anthony J Swerdlow
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK
- Division of Breast Cancer Research, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Andreas Engert
- University Hospital of Cologne, Department of Internal Medicine, Cologne, Germany
| | - Kari Hemminki
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Centre, Heidelberg, Germany
- Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University, 205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Richard S Houlston
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK
- Corresponding author: , Tel: +44 (0) 208-722-4175, Fax: +44 (0) 208-722-4365
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Bansal A, Soni A, Rao P, Singh L, Mishra AK, Mohanty N, Saxena S. Implication of DNA repair genes in prostate tumourigenesis in Indian males. Indian J Med Res 2012; 136:622-32. [PMID: 23168703 PMCID: PMC3516030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES Prostate cancer (CaP) is the fifth most common cancer among Indian men. Tumour protein p53 (TP53) gene increases the fidelity of DNA replication and homologous recombination by transcriptional transactivation of mismatch repair (MMR) genes. DNA repair thus has a potential role in molecular carcinogenesis of CaP. The aim of the present study was to identify mutations, and polymorphisms in TP53 gene and MMR protein expression in CaP in Indian male population. METHODS TP53 codon 72 polymorphism was analysed in 105 CaP, 120 benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) cases and 106 normal controls. Mutational analysis of TP53 was done in DNA extracted from formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue of 80 CaP and 24 BPH cases. Expression of MMR proteins viz. hMLH1, hMSH2, hPMS1 and hPMS2 was studied in 80 CaP, 15 prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) and 15 BPH cases. RESULTS A somatic C/A variation at the intronic boundary of exon 7 in TP53 gene was observed in one each biopsy samples from CaP and BPH. A significant association of codon 72 TP53 Pro/Pro genotype was observed with the risk of CaP (OR, 2.59, P=0.02) and BPH (OR, 6.27, P<0.001). Immunohistochemical analysis of MMR proteins showed maximum loss of hPMS1 expression in cases of CaP and PIN while no loss in expression of MMR proteins was observed in BPH cases. The study also identified a significant loss of hPMS2 protein in poorly differentiated tumours (Gleason score >7) than in well differentiated tumours (Gleason score 3-6) (P<0.05). INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS The results of the present study demonstrate that TP53 codon 72 polymorphism plays significant role in the pathogenesis and susceptibility to CaP and BPH. Also, an aberrant MMR protein expression could be involved in progression of prostate cancer through PIN, early CaP to aggressive CaP. The loss of hPMS2 protein expression may serve as a marker for progression of CaP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anju Bansal
- National Institute of Pathology (ICMR), New Delhi, India
| | - Abha Soni
- National Institute of Pathology (ICMR), New Delhi, India
| | - Punita Rao
- National Institute of Pathology (ICMR), New Delhi, India
| | - L.C. Singh
- National Institute of Pathology (ICMR), New Delhi, India
| | | | - N.K. Mohanty
- Department of Urology, Safdarjung Hospital & VMMC, New Delhi, India
| | - Sunita Saxena
- National Institute of Pathology (ICMR), New Delhi, India,Reprint requests: Dr Sunita Saxena, Director, National Institute of Pathology (ICMR), Safdarjung Hospital Campus, Post Box No. 4909, New Delhi 110 029, India e-mail:
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George Priya Doss C, Rajith B. Computational refinement of functional single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with ATM gene. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34573. [PMID: 22529920 PMCID: PMC3326031 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding and predicting molecular basis of disease is one of the major challenges in modern biology and medicine. SNPs associated with complex disorders can create, destroy, or modify protein coding sites. Single amino acid substitutions in the ATM gene are the most common forms of genetic variations that account for various forms of cancer. However, the extent to which SNPs interferes with the gene regulation and affects cancer susceptibility remains largely unknown. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We analyzed the deleterious nsSNPs associated with ATM gene based on different computational methods. An integrative scoring system and sequence conservation of amino acid residues was adapted for a priori nsSNP analysis of variants associated with cancer. We further extended our approach on SNPs that could potentially influence protein Post Translational Modifications in ATM gene. SIGNIFICANCE In the lack of adequate prior reports on the possible deleterious effects of nsSNPs, we have systematically analyzed and characterized the functional variants in both coding and non coding region that can alter the expression and function of ATM gene. In silico characterization of nsSNPs affecting ATM gene function can aid in better understanding of genetic differences in disease susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- C George Priya Doss
- Centre for Nanobiotechnology, Medical Biotechnology Division, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Abstract
Normal function of the p53 pathway is ubiquitously lost in cancers either through mutation or inactivating interaction with viral or cellular proteins. However, it is difficult in clinical studies to link p53 mutation status to cancer treatment and clinical outcome, suggesting that the p53 pathway is not fully understood. We have recently reported that the human p53 gene expresses not only 1 but 12 different p53 proteins (isoforms) due to alternative splicing, alternative initiation of translation, and alternative promoter usage. p53 isoform proteins thus contain distinct protein domains. They are expressed in normal human tissues but are abnormally expressed in a wide range of cancer types. We have recently reported that p53 isoform expression is associated with breast cancer prognosis, suggesting that they play a role in carcinogenesis. Indeed, the cellular response to damages can be switched from cell cycle arrest to apoptosis by only manipulating p53 isoform expression. This may provide an explanation to the hitherto inconsistent relationship between p53 mutation, treatment response, and outcome in breast cancer. However, the molecular mechanism is still unknown. Recent reports suggest that it involves modulation of gene expression in a p53-dependent and -independent manner. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge about the biological activities of p53 isoforms and propose a molecular mechanism conciliating our current knowledge on p53 and integrating p63 and p73 isoforms in the p53 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie P Khoury
- CR-UK Cell Transformation Research Group, Inserm U858, Inserm-European Associated Laboratory, Centre of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Ninewells Hospital, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
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Nedelkova M, Maresca M, Fu J, Rostovskaya M, Chenna R, Thiede C, Anastassiadis K, Sarov M, Stewart AF. Targeted isolation of cloned genomic regions by recombineering for haplotype phasing and isogenic targeting. Nucleic Acids Res 2011; 39:e137. [PMID: 21852329 PMCID: PMC3203589 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkr668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Studying genetic variations in the human genome is important for understanding phenotypes and complex traits, including rare personal variations and their associations with disease. The interpretation of polymorphisms requires reliable methods to isolate natural genetic variations, including combinations of variations, in a format suitable for downstream analysis. Here, we describe a strategy for targeted isolation of large regions (∼35 kb) from human genomes that is also applicable to any genome of interest. The method relies on recombineering to fish out target fosmid clones from pools and thereby circumvents the laborious need to plate and screen thousands of individual clones. To optimize the method, a new highly recombineering-efficient bacterial host, including inducible TrfA for fosmid copy number amplification, was developed. Various regions were isolated from human embryonic stem cell lines and a personal genome, including highly repetitive and duplicated ones. The maternal and paternal alleles at the MECP2/IRAK 1 loci were distinguished based on identification of novel allele-specific single-nucleotide polymorphisms in regulatory regions. Additionally, we applied further recombineering to construct isogenic targeting vectors for patient-specific applications. These methods will facilitate work to understand the linkage between personal variations and disease propensity, as well as possibilities for personal genome surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Nedelkova
- Technische Universitaet Dresden, Genomics, BioInnovationsZentrum, Dresden, Germany
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Rashi-Elkeles S, Elkon R, Shavit S, Lerenthal Y, Linhart C, Kupershtein A, Amariglio N, Rechavi G, Shamir R, Shiloh Y. Transcriptional modulation induced by ionizing radiation: p53 remains a central player. Mol Oncol 2011; 5:336-48. [PMID: 21795128 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2011.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Revised: 06/22/2011] [Accepted: 06/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The cellular response to DNA damage is vital for maintaining genomic stability and preventing undue cell death or cancer formation. The DNA damage response (DDR), most robustly mobilized by double-strand breaks (DSBs), rapidly activates an extensive signaling network that affects numerous cellular systems, leading to cell survival or programmed cell death. A major component of the DDR is the widespread modulation of gene expression. We analyzed together six datasets that probed transcriptional responses to ionizing radiation (IR) - our novel experimental data and 5 published datasets - to elucidate the scope of this response and identify its gene targets. According to the mRNA expression profiles we recorded from 5 cancerous and non-cancerous human cell lines after exposure to 5 Gy of IR, most of the responses were cell line-specific. Computational analysis identified significant enrichment for p53 target genes and cell cycle-related pathways among groups of up-regulated and down-regulated genes, respectively. Computational promoter analysis of the six datasets disclosed that a statistically significant number of the induced genes contained p53 binding site signatures. p53-mediated regulation had previously been documented for subsets of these gene groups, making our lists a source of novel potential p53 targets. Real-time qPCR and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays validated the IR-induced p53-dependent induction and p53 binding to the respective promoters of 11 selected genes. Our results demonstrate the power of a combined computational and experimental approach to identify new transcriptional targets in the DNA damage response network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Rashi-Elkeles
- The David and Inez Myers Laboratory for Genetic Research, Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Room 1022, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
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Teif VB, Rippe K. Calculating transcription factor binding maps for chromatin. Brief Bioinform 2011; 13:187-201. [PMID: 21737419 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbr037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Current high-throughput experiments already generate enough data for retrieving the DNA sequence-dependent binding affinities of transcription factors (TF) and other chromosomal proteins throughout the complete genome. However, the reverse task of calculating binding maps in a chromatin context for a given set of concentrations and TF affinities appears to be even more challenging and computationally demanding. The problem can be addressed by considering the DNA sequence as a one-dimensional lattice with units of one or more base pairs. To calculate protein occupancies in chromatin, one needs to consider the competition of TF and histone octamers for binding sites as well as the partial unwrapping of nucleosomal DNA. Here, we consider five different classes of algorithms to compute binding maps that include the binary variable, combinatorial, sequence generating function, transfer matrix and dynamic programming approaches. The calculation time of the binary variable algorithm scales exponentially with DNA length, which limits its use to the analysis of very small genomic regions. For regulatory regions with many overlapping binding sites, potentially applicable algorithms reduce either to the transfer matrix or dynamic programming approach. In addition to the recently proposed transfer matrix formalism for TF access to the nucleosomal organized DNA, we develop here a dynamic programming algorithm that accounts for this feature. In the absence of nucleosomes, dynamic programming outperforms the transfer matrix approach, but the latter is faster when nucleosome unwrapping has to be considered. Strategies are discussed that could further facilitate calculations to allow computing genome-wide TF binding maps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir B Teif
- BioQuant and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 267, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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