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Tenorio-Salgado S, Villalpando-Aguilar JL, Hernandez-Guerrero R, Poot-Hernández AC, Perez-Rueda E. Exploring the enzymatic repertoires of Bacteria and Archaea and their associations with metabolic maps. Braz J Microbiol 2024:10.1007/s42770-024-01462-3. [PMID: 39052173 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-024-01462-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The evolution, survival, and adaptation of microbes are consequences of gene duplication, acquisition, and divergence in response to environmental challenges. In this context, enzymes play a central role in the evolution of organisms, because they are fundamental in cell metabolism. Here, we analyzed the enzymatic repertoire in 6,467 microbial genomes, including their abundances, and their associations with metabolic maps. We found that the enzymes follow a power-law distribution, in relation to the genome sizes. Therefore, we evaluated the total proportion enzymatic classes in relation to the genomes, identifying a descending-order proportion: transferases (EC:2.-), hydrolases (EC:3.-), oxidoreductases (EC:1.-), ligases (EC:6.-), lyases (EC:4.-), isomerases (EC:5.-), and translocases (EC:7-.). In addition, we identified a preferential use of enzymatic classes in metabolism pathways for xenobiotics, cofactors and vitamins, carbohydrates, amino acids, glycans, and energy. Therefore, this analysis provides clues about the functional constraints associated with the enzymatic repertoire of functions in Bacteria and Archaea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Tenorio-Salgado
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Matemáticas Aplicadas y en Sistemas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Unidad Académica del Estado de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, México
- Tecnológico Nacional de México, Instituto Tecnológico de Mérida, Av. Tecnológico km. 4.5, 97118, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico
| | - José Luis Villalpando-Aguilar
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Matemáticas Aplicadas y en Sistemas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Unidad Académica del Estado de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, México
- Facultad Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Vizcaya de las Américas, Prolongación Allende, Campeche, 24035, Campeche, Mexico
| | - Rafael Hernandez-Guerrero
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Matemáticas Aplicadas y en Sistemas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Unidad Académica del Estado de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Augusto César Poot-Hernández
- Unidad de Bioinformática y Manejo de la Información. Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Ernesto Perez-Rueda
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Matemáticas Aplicadas y en Sistemas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Unidad Académica del Estado de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, México.
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Seppi M, Pasqualini J, Facchin S, Savarino EV, Suweis S. Emergent Functional Organization of Gut Microbiomes in Health and Diseases. Biomolecules 2023; 14:5. [PMID: 38275746 PMCID: PMC10813293 DOI: 10.3390/biom14010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Continuous and significant progress in sequencing technologies and bioinformatics pipelines has revolutionized our comprehension of microbial communities, especially for human microbiomes. However, most studies have focused on studying the taxonomic composition of the microbiomes and we are still not able to characterize dysbiosis and unveil the underlying ecological consequences. This study explores the emergent organization of functional abundances and correlations of gut microbiomes in health and disease. Leveraging metagenomic sequences, taxonomic and functional tables are constructed, enabling comparative analysis. First, we show that emergent taxonomic and functional patterns are not useful to characterize dysbiosis. Then, through differential abundance analyses applied to functions, we reveal distinct functional compositions in healthy versus unhealthy microbiomes. In addition, we inquire into the functional correlation structure, revealing significant differences between the healthy and unhealthy groups, which may significantly contribute to understanding dysbiosis. Our study demonstrates that scrutinizing the functional organization in the microbiome provides novel insights into the underlying state of the microbiome. The shared data structure underlying the functional and taxonomic compositions allows for a comprehensive macroecological examination. Our findings not only shed light on dysbiosis, but also underscore the importance of studying functional interrelationships for a nuanced understanding of the dynamics of the microbial community. This research proposes a novel approach, bridging the gap between microbial ecology and functional analyses, promising a deeper understanding of the intricate world of the gut microbiota and its implications for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Seppi
- Laboratory of Interdisciplinary Physics (LIPh), Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Padua, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padua, Italy; (M.S.); (J.P.)
| | - Jacopo Pasqualini
- Laboratory of Interdisciplinary Physics (LIPh), Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Padua, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padua, Italy; (M.S.); (J.P.)
| | - Sonia Facchin
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology (DiSCOG), University of Padua, Via Giustiniani 2, 35121 Padua, Italy; (S.F.); (E.V.S.)
| | - Edoardo Vincenzo Savarino
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology (DiSCOG), University of Padua, Via Giustiniani 2, 35121 Padua, Italy; (S.F.); (E.V.S.)
| | - Samir Suweis
- Laboratory of Interdisciplinary Physics (LIPh), Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Padua, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padua, Italy; (M.S.); (J.P.)
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Gondhalekar R, Kempes CP, McGlynn SE. Scaling of Protein Function across the Tree of Life. Genome Biol Evol 2023; 15:evad214. [PMID: 38007693 PMCID: PMC10715193 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evad214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Scaling laws are a powerful way to compare genomes because they put all organisms onto a single curve and reveal nontrivial generalities as genomes change in size. The abundance of functional categories across genomes has previously been found to show power law scaling with respect to the total number of functional categories, suggesting that universal constraints shape genomic category abundance. Here, we look across the tree of life to understand how genome evolution may be related to functional scaling. We revisit previous observations of functional genome scaling with an expanded taxonomy by analyzing 3,726 bacterial, 220 archaeal, and 79 unicellular eukaryotic genomes. We find that for some functional classes, scaling is best described by multiple exponents, revealing previously unobserved shifts in scaling as genome-encoded protein annotations increase or decrease. Furthermore, we find that scaling varies between phyletic groups at both the domain and phyla levels and is less universal than previously thought. This variability in functional scaling is not related to taxonomic phylogeny resolved at the phyla level, suggesting that differences in cell plan or physiology outweigh broad patterns of taxonomic evolution. Since genomes are maintained and replicated by the functional proteins encoded by them, these results point to functional degeneracy between taxonomic groups and unique evolutionary trajectories toward these. We also find that individual phyla frequently span scaling exponents of functional classes, revealing that individual clades can move across scaling exponents. Together, our results reveal unique shifts in functions across the tree of life and highlight that as genomes grow or shrink, proteins of various functions may be added or lost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riddhi Gondhalekar
- Earth-Life Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Shawn Erin McGlynn
- Earth-Life Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
- Blue Marble Space Institute of Science, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, Saitama, Japan
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Tovo A, Menzel P, Krogh A, Cosentino Lagomarsino M, Suweis S. Taxonomic classification method for metagenomics based on core protein families with Core-Kaiju. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:e93. [PMID: 32633756 PMCID: PMC7498351 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Characterizing species diversity and composition of bacteria hosted by biota is revolutionizing our understanding of the role of symbiotic interactions in ecosystems. Determining microbiomes diversity implies the assignment of individual reads to taxa by comparison to reference databases. Although computational methods aimed at identifying the microbe(s) taxa are available, it is well known that inferences using different methods can vary widely depending on various biases. In this study, we first apply and compare different bioinformatics methods based on 16S ribosomal RNA gene and shotgun sequencing to three mock communities of bacteria, of which the compositions are known. We show that none of these methods can infer both the true number of taxa and their abundances. We thus propose a novel approach, named Core-Kaiju, which combines the power of shotgun metagenomics data with a more focused marker gene classification method similar to 16S, but based on emergent statistics of core protein domain families. We thus test the proposed method on various mock communities and we show that Core-Kaiju reliably predicts both number of taxa and abundances. Finally, we apply our method on human gut samples, showing how Core-Kaiju may give more accurate ecological characterization and a fresh view on real microbiomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Tovo
- Physics and Astronomy Department, LIPh Lab, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy.,Mathematics Department, University of Padova, via Trieste 63, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Peter Menzel
- Labor Berlin Charité Vivantes GmbH, Sylter Str. 2, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anders Krogh
- Department of Computer Science, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 1, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marco Cosentino Lagomarsino
- IFOM, FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20143 Milan, Italy.,Physics Department, University of Milan, and I.N.F.N., Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Samir Suweis
- Physics and Astronomy Department, LIPh Lab, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy.,Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, Via Orus 2/B, 35131 Padova, Italy
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