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Nandwa JO, Mehmood A, Mahjabeen I, Raheem KY, Hamadou M, Raimi MZ, Kayani MA. miR-4716-3p and the target AKT2 Gene/rs2304186 SNP are associated with blood cancer pathogenesis in Pakistani population. Noncoding RNA Res 2024; 9:695-703. [PMID: 38577021 PMCID: PMC10990746 DOI: 10.1016/j.ncrna.2024.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
AKT2 is crucial for cancer cells' invasion, metastasis, and survival. It is a possible downstream gene target of cancer glycolysis-related microRNAs. The study investigated the role of miRNA-4716-3p, rs2304186, and the AKT2 gene in blood cancer pathogenesis. RT-qPCR was used to analyze AKT2 gene mRNA and miRNA-4716-3p expression in 200 blood cancer samples and 200 healthy controls. Furthermore, Tetra-ARMS PCR was used to examine the rs2304186 AKT2 SNP in 300 patients and 290 control samples. miRNA-4716-3p was shown to be significantly downregulated (p = 0.0294), whereas mRNA expression of the AKT2 gene was found to be significantly upregulated (p = 0.0034) in blood cancer patients compared to healthy individuals. miRNA-4716-3p downregulation (p = 0.0466) was more pronounced, while AKT2 upregulation was non-significant (p = 0.1661) in untreated patients compared to chemotherapy-treated patients. Blood cancer risk was significantly associated with the rs2304186 GT genotype (p = 0.0432), TT genotype (p = 0.0502), and mutant allele (T) frequency (p = 0.0008). Polymorphism rs2304186 was associated with an increased risk of blood cancer in dominant (p = 0.0011), recessive (p = 0.0502), and additive (p = 0.0008) genetic models. The results suggested that the rs2304186 and the deregulated expression of miRNA-4716-3p and AKT2 gene at the mRNA level may significantly increase the incidence of blood cancer, particularly in the Pakistani population. Therefore, these may function as suitable biomarkers for blood cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Additional, larger-scale investigations may be required to affirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jairus Olumasai Nandwa
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Pakistan
- Department of Public Needs Research, Integrated Cancer Research Foundation of Kenya, Kenya
- Department of Genetics, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Azhar Mehmood
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ishrat Mahjabeen
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Mamoudou Hamadou
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Maroua, Cameroon
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2
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Ishikawa T, Sugawara K, Zhang J, Funatsu T, Okabe K. Direct observation of cytoskeleton-dependent trafficking of miRNA visualized by the introduction of pre-miRNA. iScience 2024; 27:108811. [PMID: 38303695 PMCID: PMC10831896 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.108811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA (miRNA) plays physiologically and pathologically important roles in post-transcriptional regulation. Although miRNA has been suggested to dynamically interact with cellular organelles, the dynamicity of intracellular miRNA behavior has remained unclear. Here, by introducing fluorescently labeled pre-miRNA into living cells, we improved the miRNA visualization method using exogenous miRNA precursors. Through the combination of our miRNA visualization method and single-molecule sensitive fluorescence microscopy, we quantitatively analyzed the process of miRNA maturation. Furthermore, single-particle tracking of fluorescent miRNA in cells revealed the directed movements of miRNA on cytoskeletal components (i.e., microtubules and actin filaments). Our results also suggest that cytoskeleton-dependent miRNA trafficking is associated with the interaction of miRNAs with the nucleus and the endoplasmic reticulum/Golgi apparatus. Our method should facilitate the elucidation of the mechanism and physiological significance of the subcellular localization and organelle interaction of miRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshinari Ishikawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Ko Sugawara
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Junwei Zhang
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Takashi Funatsu
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kohki Okabe
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- JST, PRESTO, 4-8-1 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
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Qiu Y, Zhu G, Zeng C, Yuan S, Qian Y, Ye Z, Zhao S, Li R. Next‑generation sequencing of miRNAs and lncRNAs from rat femur and tibia under mechanical stress. Mol Med Rep 2021; 24:561. [PMID: 34109424 PMCID: PMC8201655 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise intervention has become one of the most effective methods to prevent and treat osteoporosis, which is a common age‑related disease and seriously affects the health and quality of life of the elderly. However, the molecular mechanism remains to be elucidated. The present study demonstrated the exercise‑induced promotion of osteogenic differentiation and inhibition of adipogenic differentiation in femur and tibia by establishing an animal exercise model using a treadmill exercise system. MicroRNA (miRNA/miR) and long non‑coding (lnc)RNA sequencing analyses identified 16 upregulated and two downregulated miRNAs in the exercise group, as well as 44 upregulated lncRNAs and 39 downregulated lncRNAs in the exercise group. There was increased expression of miR‑9942 and miR‑7704 in both the femur and tibia and an upregulation of miR‑30d, miR‑5100 and miR‑1260 in the femur of animals from the exercise group. In addition, four of the five most downregulated lncRNAs, including lncRNA MSTRG.2625, lncRNA MSTRG.1557, lncRNA MSTRG.691 and lncRNA MSTRG.7497, were demonstrated to be suppressed in both the femur and tibia after treadmill exercise. The results of the present study provided a valuable resource for further exploring the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of osteoporosis by exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyan Qiu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Section II, Center for Orthopedic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510610, P.R. China
- Department of Orthopedics, Orthopaedic Hospital of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510610, P.R. China
- Academy of Orthopedics, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510610, P.R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degenerative Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, P.R. China
| | - Guozheng Zhu
- Division of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Department of Orthopedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Canjun Zeng
- Department of Orthopedics, Orthopaedic Hospital of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510610, P.R. China
- Academy of Orthopedics, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510610, P.R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degenerative Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, P.R. China
- Department of Foot and Ankle Surgery, Center for Orthopedic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510610, P.R. China
| | - Song Yuan
- Department of Orthopedics, Linzhi People's Hospital, Linzhi, Tibet 860000, P.R. China
| | - Yuepeng Qian
- Department of Orthopedics, Orthopaedic Hospital of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510610, P.R. China
- Academy of Orthopedics, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510610, P.R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degenerative Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, P.R. China
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, Center for Orthopedic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510610, P.R. China
| | - Zelin Ye
- Division of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Department of Orthopedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Shanwen Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, Orthopaedic Hospital of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510610, P.R. China
- Academy of Orthopedics, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510610, P.R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degenerative Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, P.R. China
- Department of Foot and Ankle Surgery, Center for Orthopedic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510610, P.R. China
| | - Runguang Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Orthopaedic Hospital of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510610, P.R. China
- Academy of Orthopedics, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510610, P.R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degenerative Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, P.R. China
- Department of Foot and Ankle Surgery, Center for Orthopedic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510610, P.R. China
- Department of Orthopedics, Linzhi People's Hospital, Linzhi, Tibet 860000, P.R. China
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Biology of the mRNA Splicing Machinery and Its Dysregulation in Cancer Providing Therapeutic Opportunities. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105110. [PMID: 34065983 PMCID: PMC8150589 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of messenger RNA (mRNA) processing—in particular mRNA splicing—is a hallmark of cancer. Compared to normal cells, cancer cells frequently present aberrant mRNA splicing, which promotes cancer progression and treatment resistance. This hallmark provides opportunities for developing new targeted cancer treatments. Splicing of precursor mRNA into mature mRNA is executed by a dynamic complex of proteins and small RNAs called the spliceosome. Spliceosomes are part of the supraspliceosome, a macromolecular structure where all co-transcriptional mRNA processing activities in the cell nucleus are coordinated. Here we review the biology of the mRNA splicing machinery in the context of other mRNA processing activities in the supraspliceosome and present current knowledge of its dysregulation in lung cancer. In addition, we review investigations to discover therapeutic targets in the spliceosome and give an overview of inhibitors and modulators of the mRNA splicing process identified so far. Together, this provides insight into the value of targeting the spliceosome as a possible new treatment for lung cancer.
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Mahlab-Aviv S, Zohar K, Cohen Y, Peretz AR, Eliyahu T, Linial M, Sperling R. Spliceosome-Associated microRNAs Signify Breast Cancer Cells and Portray Potential Novel Nuclear Targets. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218132. [PMID: 33143250 PMCID: PMC7663234 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) act as negative regulators of gene expression in the cytoplasm. Previous studies have identified the presence of miRNAs in the nucleus. Here we study human breast cancer-derived cell-lines (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) and a non-tumorigenic cell-line (MCF-10A) and compare their miRNA sequences at the spliceosome fraction (SF). We report that the levels of miRNAs found in the spliceosome, their identity, and pre-miRNA segmental composition are cell-line specific. One such miRNA is miR-7704 whose genomic position overlaps HAGLR, a cancer-related lncRNA. We detected an inverse expression of miR-7704 and HAGLR in the tested cell lines. Specifically, inhibition of miR-7704 caused an increase in HAGLR expression. Furthermore, elevated levels of miR-7704 slightly altered the cell-cycle in MDA-MB-231. Altogether, we show that SF-miR-7704 acts as a tumor-suppressor gene with HAGLR being its nuclear target. The relative levels of miRNAs found in the spliceosome fractions (e.g., miR-100, miR-30a, and let-7 family) in non-tumorigenic relative to cancer-derived cell-lines was monitored. We found that the expression trend of the abundant miRNAs in SF was different from that reported in the literature and from the observation of large cohorts of breast cancer patients, suggesting that many SF-miRNAs act on targets that are different from the cytoplasmic ones. Altogether, we report on the potential of SF-miRNAs as an unexplored route for cancerous cell state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelly Mahlab-Aviv
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel; (S.M.-A.); (K.Z.); (T.E.)
| | - Keren Zohar
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel; (S.M.-A.); (K.Z.); (T.E.)
| | - Yael Cohen
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel; (Y.C.); (A.R.P.)
| | - Ayelet R. Peretz
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel; (Y.C.); (A.R.P.)
| | - Tsiona Eliyahu
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel; (S.M.-A.); (K.Z.); (T.E.)
| | - Michal Linial
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel; (S.M.-A.); (K.Z.); (T.E.)
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (R.S.); Tel.: +972-54-882-0311 (R.S.)
| | - Ruth Sperling
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel; (Y.C.); (A.R.P.)
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (R.S.); Tel.: +972-54-882-0311 (R.S.)
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6
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Epigenetic Regulation by Non-Coding RNAs in the Avian Immune System. Life (Basel) 2020; 10:life10080148. [PMID: 32806547 PMCID: PMC7459779 DOI: 10.3390/life10080148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The identified non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) include circular RNAs, long non-coding RNAs, microRNAs, ribosomal RNAs, small interfering RNAs, small nuclear RNAs, piwi-interacting RNAs, and transfer RNAs, etc. Among them, long non-coding RNAs, circular RNAs, and microRNAs are regulatory RNAs that have different functional mechanisms and were extensively participated in various biological processes. Numerous research studies have found that circular RNAs, long non-coding RNAs, and microRNAs played their important roles in avian immune system during the infection of parasites, virus, or bacterium. Here, we specifically review and expand this knowledge with current advances of circular RNAs, long non-coding RNAs, and microRNAs in the regulation of different avian diseases and discuss their functional mechanisms in response to avian diseases.
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Di Palo A, Siniscalchi C, Mosca N, Russo A, Potenza N. A Novel ceRNA Regulatory Network Involving the Long Non-Coding Antisense RNA SPACA6P-AS, miR-125a and its mRNA Targets in Hepatocarcinoma Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21145068. [PMID: 32709089 PMCID: PMC7404396 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNA), and more recently long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA), are emerging as a driving force for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), one of the leading causes of cancer-related death. In this work, we investigated a possible RNA regulatory network involving two oncosuppressive miRNAs, miR-125a and let-7e, and a long non-coding antisense RNA, SPACA6P-AS (SP-AS), all transcribed from the same locus, with SP-AS in the opposite direction and thus carrying complementary sequences to the miRNAs. In vitro experiments validated the binding of the miRNAs to SP-AS. Then, the boosting of either the miRNAs or SP-AS levels demonstrated their reciprocal inhibition. In addition, overexpression of SP-AS resulted in a reduced silencing activity of miR-125a and let-7e toward their key oncogenic targets, i.e., Lin28b, MMP11, SIRT7, Zbtb7a, Cyclin D1, CDC25B, HMGA2, that resulted significantly upregulated. Finally, the analysis of 374 HCC samples in comparison to 50 normal liver tissues showed an upregulation of SP-AS and a reverse expression of miR-125a, not observed for let-7e; consistently, miR-125a oncogenic targets were upregulated. Overall, the data depict a novel competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network, ceRNET, whereby miR-125a can regulate the expression of SP-AS, which in turn regulates the miRNA by competing with the binding to the mRNA targets. We speculate that the unbalancing of any network component may contribute to hepatocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando Di Palo
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 81100 Caserta, Italy; (A.D.P.); (C.S.); (A.R.)
| | - Chiara Siniscalchi
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 81100 Caserta, Italy; (A.D.P.); (C.S.); (A.R.)
| | - Nicola Mosca
- Inserm, BMGIC, U1035, University of Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France;
| | - Aniello Russo
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 81100 Caserta, Italy; (A.D.P.); (C.S.); (A.R.)
| | - Nicoletta Potenza
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 81100 Caserta, Italy; (A.D.P.); (C.S.); (A.R.)
- Correspondence:
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Identification of extracellular vesicles-transported miRNAs in Erlotinib-resistant head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. J Cell Commun Signal 2020; 14:389-402. [PMID: 32157550 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-020-00546-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Erlotinib is an oral tyrosine kinase inhibitor of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathway. Although our previous study has proved the efficacy of Erlotinib in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), it has also demonstrated poor clinical response rates and disappointing results in clinical trials for HNSCC to date. In this study, we discovered elevated cell proliferation and invasion ability in erlotinib-resistant HNSCC cells. The contributions of miRNAs within extracellular vesicles (EVs) during the formation of chemoresistance were investigated in this study. Among up-regulated miRNAs in EVs derived from resistant cells, miR-7704, miR-21-5p and miR-3960 showed the most pro-tumorigenic alterations after transfection. Conversely, let-7i-5p, miR-619-5p and miR-30e-3p demonstrated tumor suppressive effects. By performing qRT-PCR and Western blot analysis, we found Vimentin played a pivotal role in modulating erlotinib resistance. Additionally, immune system was highlighted in the GO and KEGG analyses. Transfection of miR-7704, miR-21-5p significantly elevated CTLA-4 and LAG3 mRNA levels. Meanwhile, miR-3960 increased the relative mRNA expression of TIM3 in HNSCC cells. Transfection of let-7i-5p, miR-619-5p and miR-30e-3p decreased these checkpoint factors. To conclude, the present study described the roles of EVs-transmitted miRNAs on erlotinib resistance. Targeting the disregulated immune system could be the effective method to overcome erlotinib-resistance in HNSCC cells.
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Gaffo E, Bortolomeazzi M, Bisognin A, Di Battista P, Lovisa F, Mussolin L, Bortoluzzi S. MiR&moRe2: A Bioinformatics Tool to Characterize microRNAs and microRNA-Offset RNAs from Small RNA-Seq Data. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051754. [PMID: 32143373 PMCID: PMC7084216 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA-offset RNAs (moRNAs) are microRNA-like small RNAs generated by microRNA precursors. To date, little is known about moRNAs and bioinformatics tools to inspect their expression are still missing. We developed miR&moRe2, the first bioinformatics method to consistently characterize microRNAs, moRNAs, and their isoforms from small RNA sequencing data. To illustrate miR&moRe2 discovery power, we applied it to several published datasets. MoRNAs identified by miR&moRe2 were in agreement with previous research findings. Moreover, we observed that moRNAs and new microRNAs predicted by miR&moRe2 were downregulated upon the silencing of the microRNA-biogenesis pathway. Further, in a sizeable dataset of human blood cell populations, tens of novel miRNAs and moRNAs were discovered, some of them with significantly varied expression levels among the cell types. Results demonstrate that miR&moRe2 is a valid tool for a comprehensive study of small RNAs generated from microRNA precursors and could help to investigate their biogenesis and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Gaffo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy; (M.B.); (A.B.)
- Correspondence: (E.G.); (S.B.); Tel.: +39-049-827-6502 (S.B.)
| | - Michele Bortolomeazzi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy; (M.B.); (A.B.)
| | - Andrea Bisognin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy; (M.B.); (A.B.)
| | - Piero Di Battista
- Division of Pediatric Hematology, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (P.D.B.); (F.L.); (L.M.)
- Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Città della Speranza, 35127 Padova, Italy
| | - Federica Lovisa
- Division of Pediatric Hematology, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (P.D.B.); (F.L.); (L.M.)
- Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Città della Speranza, 35127 Padova, Italy
| | - Lara Mussolin
- Division of Pediatric Hematology, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (P.D.B.); (F.L.); (L.M.)
- Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Città della Speranza, 35127 Padova, Italy
| | - Stefania Bortoluzzi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy; (M.B.); (A.B.)
- Interdepartmental Research Center for Innovative Biotechnologies (CRIBI), University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Correspondence: (E.G.); (S.B.); Tel.: +39-049-827-6502 (S.B.)
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