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Qian L, Chen XQ, Kong D, Wang G, Cao Y, Xiao Y, Cao JY, Zou C. MK8617 inhibits M1 macrophage polarization and inflammation via the HIF-1α/GYS1/UDPG/P2Y 14 pathway. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15591. [PMID: 37404479 PMCID: PMC10317019 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Nonresolving inflammation is a major driver of disease and needs to be taken seriously. Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) is closely associated with inflammation. Hypoxia-inducible factor-prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors (HIF-PHIs), as stabilizers of HIF, have recently been reported to have the ability to block inflammation. We used MK8617, a novel HIF-PHI, to study its effect on macrophage inflammation and to explore its possible mechanisms. Methods Cell viability after MK8617 and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) addition was assessed by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK8) to find the appropriate drug concentration. MK8617 pretreated or unpretreated cells were then stimulated with LPS to induce macrophage polarization and inflammation. Inflammatory indicators in cells were assessed by real-time quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), western blot (WB) and immunofluorescence (IF). The level of uridine diphosphate glucose (UDPG) in the cell supernatant was measured by ELISA. Purinergic G protein-coupled receptor P2Y14, as well as hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and glycogen synthase 1 (GYS1) were detected by qRT-PCR and WB. After UDPG inhibition with glycogen phosphorylase inhibitor (GPI) or knockdown of HIF-1α and GYS1 with lentivirus, P2Y14 and inflammatory indexes of macrophages were detected by qRT-PCR and WB. Results MK8617 reduced LPS-induced release of pro-inflammatory factors as well as UDPG secretion and P2Y14 expression. UDPG upregulated P2Y14 and inflammatory indicators, while inhibition of UDPG suppressed LPS-induced inflammation. In addition, HIF-1α directly regulated GYS1, which encoded glycogen synthase, an enzyme that mediated the synthesis of glycogen by UDPG, thereby affecting UDPG secretion. Knockdown of HIF-1α and GYS1 disrupted the anti-inflammatory effect of MK8617. Conclusions Our study demonstrated the role of MK8617 in macrophage inflammation and revealed that its mechanism of action may be related to the HIF-1α/GYS1/UDPG/P2Y14 pathway, providing new therapeutic ideas for the study of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Qian
- Department of Nephrology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao-qin Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Taizhou School of Clinical Medicine, The Affiliated Taizhou People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Deyang Kong
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen Bao’an District Songgang People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Gaoyuan Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yun Cao
- Department of Nephrology, Taizhou School of Clinical Medicine, The Affiliated Taizhou People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yingchun Xiao
- Department of Nephrology, Taizhou School of Clinical Medicine, The Affiliated Taizhou People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing-yuan Cao
- Department of Nephrology, Taizhou School of Clinical Medicine, The Affiliated Taizhou People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chunbo Zou
- Department of Nephrology, Taizhou School of Clinical Medicine, The Affiliated Taizhou People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China
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2
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Collier H, Albanese A, Kwok CS, Kou J, Rocha S. Functional crosstalk between chromatin and hypoxia signalling. Cell Signal 2023; 106:110660. [PMID: 36990334 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2023.110660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic genomes are organised in a structure called chromatin, comprising of DNA and histone proteins. Chromatin is thus a fundamental regulator of gene expression, as it offers storage and protection but also controls accessibility to DNA. Sensing and responding to reductions in oxygen availability (hypoxia) have recognised importance in both physiological and pathological processes in multicellular organisms. One of the main mechanisms controlling these responses is control of gene expression. Recent findings in the field of hypoxia have highlighted how oxygen and chromatin are intricately linked. This review will focus on mechanisms controlling chromatin in hypoxia, including chromatin regulators such as histone modifications and chromatin remodellers. It will also highlight how these are integrated with hypoxia inducible factors and the knowledge gaps that persist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Collier
- Institute of Systems Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Albanese
- Institute of Systems Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Chun-Sui Kwok
- Institute of Systems Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Jiahua Kou
- Institute of Systems Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Sonia Rocha
- Institute of Systems Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom.
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3
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Roche O, Deguiz ML, Tiana M, Galiana-Ribote C, Martinez-Alcazar D, Rey-Serra C, Ranz-Ribeiro B, Casitas R, Galera R, Fernández-Navarro I, Sánchez-Cuéllar S, Bernard V, Ancochea J, Wasserman WW, García-Rio F, Jimenez B, Del Peso L. Identification of non-coding genetic variants in samples from hypoxemic respiratory disease patients that affect the transcriptional response to hypoxia. Nucleic Acids Res 2016; 44:9315-9330. [PMID: 27625398 PMCID: PMC5100585 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A wide range of diseases course with an unbalance between the consumption of oxygen by tissues and its supply. This situation triggers a transcriptional response, mediated by the hypoxia inducible factors (HIFs), that aims to restore oxygen homeostasis. Little is known about the inter-individual variation in this response and its role in the progression of disease. Herein, we sought to identify common genetic variants mapping to hypoxia response elements (HREs) and characterize their effect on transcription. To this end, we constructed a list of genome-wide HIF-binding regions from publicly available experimental datasets and studied the genetic variability in these regions by targeted re-sequencing of genomic samples from 96 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and 144 obstructive sleep apnea patients. This study identified 14 frequent variants disrupting potential HREs. The analysis of the genomic regions containing these variants by means of reporter assays revealed that variants rs1009329, rs6593210 and rs150921338 impaired the transcriptional response to hypoxia. Finally, using genome editing we confirmed the functional role of rs6593210 in the transcriptional regulation of EGFR. In summary, we found that inter-individual variability in non-coding regions affect the response to hypoxia and could potentially impact on the progression of pulmonary diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Roche
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM) and Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas 'Alberto Sols' (CSIC-UAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain.,IdiPaz, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Paz, 28029 Madrid, Spain.,Unidad de Medicina Molecular, laboratorio de Oncología, CRIB. Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02006, Albacete, Spain
| | - María Laura Deguiz
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM) and Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas 'Alberto Sols' (CSIC-UAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain.,IdiPaz, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Paz, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Tiana
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM) and Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas 'Alberto Sols' (CSIC-UAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain.,IdiPaz, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Paz, 28029 Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Clara Galiana-Ribote
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM) and Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas 'Alberto Sols' (CSIC-UAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Martinez-Alcazar
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM) and Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas 'Alberto Sols' (CSIC-UAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Rey-Serra
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM) and Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas 'Alberto Sols' (CSIC-UAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Ranz-Ribeiro
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM) and Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas 'Alberto Sols' (CSIC-UAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Casitas
- IdiPaz, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Paz, 28029 Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain.,Hospital Universitario La Paz, IdiPAZ, Servicio de Neumología, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Raúl Galera
- IdiPaz, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Paz, 28029 Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain.,Hospital Universitario La Paz, IdiPAZ, Servicio de Neumología, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Fernández-Navarro
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain.,Hospital Universitario La Paz, IdiPAZ, Servicio de Neumología, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Sánchez-Cuéllar
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain.,Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del hospital de La Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Virginie Bernard
- Departamento de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM) 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Julio Ancochea
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain.,Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del hospital de La Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain.,Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Child and Family Research Institute, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Wyeth W Wasserman
- Departamento de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM) 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco García-Rio
- IdiPaz, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Paz, 28029 Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain.,Hospital Universitario La Paz, IdiPAZ, Servicio de Neumología, 28029 Madrid, Spain.,Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Child and Family Research Institute, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Benilde Jimenez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM) and Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas 'Alberto Sols' (CSIC-UAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain.,IdiPaz, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Paz, 28029 Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Del Peso
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM) and Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas 'Alberto Sols' (CSIC-UAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain .,IdiPaz, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Paz, 28029 Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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4
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Abstract
Insulators are regulatory elements that help to organize eukaryotic chromatin via enhancer-blocking and chromatin barrier activity. Although there are several examples of transposable element (TE)-derived insulators, the contribution of TEs to human insulators has not been systematically explored. Mammalian-wide interspersed repeats (MIRs) are a conserved family of TEs that have substantial regulatory capacity and share sequence characteristics with tRNA-related insulators. We sought to evaluate whether MIRs can serve as insulators in the human genome. We applied a bioinformatic screen using genome sequence and functional genomic data from CD4(+) T cells to identify a set of 1,178 predicted MIR insulators genome-wide. These predicted MIR insulators were computationally tested to serve as chromatin barriers and regulators of gene expression in CD4(+) T cells. The activity of predicted MIR insulators was experimentally validated using in vitro and in vivo enhancer-blocking assays. MIR insulators are enriched around genes of the T-cell receptor pathway and reside at T-cell-specific boundaries of repressive and active chromatin. A total of 58% of the MIR insulators predicted here show evidence of T-cell-specific chromatin barrier and gene regulatory activity. MIR insulators appear to be CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) independent and show a distinct local chromatin environment with marked peaks for RNA Pol III and a number of histone modifications, suggesting that MIR insulators recruit transcriptional complexes and chromatin modifying enzymes in situ to help establish chromatin and regulatory domains in the human genome. The provisioning of insulators by MIRs across the human genome suggests a specific mechanism by which TE sequences can be used to modulate gene regulatory networks.
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5
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Gómez-Maldonado L, Tiana M, Roche O, Prado-Cabrero A, Jensen L, Fernandez-Barral A, Guijarro-Muñoz I, Favaro E, Moreno-Bueno G, Sanz L, Aragones J, Harris A, Volpert O, Jimenez B, del Peso L. EFNA3 long noncoding RNAs induced by hypoxia promote metastatic dissemination. Oncogene 2015; 34:2609-20. [PMID: 25023702 PMCID: PMC4722872 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The presence of hypoxic regions in solid tumors is an adverse prognostic factor for patient outcome. Here, we show that hypoxia induces the expression of Ephrin-A3 through a novel hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-mediated mechanism. In response to hypoxia, the coding EFNA3 mRNA levels remained relatively stable, but HIFs drove the expression of previously unknown long noncoding (lnc) RNAs from EFNA3 locus and these lncRNA caused Ephrin-A3 protein accumulation. Ephrins are cell surface proteins that regulate diverse biological processes by modulating cellular adhesion and repulsion. Mounting evidence implicates deregulated ephrin function in multiple aspects of tumor biology. We demonstrate that sustained expression of both Ephrin-A3 and novel EFNA3 lncRNAs increased the metastatic potential of human breast cancer cells, possibly by increasing the ability of tumor cells to extravasate from the blood vessels into surrounding tissue. In agreement, we found a strong correlation between high EFNA3 expression and shorter metastasis-free survival in breast cancer patients. Taken together, our results suggest that hypoxia could contribute to metastatic spread of breast cancer via HIF-mediated induction of EFNA3 lncRNAs and subsequent Ephrin-A3 protein accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Gómez-Maldonado
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM) and Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas ‘Alberto Sols’ (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - M Tiana
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM) and Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas ‘Alberto Sols’ (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - O Roche
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM) and Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas ‘Alberto Sols’ (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
- IdiPaz, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Prado-Cabrero
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM) and Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas ‘Alberto Sols’ (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - L Jensen
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, Linköping University Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Fernandez-Barral
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM) and Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas ‘Alberto Sols’ (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - I Guijarro-Muñoz
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - E Favaro
- Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - G Moreno-Bueno
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM) and Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas ‘Alberto Sols’ (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - L Sanz
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Aragones
- Research Unit, Hospital Universitario Santa Cristina, Research Institute Princesa, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Harris
- Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - O Volpert
- Urology Department, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - B Jimenez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM) and Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas ‘Alberto Sols’ (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - L del Peso
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM) and Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas ‘Alberto Sols’ (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
- IdiPaz, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
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6
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Seruggia D, Fernández A, Cantero M, Pelczar P, Montoliu L. Functional validation of mouse tyrosinase non-coding regulatory DNA elements by CRISPR-Cas9-mediated mutagenesis. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:4855-67. [PMID: 25897126 PMCID: PMC4446435 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Newly developed genome-editing tools, such as the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-Cas9 system, allow simple and rapid genetic modification in most model organisms and human cell lines. Here, we report the production and analysis of mice carrying the inactivation via deletion of a genomic insulator, a key non-coding regulatory DNA element found 5' upstream of the mouse tyrosinase (Tyr) gene. Targeting sequences flanking this boundary in mouse fertilized eggs resulted in the efficient deletion or inversion of large intervening DNA fragments delineated by the RNA guides. The resulting genome-edited mice showed a dramatic decrease in Tyr gene expression as inferred from the evident decrease of coat pigmentation, thus supporting the functionality of this boundary sequence in vivo, at the endogenous locus. Several potential off-targets bearing sequence similarity with each of the two RNA guides used were analyzed and found to be largely intact. This study reports how non-coding DNA elements, even if located in repeat-rich genomic sequences, can be efficiently and functionally evaluated in vivo and, furthermore, it illustrates how the regulatory elements described by the ENCODE and EPIGENOME projects, in the mouse and human genomes, can be systematically validated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Seruggia
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Centre for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Campus Cantoblanco, Darwin 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain CIBERER-ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Almudena Fernández
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Centre for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Campus Cantoblanco, Darwin 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain CIBERER-ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Cantero
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Centre for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Campus Cantoblanco, Darwin 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain CIBERER-ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pawel Pelczar
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lluis Montoliu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Centre for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Campus Cantoblanco, Darwin 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain CIBERER-ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
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7
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Pettersen EO, Ebbesen P, Gieling RG, Williams KJ, Dubois L, Lambin P, Ward C, Meehan J, Kunkler IH, Langdon SP, Ree AH, Flatmark K, Lyng H, Calzada MJ, Peso LD, Landazuri MO, Görlach A, Flamm H, Kieninger J, Urban G, Weltin A, Singleton DC, Haider S, Buffa FM, Harris AL, Scozzafava A, Supuran CT, Moser I, Jobst G, Busk M, Toustrup K, Overgaard J, Alsner J, Pouyssegur J, Chiche J, Mazure N, Marchiq I, Parks S, Ahmed A, Ashcroft M, Pastorekova S, Cao Y, Rouschop KM, Wouters BG, Koritzinsky M, Mujcic H, Cojocari D. Targeting tumour hypoxia to prevent cancer metastasis. From biology, biosensing and technology to drug development: the METOXIA consortium. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2014; 30:689-721. [PMID: 25347767 DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2014.966704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The hypoxic areas of solid cancers represent a negative prognostic factor irrespective of which treatment modality is chosen for the patient. Still, after almost 80 years of focus on the problems created by hypoxia in solid tumours, we still largely lack methods to deal efficiently with these treatment-resistant cells. The consequences of this lack may be serious for many patients: Not only is there a negative correlation between the hypoxic fraction in tumours and the outcome of radiotherapy as well as many types of chemotherapy, a correlation has been shown between the hypoxic fraction in tumours and cancer metastasis. Thus, on a fundamental basis the great variety of problems related to hypoxia in cancer treatment has to do with the broad range of functions oxygen (and lack of oxygen) have in cells and tissues. Therefore, activation-deactivation of oxygen-regulated cascades related to metabolism or external signalling are important areas for the identification of mechanisms as potential targets for hypoxia-specific treatment. Also the chemistry related to reactive oxygen radicals (ROS) and the biological handling of ROS are part of the problem complex. The problem is further complicated by the great variety in oxygen concentrations found in tissues. For tumour hypoxia to be used as a marker for individualisation of treatment there is a need for non-invasive methods to measure oxygen routinely in patient tumours. A large-scale collaborative EU-financed project 2009-2014 denoted METOXIA has studied all the mentioned aspects of hypoxia with the aim of selecting potential targets for new hypoxia-specific therapy and develop the first stage of tests for this therapy. A new non-invasive PET-imaging method based on the 2-nitroimidazole [(18)F]-HX4 was found to be promising in a clinical trial on NSCLC patients. New preclinical models for testing of the metastatic potential of cells were developed, both in vitro (2D as well as 3D models) and in mice (orthotopic grafting). Low density quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR)-based assays were developed measuring multiple hypoxia-responsive markers in parallel to identify tumour hypoxia-related patterns of gene expression. As possible targets for new therapy two main regulatory cascades were prioritised: The hypoxia-inducible-factor (HIF)-regulated cascades operating at moderate to weak hypoxia (<1% O(2)), and the unfolded protein response (UPR) activated by endoplasmatic reticulum (ER) stress and operating at more severe hypoxia (<0.2%). The prioritised targets were the HIF-regulated proteins carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX), the lactate transporter MCT4 and the PERK/eIF2α/ATF4-arm of the UPR. The METOXIA project has developed patented compounds targeting CAIX with a preclinical documented effect. Since hypoxia-specific treatments alone are not curative they will have to be combined with traditional anti-cancer therapy to eradicate the aerobic cancer cell population as well.
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8
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Guertin MJ, Zhang X, Coonrod SA, Hager GL. Transient estrogen receptor binding and p300 redistribution support a squelching mechanism for estradiol-repressed genes. Mol Endocrinol 2014; 28:1522-33. [PMID: 25051172 DOI: 10.1210/me.2014-1130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Proper gene regulation is essential for proper organismal development and appropriate responses to external stimuli. Specialized factors, termed master regulators, are often responsible for orchestrating the molecular events that result from signaling cascades. Master regulators coordinate the activation and repression of specific gene classes. Estrogen receptor α (ER) precipitates the signaling cascade that results from endogenous or exogenous estrogen hormones. ER is a classic transcriptional activator and the mechanisms by which ER coordinates gene activation are well characterized. However, it remains unclear how ER coordinates the immediate repression of genes. We integrated genomic transcription, chromosome looping, transcription factor binding, and chromatin structure data to analyze the molecular cascade that results from estradiol (E2)-induced signaling in human MCF-7 breast cancer cells and addressed the context-specific nature of gene regulation. We defined a class of genes that are immediately repressed upon estrogen stimulation, and we compared and contrasted the molecular characteristics of these repressed genes vs activated and unregulated genes. The most striking and unique feature of the repressed gene class is transient binding of ER at early time points after estrogen stimulation. We also found that p300, a coactivator and acetyltransferase, quantitatively redistributes from non-ER enhancers to ER enhancers after E2 treatment. These data support an extension of the classic physiological squelching model, whereby ER hijacks coactivators from repressed genes and redistributes the coactivators to ER enhancers that activate transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Guertin
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression (M.J.G., G.L.H.), National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine (X.Z.), Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; and Baker Institute for Animal Health (X.Z., S.A.C.), College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
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9
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Transcriptional directionality of the human insulin-degrading enzyme promoter. Mol Cell Biochem 2013; 382:237-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-013-1739-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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10
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Zhang L, Ding Q, Wang P, Wang Z. An upstream promoter element blocks the reverse transcription of the mouse insulin-degrading enzyme gene. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012. [PMID: 23200833 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.11.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Despite the prevalence of bidirectional promoters among the mammalian genomes, the majority of promoters are unidirectional. The mechanism through which unidirectional promoters are prevented from reverse transcription remains to be clarified. Here we investigate the transcriptional directionality of the mouse insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) promoter, which contains a CpG island and has dispersed transcription initiation sites. Although IDE is unidirectionally transcribed according to its genomic context, the basic promoter region of mouse IDE has bidirectional transcriptional properties. The region between -219 and +133 of mouse IDE relative to its first transcription initiation site has bidirectional transcriptional activities, but the region between -350 and +133 can only be transcribed from the normal direction, implying that an upstream promoter element locating between -350 and -219 blocks the reverse transcription of mouse IDE. We further mapped this upstream promoter element to the region between -243 and -287. Promoter mutation analysis showed that the upstream promoter element contains two functional sub-regions. In conclusion, we identified an upstream promoter element which blocks the reverse transcription of mouse IDE. Our studies are suggestive for the transcriptional mechanism of bidirectional promoters in mammalian genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lang Zhang
- Protein Science Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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