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Federico A, Serra A, Ha MK, Kohonen P, Choi JS, Liampa I, Nymark P, Sanabria N, Cattelani L, Fratello M, Kinaret PAS, Jagiello K, Puzyn T, Melagraki G, Gulumian M, Afantitis A, Sarimveis H, Yoon TH, Grafström R, Greco D. Transcriptomics in Toxicogenomics, Part II: Preprocessing and Differential Expression Analysis for High Quality Data. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10050903. [PMID: 32397130 PMCID: PMC7279140 DOI: 10.3390/nano10050903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Preprocessing of transcriptomics data plays a pivotal role in the development of toxicogenomics-driven tools for chemical toxicity assessment. The generation and exploitation of large volumes of molecular profiles, following an appropriate experimental design, allows the employment of toxicogenomics (TGx) approaches for a thorough characterisation of the mechanism of action (MOA) of different compounds. To date, a plethora of data preprocessing methodologies have been suggested. However, in most cases, building the optimal analytical workflow is not straightforward. A careful selection of the right tools must be carried out, since it will affect the downstream analyses and modelling approaches. Transcriptomics data preprocessing spans across multiple steps such as quality check, filtering, normalization, batch effect detection and correction. Currently, there is a lack of standard guidelines for data preprocessing in the TGx field. Defining the optimal tools and procedures to be employed in the transcriptomics data preprocessing will lead to the generation of homogeneous and unbiased data, allowing the development of more reliable, robust and accurate predictive models. In this review, we outline methods for the preprocessing of three main transcriptomic technologies including microarray, bulk RNA-Sequencing (RNA-Seq), and single cell RNA-Sequencing (scRNA-Seq). Moreover, we discuss the most common methods for the identification of differentially expressed genes and to perform a functional enrichment analysis. This review is the second part of a three-article series on Transcriptomics in Toxicogenomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Federico
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland; (A.F.); (A.S.); (L.C.); (M.F.); (P.A.S.K.)
- BioMediTech Institute, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Angela Serra
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland; (A.F.); (A.S.); (L.C.); (M.F.); (P.A.S.K.)
- BioMediTech Institute, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - My Kieu Ha
- Center for Next Generation Cytometry, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea; (M.K.H.); (J.-S.C.); (T.-H.Y.)
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
- Institute of Next Generation Material Design, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Pekka Kohonen
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; (P.K.); (P.N.); (R.G.)
- Division of Toxicology, Misvik Biology, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Jang-Sik Choi
- Center for Next Generation Cytometry, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea; (M.K.H.); (J.-S.C.); (T.-H.Y.)
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
- Institute of Next Generation Material Design, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Irene Liampa
- School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 157 80 Athens, Greece; (I.L.); (H.S.)
| | - Penny Nymark
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; (P.K.); (P.N.); (R.G.)
- Division of Toxicology, Misvik Biology, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Natasha Sanabria
- National Institute for Occupational Health, Johannesburg 30333, South Africa; (N.S.); (M.G.)
| | - Luca Cattelani
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland; (A.F.); (A.S.); (L.C.); (M.F.); (P.A.S.K.)
- BioMediTech Institute, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Michele Fratello
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland; (A.F.); (A.S.); (L.C.); (M.F.); (P.A.S.K.)
- BioMediTech Institute, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Pia Anneli Sofia Kinaret
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland; (A.F.); (A.S.); (L.C.); (M.F.); (P.A.S.K.)
- BioMediTech Institute, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Karolina Jagiello
- QSAR Lab Ltd., Aleja Grunwaldzka 190/102, 80-266 Gdansk, Poland; (K.J.); (T.P.)
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Tomasz Puzyn
- QSAR Lab Ltd., Aleja Grunwaldzka 190/102, 80-266 Gdansk, Poland; (K.J.); (T.P.)
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Georgia Melagraki
- Nanoinformatics Department, NovaMechanics Ltd., Nicosia 1065, Cyprus; (G.M.); (A.A.)
| | - Mary Gulumian
- National Institute for Occupational Health, Johannesburg 30333, South Africa; (N.S.); (M.G.)
- Haematology and Molecular Medicine Department, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa
| | - Antreas Afantitis
- Nanoinformatics Department, NovaMechanics Ltd., Nicosia 1065, Cyprus; (G.M.); (A.A.)
| | - Haralambos Sarimveis
- School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 157 80 Athens, Greece; (I.L.); (H.S.)
| | - Tae-Hyun Yoon
- Center for Next Generation Cytometry, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea; (M.K.H.); (J.-S.C.); (T.-H.Y.)
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
- Institute of Next Generation Material Design, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Roland Grafström
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; (P.K.); (P.N.); (R.G.)
- Division of Toxicology, Misvik Biology, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Dario Greco
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland; (A.F.); (A.S.); (L.C.); (M.F.); (P.A.S.K.)
- BioMediTech Institute, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Correspondence:
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Sangaralingam A, Dayem Ullah AZ, Marzec J, Gadaleta E, Nagano A, Ross-Adams H, Wang J, Lemoine NR, Chelala C. 'Multi-omic' data analysis using O-miner. Brief Bioinform 2019; 20:130-143. [PMID: 28981577 PMCID: PMC6357557 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbx080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Innovations in -omics technologies have driven advances in biomedical research. However, integrating and analysing the large volumes of data generated from different high-throughput -omics technologies remain a significant challenge to basic and clinical scientists without bioinformatics skills or access to bioinformatics support. To address this demand, we have significantly updated our previous O-miner analytical suite, to incorporate several new features and data types to provide an efficient and easy-to-use Web tool for the automated analysis of data from '-omics' technologies. Created from a biologist's perspective, this tool allows for the automated analysis of large and complex transcriptomic, genomic and methylomic data sets, together with biological/clinical information, to identify significantly altered pathways and prioritize novel biomarkers/targets for biological validation. Our resource can be used to analyse both in-house data and the huge amount of publicly available information from array and sequencing platforms. Multiple data sets can be easily combined, allowing for meta-analyses. Here, we describe the analytical pipelines currently available in O-miner and present examples of use to demonstrate its utility and relevance in maximizing research output. O-miner Web server is free to use and is available at http://www.o-miner.org.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jacek Marzec
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London
| | | | - Ai Nagano
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London
| | | | - Jun Wang
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London
| | | | - Claude Chelala
- Barts Cancer Institute, co-Lead of the Computational Biology Centre at the Life Science Initiative, Queen Mary University of London
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Marwah VS, Scala G, Kinaret PAS, Serra A, Alenius H, Fortino V, Greco D. eUTOPIA: solUTion for Omics data PreprocessIng and Analysis. SOURCE CODE FOR BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2019; 14:1. [PMID: 30728855 PMCID: PMC6352382 DOI: 10.1186/s13029-019-0071-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Background Application of microarrays in omics technologies enables quantification of many biomolecules simultaneously. It is widely applied to observe the positive or negative effect on biomolecule activity in perturbed versus the steady state by quantitative comparison. Community resources, such as Bioconductor and CRAN, host tools based on R language that have become standard for high-throughput analytics. However, application of these tools is technically challenging for generic users and require specific computational skills. There is a need for intuitive and easy-to-use platform to process omics data, visualize, and interpret results. Results We propose an integrated software solution, eUTOPIA, that implements a set of essential processing steps as a guided workflow presented to the user as an R Shiny application. Conclusions eUTOPIA allows researchers to perform preprocessing and analysis of microarray data via a simple and intuitive graphical interface while using state of the art methods. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13029-019-0071-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veer Singh Marwah
- 1Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33014 Tampere, Finland.,Institute of Biosciences and Medical Technologies (BioMediTech), 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Giovanni Scala
- 1Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33014 Tampere, Finland.,Institute of Biosciences and Medical Technologies (BioMediTech), 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Pia Anneli Sofia Kinaret
- 1Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33014 Tampere, Finland.,Institute of Biosciences and Medical Technologies (BioMediTech), 33520 Tampere, Finland.,3Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Angela Serra
- 1Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33014 Tampere, Finland.,Institute of Biosciences and Medical Technologies (BioMediTech), 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Harri Alenius
- 4Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.,5Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vittorio Fortino
- 6Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland (Kuopio Campus), FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Dario Greco
- 1Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33014 Tampere, Finland.,Institute of Biosciences and Medical Technologies (BioMediTech), 33520 Tampere, Finland.,3Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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Inman GJ, Wang J, Nagano A, Alexandrov LB, Purdie KJ, Taylor RG, Sherwood V, Thomson J, Hogan S, Spender LC, South AP, Stratton M, Chelala C, Harwood CA, Proby CM, Leigh IM. The genomic landscape of cutaneous SCC reveals drivers and a novel azathioprine associated mutational signature. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3667. [PMID: 30202019 PMCID: PMC6131170 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06027-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) has a high tumour mutational burden (50 mutations per megabase DNA pair). Here, we combine whole-exome analyses from 40 primary cSCC tumours, comprising 20 well-differentiated and 20 moderately/poorly differentiated tumours, with accompanying clinical data from a longitudinal study of immunosuppressed and immunocompetent patients and integrate this analysis with independent gene expression studies. We identify commonly mutated genes, copy number changes and altered pathways and processes. Comparisons with tumour differentiation status suggest events which may drive disease progression. Mutational signature analysis reveals the presence of a novel signature (signature 32), whose incidence correlates with chronic exposure to the immunosuppressive drug azathioprine. Characterisation of a panel of 15 cSCC tumour-derived cell lines reveals that they accurately reflect the mutational signatures and genomic alterations of primary tumours and provide a valuable resource for the validation of tumour drivers and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth J Inman
- Division of Cancer Research, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK.
| | - Jun Wang
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK.
| | - Ai Nagano
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Ludmil B Alexandrov
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Department of Bioengineering and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Karin J Purdie
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 2AT, UK
| | - Richard G Taylor
- Division of Cancer Research, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Victoria Sherwood
- Division of Cancer Research, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Jason Thomson
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 2AT, UK
| | - Sarah Hogan
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 2AT, UK
| | - Lindsay C Spender
- Division of Cancer Research, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Andrew P South
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Michael Stratton
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Claude Chelala
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Catherine A Harwood
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 2AT, UK
| | - Charlotte M Proby
- Division of Cancer Research, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Irene M Leigh
- Division of Cancer Research, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK.
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5
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Teran Hidalgo SJ, Wu M, Ma S. Assisted clustering of gene expression data using ANCut. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:623. [PMID: 28814280 PMCID: PMC5559859 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-3990-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In biomedical research, gene expression profiling studies have been extensively conducted. The analysis of gene expression data has led to a deeper understanding of human genetics as well as practically useful models. Clustering analysis has been a critical component of gene expression data analysis and can reveal the (previously unknown) interconnections among genes. With the high dimensionality of gene expression data, many of the existing clustering methods and results are not as satisfactory. Intuitively, this is caused by "a lack of information". In recent profiling studies, a prominent trend is to collect data on gene expressions as well as their regulators (copy number alteration, microRNA, methylation, etc.) on the same subjects, making it possible to borrow information from other types of omics measurements in gene expression analysis. METHODS In this study, an ANCut approach is developed, which is built on the regularized estimation and NCut techniques. An effective R code that implements this approach is developed. RESULTS Simulation shows that the proposed approach outperforms direct competitors. The analysis of TCGA (The Cancer Genome Atlas) data further demonstrates its satisfactory performance. CONCLUSIONS We propose a more effective clustering analysis of gene expression data, with the assistance of information from regulators. It provides a new venue for analyzing gene expression data based on the assisted analysis strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mengyun Wu
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale University, 60 College Street, New Haven, 06520 USA
- School of Statistics and Management, Shanghai University of Finance and Economics, 777 Guoding Road, Shanghai, 200433 China
| | - Shuangge Ma
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale University, 60 College Street, New Haven, 06520 USA
- Department of Statistics, Taiyuan University of Technology, 79 Yingze W St, Wanbailin Qu, Shanxi Sheng, 030024 Taiyuan Shi People’s Republic of China
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Locke M, Ghazaly E, Freitas MO, Mitsinga M, Lattanzio L, Lo Nigro C, Nagano A, Wang J, Chelala C, Szlosarek P, Martin SA. Inhibition of the Polyamine Synthesis Pathway Is Synthetically Lethal with Loss of Argininosuccinate Synthase 1. Cell Rep 2016; 16:1604-1613. [PMID: 27452468 PMCID: PMC4978703 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.06.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Argininosuccinate synthase 1 (ASS1) is the rate-limiting enzyme for arginine biosynthesis. ASS1 expression is lost in a range of tumor types, including 50% of malignant pleural mesotheliomas. Starving ASS1-deficient cells of arginine with arginine blockers such as ADI-PEG20 can induce selective lethality and has shown great promise in the clinical setting. We have generated a model of ADI-PEG20 resistance in mesothelioma cells. This resistance is mediated through re-expression of ASS1 via demethylation of the ASS1 promoter. Through coordinated transcriptomic and metabolomic profiling, we have shown that ASS1-deficient cells have decreased levels of acetylated polyamine metabolites, together with a compensatory increase in the expression of polyamine biosynthetic enzymes. Upon arginine deprivation, polyamine metabolites are decreased in the ASS1-deficient cells and in plasma isolated from ASS1-deficient mesothelioma patients. We identify a synthetic lethal dependence between ASS1 deficiency and polyamine metabolism, which could potentially be exploited for the treatment of ASS1-negative cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Locke
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Essam Ghazaly
- Centre for Haemato-oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Marta O Freitas
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Mikaella Mitsinga
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Laura Lattanzio
- Laboratorio di Genetica Oncologica ed Oncologia Translazionale and Dipartimento di Oncologia, Azienda Ospedaliera S. Croce e Carle, 12100 Cuneo, Italy
| | - Cristiana Lo Nigro
- Laboratorio di Genetica Oncologica ed Oncologia Translazionale and Dipartimento di Oncologia, Azienda Ospedaliera S. Croce e Carle, 12100 Cuneo, Italy
| | - Ai Nagano
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Jun Wang
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Claude Chelala
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Peter Szlosarek
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Sarah A Martin
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.
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Cutts RJ, Guerra-Assunção JA, Gadaleta E, Dayem Ullah AZ, Chelala C. BCCTBbp: the Breast Cancer Campaign Tissue Bank bioinformatics portal. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 43:D831-6. [PMID: 25332396 PMCID: PMC4384036 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BCCTBbp (http://bioinformatics.breastcancertissuebank.org) was initially developed as the data-mining portal of the Breast Cancer Campaign Tissue Bank (BCCTB), a vital resource of breast cancer tissue for researchers to support and promote cutting-edge research. BCCTBbp is dedicated to maximising research on patient tissues by initially storing genomics, methylomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and microRNA data that has been mined from the literature and linking to pathways and mechanisms involved in breast cancer. Currently, the portal holds 146 datasets comprising over 227 795 expression/genomic measurements from various breast tissues (e.g. normal, malignant or benign lesions), cell lines and body fluids. BCCTBbp can be used to build on breast cancer knowledge and maximise the value of existing research. By recording a large number of annotations on samples and studies, and linking to other databases, such as NCBI, Ensembl and Reactome, a wide variety of different investigations can be carried out. Additionally, BCCTBbp has a dedicated analytical layer allowing researchers to further analyse stored datasets. A future important role for BCCTBbp is to make available all data generated on BCCTB tissues thus building a valuable resource of information on the tissues in BCCTB that will save repetition of experiments and expand scientific knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalind J Cutts
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - José Afonso Guerra-Assunção
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Emanuela Gadaleta
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Abu Z Dayem Ullah
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Claude Chelala
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
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8
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Systems metabolic engineering in an industrial setting. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:2319-26. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-4738-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Revised: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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