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Rzechorzek NJ, Kunzelmann S, Purkiss AG, Silva Dos Santos M, MacRae JI, Taylor IA, Fugger K, West SC. Mechanism of substrate hydrolysis by the human nucleotide pool sanitiser DNPH1. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6809. [PMID: 37884503 PMCID: PMC10603095 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42544-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors are used in the clinic to treat BRCA-deficient breast, ovarian and prostate cancers. As their efficacy is potentiated by loss of the nucleotide salvage factor DNPH1 there is considerable interest in the development of highly specific small molecule DNPH1 inhibitors. Here, we present X-ray crystal structures of dimeric DNPH1 bound to its substrate hydroxymethyl deoxyuridine monophosphate (hmdUMP). Direct interaction with the hydroxymethyl group is important for substrate positioning, while conserved residues surrounding the base facilitate target discrimination. Glycosidic bond cleavage is driven by a conserved catalytic triad and proceeds via a two-step mechanism involving formation and subsequent disruption of a covalent glycosyl-enzyme intermediate. Mutation of a previously uncharacterised yet conserved glutamate traps the intermediate in the active site, demonstrating its role in the hydrolytic step. These observations define the enzyme's catalytic site and mechanism of hydrolysis, and provide important insights for inhibitor discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil J Rzechorzek
- DNA Recombination and Repair Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Simone Kunzelmann
- Structural Biology Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Andrew G Purkiss
- Structural Biology Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Mariana Silva Dos Santos
- Metabolomics Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - James I MacRae
- Metabolomics Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Ian A Taylor
- Macromolecular Structure Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Kasper Fugger
- DNA Recombination and Repair Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
- University College London Cancer Institute, 72 Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Stephen C West
- DNA Recombination and Repair Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK.
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2
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Hung SH, Elliott GI, Ramkumar TR, Burtnyak L, McGrenaghan CJ, Alkuzweny S, Quaiyum S, Iwata-Reuyl D, Pan X, Green BD, Kelly VP, de Crécy-Lagard V, Swairjo M. Structural basis of Qng1-mediated salvage of the micronutrient queuine from queuosine-5'-monophosphate as the biological substrate. Nucleic Acids Res 2023; 51:935-951. [PMID: 36610787 PMCID: PMC9881137 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac1231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic life benefits from-and ofttimes critically relies upon-the de novo biosynthesis and supply of vitamins and micronutrients from bacteria. The micronutrient queuosine (Q), derived from diet and/or the gut microbiome, is used as a source of the nucleobase queuine, which once incorporated into the anticodon of tRNA contributes to translational efficiency and accuracy. Here, we report high-resolution, substrate-bound crystal structures of the Sphaerobacter thermophilus queuine salvage protein Qng1 (formerly DUF2419) and of its human ortholog QNG1 (C9orf64), which together with biochemical and genetic evidence demonstrate its function as the hydrolase releasing queuine from queuosine-5'-monophosphate as the biological substrate. We also show that QNG1 is highly expressed in the liver, with implications for Q salvage and recycling. The essential role of this family of hydrolases in supplying queuine in eukaryotes places it at the nexus of numerous (patho)physiological processes associated with queuine deficiency, including altered metabolism, proliferation, differentiation and cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shr-Hau Hung
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
- The Viral Information Institute, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Gregory I Elliott
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Thakku R Ramkumar
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Lyubomyr Burtnyak
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Callum J McGrenaghan
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Sana Alkuzweny
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Samia Quaiyum
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Dirk Iwata-Reuyl
- Department of Chemistry, PO Box 751 Portland State University, Portland, OR 97207, USA
| | - Xiaobei Pan
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Brian D Green
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Vincent P Kelly
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Valérie de Crécy-Lagard
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- University of Florida Genetics Institute, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Manal A Swairjo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
- The Viral Information Institute, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
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3
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Bobonis J, Mitosch K, Mateus A, Karcher N, Kritikos G, Selkrig J, Zietek M, Monzon V, Pfalz B, Garcia-Santamarina S, Galardini M, Sueki A, Kobayashi C, Stein F, Bateman A, Zeller G, Savitski MM, Elfenbein JR, Andrews-Polymenis HL, Typas A. Bacterial retrons encode phage-defending tripartite toxin-antitoxin systems. Nature 2022; 609:144-150. [PMID: 35850148 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05091-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Retrons are prokaryotic genetic retroelements encoding a reverse transcriptase that produces multi-copy single-stranded DNA1 (msDNA). Despite decades of research on the biosynthesis of msDNA2, the function and physiological roles of retrons have remained unknown. Here we show that Retron-Sen2 of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium encodes an accessory toxin protein, STM14_4640, which we renamed as RcaT. RcaT is neutralized by the reverse transcriptase-msDNA antitoxin complex, and becomes active upon perturbation of msDNA biosynthesis. The reverse transcriptase is required for binding to RcaT, and the msDNA is required for the antitoxin activity. The highly prevalent RcaT-containing retron family constitutes a new type of tripartite DNA-containing toxin-antitoxin system. To understand the physiological roles of such toxin-antitoxin systems, we developed toxin activation-inhibition conjugation (TAC-TIC), a high-throughput reverse genetics approach that identifies the molecular triggers and blockers of toxin-antitoxin systems. By applying TAC-TIC to Retron-Sen2, we identified multiple trigger and blocker proteins of phage origin. We demonstrate that phage-related triggers directly modify the msDNA, thereby activating RcaT and inhibiting bacterial growth. By contrast, prophage proteins circumvent retrons by directly blocking RcaT. Consistently, retron toxin-antitoxin systems act as abortive infection anti-phage defence systems, in line with recent reports3,4. Thus, RcaT retrons are tripartite DNA-regulated toxin-antitoxin systems, which use the reverse transcriptase-msDNA complex both as an antitoxin and as a sensor of phage protein activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Bobonis
- Genome Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
- Collaboration for joint PhD degree between EMBL and Heidelberg University, Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Karin Mitosch
- Genome Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - André Mateus
- Genome Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
- The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå, Sweden
| | - Nicolai Karcher
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - George Kritikos
- Genome Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joel Selkrig
- Genome Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matylda Zietek
- Genome Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Vivian Monzon
- European Bioinformatics Institute, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hinxton, UK
| | - Birgit Pfalz
- Genome Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sarela Garcia-Santamarina
- Genome Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Chemical and Biological Technology António Xavier, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Marco Galardini
- Institute for Molecular Bacteriology, TWINCORE Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hannover, Germany
| | - Anna Sueki
- Genome Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Callie Kobayashi
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Frank Stein
- Proteomics Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alex Bateman
- European Bioinformatics Institute, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hinxton, UK
| | - Georg Zeller
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mikhail M Savitski
- Genome Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
- Proteomics Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Johanna R Elfenbein
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
| | | | - Athanasios Typas
- Genome Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Abstract
Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) is an antiviral signalling protein that is broadly conserved in both innate immunity in animals and phage defence in prokaryotes1-4. Activation of STING requires its assembly into an oligomeric filament structure through binding of a cyclic dinucleotide4-13, but the molecular basis of STING filament assembly and extension remains unknown. Here we use cryogenic electron microscopy to determine the structure of the active Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR)-STING filament complex from a Sphingobacterium faecium cyclic-oligonucleotide-based antiphage signalling system (CBASS) defence operon. Bacterial TIR-STING filament formation is driven by STING interfaces that become exposed on high-affinity recognition of the cognate cyclic dinucleotide signal c-di-GMP. Repeating dimeric STING units stack laterally head-to-head through surface interfaces, which are also essential for human STING tetramer formation and downstream immune signalling in mammals5. The active bacterial TIR-STING structure reveals further cross-filament contacts that brace the assembly and coordinate packing of the associated TIR NADase effector domains at the base of the filament to drive NAD+ hydrolysis. STING interface and cross-filament contacts are essential for cell growth arrest in vivo and reveal a stepwise mechanism of activation whereby STING filament assembly is required for subsequent effector activation. Our results define the structural basis of STING filament formation in prokaryotic antiviral signalling.
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5
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Kang M, Doddapaneni K, Sarni S, Heppner Z, Wysocki V, Wu Z. Solution structure of the nucleotide hydrolase BlsM: Implication of its substrate specificity. Protein Sci 2021; 29:1760-1773. [PMID: 31876335 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Biosynthesis of the peptidyl nucleoside antifungal agent blasticidin S in Streptomyces griseochromogenes requires the hydrolytic function of a nucleotide hydrolase, BlsM, to excise the free cytosine from the 5'-monophosphate cytosine nucleotide. In addition to its hydrolytic activity, interestingly, BlsM has also been shown to possess a novel cytidine deaminase activity, converting cytidine, and deoxycytidine to uridine and deoxyuridine. To gain insight into the substrate specificity of BlsM and the mechanism by which it performs these dual function, the solution structure of BlsM was determined by multi-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance approaches. BlsM displays a nucleoside deoxyribosyltransferase-like dimeric topology, with each monomer consisting of a five-stranded β-sheet that is sandwiched by five α-helixes. Compared with the purine nucleotide hydrolase RCL, each monomer of BlsM has a smaller active site pocket, enclosed by a group of conserved hydrophobic residues from both monomers. The smaller size of active site is consistent with its substrate specificity for a pyrimidine, whereas a much more open active site, as in RCL might be required to accommodate a larger purine ring. In addition, BlsM confers its substrate specificity for a ribosyl-nucleotide through a key residue, Phe19. When mutated to a tyrosine, F19Y reverses its substrate preference. While significantly impaired in its hydrolytic capability, F19Y exhibited a pronounced deaminase activity on CMP, presumably due to an altered substrate orientation as a result of a steric clash between the 2'-hydroxyl of CMP and the ζ-OH group of F19Y. Finally, Glu105 appears to be critical for the dual function of BlsM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minhee Kang
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Kiran Doddapaneni
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Samantha Sarni
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Zach Heppner
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Vicki Wysocki
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Zhengrong Wu
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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6
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Acosta J, Del Arco J, Pisabarro V, Gago F, Fernández-Lucas J. N-Ribosyltransferase From Archaeoglobus veneficus: A Novel Halotolerant and Thermostable Biocatalyst for the Synthesis of Purine Ribonucleoside Analogs. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:593. [PMID: 32612982 PMCID: PMC7308715 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleoside-2′-deoxyribosyl-transferases (NDTs) catalyze a transglycosylation reaction consisting of the exchange of the 2′-deoxyribose moiety between a purine and/or pyrimidine nucleoside and a purine and/or pyrimidine base. Because NDTs are highly specific for 2′-deoxyribonucleosides they generally display poor activity on modified C2′ and C3′ nucleosides and this limitation hampers their applicability as biocatalysts for the synthesis of modified nucleosides. We now report the production and purification of a novel NDT from Archaeoglobus veneficus that is endowed with native ribosyltransferase activity and hence it is more properly classified as an N-ribosyltransferase (AvNRT). Biophysical and biochemical characterization revealed that AvNRT is a homotetramer that displays maximum activity at 80°C and pH 6 and shows remarkably high stability at high temperatures (60–80°C). In addition, the activity of AvNRT was found to increase up to 2-fold in 4 M NaCl aqueous solution and to be retained in the presence of several water-miscible organic solvents. For completeness, and as a proof of concept for possible industrial applications, this thermophilic and halotolerant biocatalyst was successfully employed in the synthesis of different purine ribonucleoside analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Acosta
- Applied Biotechnology Group, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Urbanización El Bosque, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jon Del Arco
- Applied Biotechnology Group, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Urbanización El Bosque, Madrid, Spain
| | - Victor Pisabarro
- Applied Biotechnology Group, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Urbanización El Bosque, Madrid, Spain
| | - Federico Gago
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and "IQM-CSIC Associated Unit", School of Medicine and Health Sciences University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Fernández-Lucas
- Applied Biotechnology Group, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Urbanización El Bosque, Madrid, Spain.,Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, GICNEX, Universidad de la Costa, CUC, Barranquilla, Colombia
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7
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Del Arco J, Mills A, Gago F, Fernández-Lucas J. Structure-Guided Tuning of a Selectivity Switch towards Ribonucleosides in Trypanosoma brucei Purine Nucleoside 2'-Deoxyribosyltransferase. Chembiochem 2019; 20:2996-3000. [PMID: 31264760 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The use of nucleoside 2'-deoxyribosyltransferases (NDTs) as biocatalysts for the industrial synthesis of nucleoside analogues is often hindered by their strict preference for 2'-deoxyribonucleosides. It is shown herein that a highly versatile purine NDT from Trypanosoma brucei (TbPDT) can also accept ribonucleosides as substrates; this is most likely because of the distinct role played by Asn53 at a position that is usually occupied by Asp in other NDTs. Moreover, this unusual activity was improved about threefold by introducing a single amino acid replacement at position 5, following a structure-guided approach. Biophysical and biochemical characterization revealed that the TbPDTY5F variant is a homodimer that displays maximum activity at 50 °C and pH 6.5 and shows a remarkably high melting temperature of 69 °C. Substrate specificity studies demonstrate that 6-oxopurine ribonucleosides are the best donors (inosine>guanosine≫adenosine), whereas no significant preferences exist between 6-aminopurines and 6-oxopurines as base acceptors. In contrast, no transferase activity could be detected on xanthine and 7-deazapurines. TbPDTY5F was successfully employed in the synthesis of a wide range of modified ribonucleosides containing different purine analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Del Arco
- Applied Biotechnology Group, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670, Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Mills
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and "U. A. IQM-CSIC", School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28805, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Federico Gago
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and "U. A. IQM-CSIC", School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28805, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Fernández-Lucas
- Applied Biotechnology Group, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670, Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, Spain.,Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, GICNEX, Universidad de la Costa, CUC, Calle 58 # 55-66, 080002, Barranquilla, Colombia
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8
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Niu G, Zheng J, Tan H. Biosynthesis and combinatorial biosynthesis of antifungal nucleoside antibiotics. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2017; 60:939-947. [DOI: 10.1007/s11427-017-9116-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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9
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Structural basis of the substrate preference towards CMP for a thymidylate synthase MilA involved in mildiomycin biosynthesis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:39675. [PMID: 28000775 PMCID: PMC5175136 DOI: 10.1038/srep39675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Modified pyrimidine monophosphates such as methyl dCMP (mdCMP), hydroxymethyl dUMP (hmdUMP) and hmdCMP in some phages are synthesized by a large group of enzymes termed as thymidylate synthases (TS). Thymidylate is a nucleotide required for DNA synthesis and thus TS is an important drug target. In the biosynthetic pathway of the nucleoside fungicide mildiomycin isolated from Streptomyces rimofaciens ZJU5119, a cytidylate (CMP) hydroxymethylase, MilA, catalyzes the conversion of CMP into 5′-hydroxymethyl CMP (hmCMP) with an efficiency (kcat/KM) of 5-fold faster than for deoxycytidylate (dCMP). MilA is thus the first enzyme of the TS superfamily preferring CMP to dCMP. Here, we determined the crystal structures of MilA and its complexes with various substrates including CMP, dCMP and hmCMP. Comparing these structures to those of dCMP hydroxymethylase (CH) from T4 phage and TS from Escherichia coli revealed that two residues in the active site of CH and TS, a serine and an arginine, are respectively replaced by an alanine and a lysine, Ala176 and Lys133, in MilA. Mutation of A176S/K133R of MilA resulted in a reversal of substrate preference from CMP to dCMP. This is the first study reporting the evolution of the conserved TS in substrate selection from DNA metabolism to secondary nucleoside biosynthesis.
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10
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Natural and engineered biosynthesis of nucleoside antibiotics in Actinomycetes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 43:401-17. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-015-1636-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Nucleoside antibiotics constitute an important family of microbial natural products bearing diverse bioactivities and unusual structural features. Their biosynthetic logics are unique with involvement of complex multi-enzymatic reactions leading to the intricate molecules from simple building blocks. Understanding how nature builds this family of antibiotics in post-genomic era sets the stage for rational enhancement of their production, and also paves the way for targeted persuasion of the cell factories to make artificial designer nucleoside drugs and leads via synthetic biology approaches. In this review, we discuss the recent progress and perspectives on the natural and engineered biosynthesis of nucleoside antibiotics.
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11
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Niu G, Tan H. Nucleoside antibiotics: biosynthesis, regulation, and biotechnology. Trends Microbiol 2015; 23:110-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2014.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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