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Foster LJ, Tsvetkov N, McAfee A. Mechanisms of Pathogen and Pesticide Resistance in Honey Bees. Physiology (Bethesda) 2024; 39:0. [PMID: 38411571 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00033.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Bees are the most important insect pollinators of the crops humans grow, and Apis mellifera, the Western honey bee, is the most commonly managed species for this purpose. In addition to providing agricultural services, the complex biology of honey bees has been the subject of scientific study since the 18th century, and the intricate behaviors of honey bees and ants, fellow hymenopterans, inspired much sociobiological inquest. Unfortunately, honey bees are constantly exposed to parasites, pathogens, and xenobiotics, all of which pose threats to their health. Despite our curiosity about and dependence on honey bees, defining the molecular mechanisms underlying their interactions with biotic and abiotic stressors has been challenging. The very aspects of their physiology and behavior that make them so important to agriculture also make them challenging to study, relative to canonical model organisms. However, because we rely on A. mellifera so much for pollination, we must continue our efforts to understand what ails them. Here, we review major advancements in our knowledge of honey bee physiology, focusing on immunity and detoxification, and highlight some challenges that remain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard J Foster
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Michael Smith LaboratoriesUniversity of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Nadejda Tsvetkov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Michael Smith LaboratoriesUniversity of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Alison McAfee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Michael Smith LaboratoriesUniversity of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Miścicka A, Lu K, Abaeva IS, Pestova TV, Hellen CUT. Initiation of translation on nedicistrovirus and related intergenic region IRESs by their factor-independent binding to the P site of 80S ribosomes. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 29:1051-1068. [PMID: 37041031 PMCID: PMC10275262 DOI: 10.1261/rna.079599.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Initiation of translation on many viral mRNAs occurs by noncanonical mechanisms that involve 5' end-independent binding of ribosomes to an internal ribosome entry site (IRES). The ∼190-nt-long intergenic region (IGR) IRES of dicistroviruses such as cricket paralysis virus (CrPV) initiates translation without Met-tRNAi Met or initiation factors. Advances in metagenomics have revealed numerous dicistrovirus-like genomes with shorter, structurally distinct IGRs, such as nedicistrovirus (NediV) and Antarctic picorna-like virus 1 (APLV1). Like canonical IGR IRESs, the ∼165-nt-long NediV-like IGRs comprise three domains, but they lack key canonical motifs, including L1.1a/L1.1b loops (which bind to the L1 stalk of the ribosomal 60S subunit) and the apex of stem-loop V (SLV) (which binds to the head of the 40S subunit). Domain 2 consists of a compact, highly conserved pseudoknot (PKIII) that contains a UACUA loop motif and a protruding CrPV-like stem--loop SLIV. In vitro reconstitution experiments showed that NediV-like IRESs initiate translation from a non-AUG codon and form elongation-competent 80S ribosomal complexes in the absence of initiation factors and Met-tRNAi Met Unlike canonical IGR IRESs, NediV-like IRESs bind directly to the peptidyl (P) site of ribosomes leaving the aminoacyl (A) site accessible for decoding. The related structures of NediV-like IRESs and their common mechanism of action indicate that they exemplify a distinct class of IGR IRES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Miścicka
- Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York 11203, USA
| | - Kristen Lu
- Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York 11203, USA
| | - Irina S Abaeva
- Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York 11203, USA
| | - Tatyana V Pestova
- Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York 11203, USA
| | - Christopher U T Hellen
- Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York 11203, USA
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3
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Burgess HM, Vink EI, Mohr I. Minding the message: tactics controlling RNA decay, modification, and translation in virus-infected cells. Genes Dev 2022; 36:108-132. [PMID: 35193946 PMCID: PMC8887129 DOI: 10.1101/gad.349276.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
With their categorical requirement for host ribosomes to translate mRNA, viruses provide a wealth of genetically tractable models to investigate how gene expression is remodeled post-transcriptionally by infection-triggered biological stress. By co-opting and subverting cellular pathways that control mRNA decay, modification, and translation, the global landscape of post-transcriptional processes is swiftly reshaped by virus-encoded factors. Concurrent host cell-intrinsic countermeasures likewise conscript post-transcriptional strategies to mobilize critical innate immune defenses. Here we review strategies and mechanisms that control mRNA decay, modification, and translation in animal virus-infected cells. Besides settling infection outcomes, post-transcriptional gene regulation in virus-infected cells epitomizes fundamental physiological stress responses in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M Burgess
- Department of Microbial Sciences, School of Biosciences and Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth I Vink
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Ian Mohr
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA.,Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
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Sorokin II, Vassilenko KS, Terenin IM, Kalinina NO, Agol VI, Dmitriev SE. Non-Canonical Translation Initiation Mechanisms Employed by Eukaryotic Viral mRNAs. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2021; 86:1060-1094. [PMID: 34565312 PMCID: PMC8436584 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297921090042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Viruses exploit the translation machinery of an infected cell to synthesize their proteins. Therefore, viral mRNAs have to compete for ribosomes and translation factors with cellular mRNAs. To succeed, eukaryotic viruses adopt multiple strategies. One is to circumvent the need for m7G-cap through alternative instruments for ribosome recruitment. These include internal ribosome entry sites (IRESs), which make translation independent of the free 5' end, or cap-independent translational enhancers (CITEs), which promote initiation at the uncapped 5' end, even if located in 3' untranslated regions (3' UTRs). Even if a virus uses the canonical cap-dependent ribosome recruitment, it can still perturb conventional ribosomal scanning and start codon selection. The pressure for genome compression often gives rise to internal and overlapping open reading frames. Their translation is initiated through specific mechanisms, such as leaky scanning, 43S sliding, shunting, or coupled termination-reinitiation. Deviations from the canonical initiation reduce the dependence of viral mRNAs on translation initiation factors, thereby providing resistance to antiviral mechanisms and cellular stress responses. Moreover, viruses can gain advantage in a competition for the translational machinery by inactivating individual translational factors and/or replacing them with viral counterparts. Certain viruses even create specialized intracellular "translation factories", which spatially isolate the sites of their protein synthesis from cellular antiviral systems, and increase availability of translational components. However, these virus-specific mechanisms may become the Achilles' heel of a viral life cycle. Thus, better understanding of the unconventional mechanisms of viral mRNA translation initiation provides valuable insight for developing new approaches to antiviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan I Sorokin
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia
- Institute of Protein Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
- Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141701, Russia
| | - Konstantin S Vassilenko
- Institute of Protein Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
| | - Ilya M Terenin
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia
| | - Natalia O Kalinina
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - Vadim I Agol
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia
- Institute of Poliomyelitis, Chumakov Center for Research and Development of Immunobiological Products, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 108819, Russia
| | - Sergey E Dmitriev
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia.
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia
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Asselin AK, Etebari K, Furlong MJ, Johnson KN. A new dicistro-like virus from soldier fly, Inopus flavus (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), a pest of sugarcane. Arch Virol 2021; 166:2841-2846. [PMID: 34357464 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-05171-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Native Australian soldier flies, Inopus spp. (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), are agricultural pests of economic importance to the sugarcane industry. A screen of the salivary gland transcriptome of Inopus flavus (James) revealed the presence of viral RNA belonging to a potentially novel member of the family Dicistroviridae. The complete genome sequence consists of 9793 nucleotides with two open reading frames. The genome includes two potential internal ribosomal entry sites (IRESs): one within the 5' UTR and the other in the intergenic region (IGR). Virus particles purified from infected larvae and visualised by electron microscopy were found to be icosahedral, non-enveloped, and 30 nm in diameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelique K Asselin
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Saint Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Kayvan Etebari
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Saint Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.
| | - Michael J Furlong
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Saint Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Karyn N Johnson
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Saint Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
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Atkins JF, O’Connor KM, Bhatt PR, Loughran G. From Recoding to Peptides for MHC Class I Immune Display: Enriching Viral Expression, Virus Vulnerability and Virus Evasion. Viruses 2021; 13:1251. [PMID: 34199077 PMCID: PMC8310308 DOI: 10.3390/v13071251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Many viruses, especially RNA viruses, utilize programmed ribosomal frameshifting and/or stop codon readthrough in their expression, and in the decoding of a few a UGA is dynamically redefined to specify selenocysteine. This recoding can effectively increase viral coding capacity and generate a set ratio of products with the same N-terminal domain(s) but different C-terminal domains. Recoding can also be regulatory or generate a product with the non-universal 21st directly encoded amino acid. Selection for translation speed in the expression of many viruses at the expense of fidelity creates host immune defensive opportunities. In contrast to host opportunism, certain viruses, including some persistent viruses, utilize recoding or adventitious frameshifting as part of their strategy to evade an immune response or specific drugs. Several instances of recoding in small intensively studied viruses escaped detection for many years and their identification resolved dilemmas. The fundamental importance of ribosome ratcheting is consistent with the initial strong view of invariant triplet decoding which however did not foresee the possibility of transitory anticodon:codon dissociation. Deep level dynamics and structural understanding of recoding is underway, and a high level structure relevant to the frameshifting required for expression of the SARS CoV-2 genome has just been determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F. Atkins
- Schools of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University College Cork, T12 XF62 Cork, Ireland; (K.M.O.); (P.R.B.); (G.L.)
| | - Kate M. O’Connor
- Schools of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University College Cork, T12 XF62 Cork, Ireland; (K.M.O.); (P.R.B.); (G.L.)
| | - Pramod R. Bhatt
- Schools of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University College Cork, T12 XF62 Cork, Ireland; (K.M.O.); (P.R.B.); (G.L.)
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gary Loughran
- Schools of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University College Cork, T12 XF62 Cork, Ireland; (K.M.O.); (P.R.B.); (G.L.)
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Wang X, Vlok M, Flibotte S, Jan E. Resurrection of a Viral Internal Ribosome Entry Site from a 700 Year Old Ancient Northwest Territories Cripavirus. Viruses 2021; 13:v13030493. [PMID: 33802878 PMCID: PMC8002689 DOI: 10.3390/v13030493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The dicistrovirus intergenic region internal ribosome entry site (IGR IRES) uses an unprecedented, streamlined mechanism whereby the IRES adopts a triple-pseudoknot (PK) structure to directly bind to the conserved core of the ribosome and drive translation from a non-AUG codon. The origin of this IRES mechanism is not known. Previously, a partial fragment of a divergent dicistrovirus RNA genome, named ancient Northwest territories cripavirus (aNCV), was extracted from 700-year-old caribou feces trapped in a subarctic ice patch. The aNCV IGR sequence adopts a secondary structure similar to contemporary IGR IRES structures, however, there are subtle differences including 105 nucleotides upstream of the IRES of unknown function. Using filter binding assays, we showed that the aNCV IRES could bind to purified ribosomes, and toeprinting analysis pinpointed the start site at a GCU alanine codon adjacent to PKI. Using a bicistronic reporter RNA, the aNCV IGR can direct translation in vitro in a PKI-dependent manner. Lastly, a chimeric infectious clone swapping in the aNCV IRES supported translation and virus infection. The characterization and resurrection of a functional IGR IRES from a divergent 700-year-old virus provides a historical framework for the importance of this viral translational mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinying Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada; (X.W.); (M.V.)
| | - Marli Vlok
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada; (X.W.); (M.V.)
| | - Stephane Flibotte
- UBC/LSI Bioinformatics Facility, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada;
| | - Eric Jan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada; (X.W.); (M.V.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-604-827-4226
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Vassilaki N, Frakolaki E, Kalliampakou KI, Sakellariou P, Kotta-Loizou I, Bartenschlager R, Mavromara P. A Novel Cis-Acting RNA Structural Element Embedded in the Core Coding Region of the Hepatitis C Virus Genome Directs Internal Translation Initiation of the Overlapping Core+1 ORF. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186974. [PMID: 32972019 PMCID: PMC7554737 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) genome translation is initiated via an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) embedded in the 5'-untranslated region (5'UTR). We have earlier shown that the conserved RNA stem-loops (SL) SL47 and SL87 of the HCV core-encoding region are important for viral genome translation in cell culture and in vivo. Moreover, we have reported that an open reading frame overlapping the core gene in the +1 frame (core+1 ORF) encodes alternative translation products, including a protein initiated at the internal AUG codons 85/87 of this frame (nt 597-599 and 603-605), downstream of SL87, which is designated core+1/Short (core+1/S). Here, we provide evidence for SL47 and SL87 possessing a novel cis-acting element that directs the internal translation initiation of core+1/S. Firstly, using a bicistronic dual luciferase reporter system and RNA-transfection experiments, we found that nucleotides 344-596 of the HCV genotype-1a and -2a genomes support translation initiation at the core+1 frame AUG codons 85/87, when present in the sense but not the opposite orientation. Secondly, site-directed mutagenesis combined with an analysis of ribosome-HCV RNA association elucidated that SL47 and SL87 are essential for this alternative translation mechanism. Finally, experiments using cells transfected with JFH1 replicons or infected with virus-like particles showed that core+1/S expression is independent from the 5'UTR IRES and does not utilize the polyprotein initiation codon, but it requires intact SL47 and SL87 structures. Thus, SL47 and SL87, apart from their role in viral polyprotein translation, are necessary elements for mediating the internal translation initiation of the alternative core+1/S ORF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niki Vassilaki
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Hellenic Pasteur Institute (HPI), 11521 Athens, Greece; (E.F.); (K.I.K.); (P.S.); (I.K.-L.)
- Correspondence: (N.V.); (P.M.)
| | - Efseveia Frakolaki
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Hellenic Pasteur Institute (HPI), 11521 Athens, Greece; (E.F.); (K.I.K.); (P.S.); (I.K.-L.)
| | - Katerina I. Kalliampakou
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Hellenic Pasteur Institute (HPI), 11521 Athens, Greece; (E.F.); (K.I.K.); (P.S.); (I.K.-L.)
| | - Panagiotis Sakellariou
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Hellenic Pasteur Institute (HPI), 11521 Athens, Greece; (E.F.); (K.I.K.); (P.S.); (I.K.-L.)
| | - Ioly Kotta-Loizou
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Hellenic Pasteur Institute (HPI), 11521 Athens, Greece; (E.F.); (K.I.K.); (P.S.); (I.K.-L.)
| | - Ralf Bartenschlager
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Penelope Mavromara
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Hellenic Pasteur Institute (HPI), 11521 Athens, Greece; (E.F.); (K.I.K.); (P.S.); (I.K.-L.)
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Virology, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Thrace, Greece
- Correspondence: (N.V.); (P.M.)
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O'Loughlin S, Capece MC, Klimova M, Wills NM, Coakley A, Samatova E, O'Connor PBF, Loughran G, Weissman JS, Baranov PV, Rodnina MV, Puglisi JD, Atkins JF. Polysomes Bypass a 50-Nucleotide Coding Gap Less Efficiently Than Monosomes Due to Attenuation of a 5' mRNA Stem-Loop and Enhanced Drop-off. J Mol Biol 2020; 432:4369-4387. [PMID: 32454154 PMCID: PMC7245268 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2020.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Efficient translational bypassing of a 50-nt non-coding gap in a phage T4 topoisomerase subunit gene (gp60) requires several recoding signals. Here we investigate the function of the mRNA stem–loop 5′ of the take-off codon, as well as the importance of ribosome loading density on the mRNA for efficient bypassing. We show that polysomes are less efficient at mediating bypassing than monosomes, both in vitro and in vivo, due to their preventing formation of a stem–loop 5′ of the take-off codon and allowing greater peptidyl-tRNA drop off. A ribosome profiling analysis of phage T4-infected Escherichia coli yielded protected mRNA fragments within the normal size range derived from ribosomes stalled at the take-off codon. However, ribosomes at this position also yielded some 53-nucleotide fragments, 16 longer. These were due to protection of the nucleotides that form the 5′ stem–loop. NMR shows that the 5′ stem–loop is highly dynamic. The importance of different nucleotides in the 5′ stem–loop is revealed by mutagenesis studies. These data highlight the significance of the 5′ stem–loop for the 50-nt bypassing and further enhance appreciation of relevance of the extent of ribosome loading for recoding. Monosomes are more efficient than polysome in mediating 50-nt translational bypassing. A 5′ mRNA stem–loop facilitates translational bypassing by monosomes. Ribosome profiling yields an extra-long, 53-nt, protected fragment of mRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinéad O'Loughlin
- School of Biochemistry, University College Cork, Western Gateway Building, Western Road, Cork, T12 XF62, Ireland; School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Western Gateway Building, Western Road, Cork, T12 YT57, Ireland
| | - Mark C Capece
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-4090, USA
| | - Mariia Klimova
- Department of Physical Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Norma M Wills
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-5330, USA
| | - Arthur Coakley
- School of Biochemistry, University College Cork, Western Gateway Building, Western Road, Cork, T12 XF62, Ireland
| | - Ekaterina Samatova
- Department of Physical Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Patrick B F O'Connor
- School of Biochemistry, University College Cork, Western Gateway Building, Western Road, Cork, T12 XF62, Ireland
| | - Gary Loughran
- School of Biochemistry, University College Cork, Western Gateway Building, Western Road, Cork, T12 XF62, Ireland
| | - Jonathan S Weissman
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Pavel V Baranov
- School of Biochemistry, University College Cork, Western Gateway Building, Western Road, Cork, T12 XF62, Ireland; Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, RAS, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Marina V Rodnina
- Department of Physical Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Joseph D Puglisi
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-4090, USA
| | - John F Atkins
- School of Biochemistry, University College Cork, Western Gateway Building, Western Road, Cork, T12 XF62, Ireland; School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Western Gateway Building, Western Road, Cork, T12 YT57, Ireland; Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-5330, USA.
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A tRNA-mimic Strategy to Explore the Role of G34 of tRNA Gly in Translation and Codon Frameshifting. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20163911. [PMID: 31405256 PMCID: PMC6720975 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20163911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Decoding of the 61 sense codons of the genetic code requires a variable number of tRNAs that establish codon-anticodon interactions. Thanks to the wobble base pairing at the third codon position, less than 61 different tRNA isoacceptors are needed to decode the whole set of codons. On the tRNA, a subtle distribution of nucleoside modifications shapes the anticodon loop structure and participates to accurate decoding and reading frame maintenance. Interestingly, although the 61 anticodons should exist in tRNAs, a strict absence of some tRNAs decoders is found in several codon families. For instance, in Eukaryotes, G34-containing tRNAs translating 3-, 4- and 6-codon boxes are absent. This includes tRNA specific for Ala, Arg, Ile, Leu, Pro, Ser, Thr, and Val. tRNAGly is the only exception for which in the three kingdoms, a G34-containing tRNA exists to decode C3 and U3-ending codons. To understand why G34-tRNAGly exists, we analysed at the genome wide level the codon distribution in codon +1 relative to the four GGN Gly codons. When considering codon GGU, a bias was found towards an unusual high usage of codons starting with a G whatever the amino acid at +1 codon. It is expected that GGU codons are decoded by G34-containing tRNAGly, decoding also GGC codons. Translation studies revealed that the presence of a G at the first position of the downstream codon reduces the +1 frameshift by stabilizing the G34•U3 wobble interaction. This result partially explains why G34-containing tRNAGly exists in Eukaryotes whereas all the other G34-containing tRNAs for multiple codon boxes are absent.
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11
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CSV2018: The 2nd Symposium of the Canadian Society for Virology. Viruses 2019; 11:v11010079. [PMID: 30669273 PMCID: PMC6356965 DOI: 10.3390/v11010079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2nd Symposium of the Canadian Society for Virology (CSV2018) was held in June 2018 in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, as a featured event marking the 200th anniversary of Dalhousie University. CSV2018 attracted 175 attendees from across Canada and around the world, more than double the number that attended the first CSV symposium two years earlier. CSV2018 provided a forum to discuss a wide range of topics in virology including human, veterinary, plant, and microbial pathogens. Invited keynote speakers included David Kelvin (Dalhousie University and Shantou University Medical College) who provided a historical perspective on influenza on the 100th anniversary of the 1918 pandemic; Sylvain Moineau (Université Laval) who described CRISPR-Cas systems and anti-CRISPR proteins in warfare between bacteriophages and their host microbes; and Kate O’Brien (then from Johns Hopkins University, now relocated to the World Health Organization where she is Director of Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals), who discussed the underlying viral etiology for pneumonia in the developing world, and the evidence for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) as a primary cause. Reflecting a strong commitment of Canadian virologists to science communication, CSV2018 featured the launch of Halifax’s first annual Soapbox Science event to enable public engagement with female scientists, and the live-taping of the 499th episode of the This Week in Virology (TWIV) podcast, hosted by Vincent Racaniello (Columbia University) and science writer Alan Dove. TWIV featured interviews of CSV co-founders Nathalie Grandvaux (Université de Montréal) and Craig McCormick (Dalhousie University), who discussed the origins and objectives of the new society; Ryan Noyce (University of Alberta), who discussed technical and ethical considerations of synthetic virology; and Kate O’Brien, who discussed vaccines and global health. Finally, because CSV seeks to provide a better future for the next generation of Canadian virologists, the symposium featured a large number of oral and poster presentations from trainees and closed with the awarding of presentation prizes to trainees, followed by a tour of the Halifax Citadel National Historic Site and an evening of entertainment at the historic Alexander Keith’s Brewery.
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