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Al-Shuhaib MBS, Hashim HO. Mastering DNA chromatogram analysis in Sanger sequencing for reliable clinical analysis. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2023; 21:115. [PMID: 37955813 PMCID: PMC10643650 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-023-00587-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sanger dideoxy sequencing is vital in clinical analysis due to its accuracy, ability to analyze genetic markers like SNPs and STRs, capability to generate reliable DNA profiles, and its role in resolving complex clinical cases. The precision and robustness of Sanger sequencing contribute significantly to the scientific basis of clinical investigations. Though the reading of chromatograms seems to be a routine step, many errors conducted in PCR may lead to consequent limitations in the readings of AGCT peaks. These errors are possibly associated with improper DNA amplification and its subsequent interpretation of DNA sequencing files, such as noisy peaks, artifacts, and confusion between double-peak technical errors, heterozygosity, and double infection potentials. Thus, it is not feasible to read nucleic acid sequences without giving serious attention to these technical problems. To ensure the accuracy of DNA sequencing outcomes, it is also imperative to detect and rectify technical challenges that may lead to misinterpretation of the DNA sequence, resulting in errors and incongruities in subsequent analyses. SHORT CONCLUSION This overview sheds light on prominent technical concerns that can emerge prior to and during the interpretation of DNA chromatograms in Sanger sequencing, along with offering strategies to address them effectively. The significance of identifying and tackling these technical limitations during the chromatogram analysis is underscored in this review. Recognizing these concerns can aid in enhancing the quality of downstream analyses for Sanger sequencing results, which holds notable improvement in accuracy, reliability, and ability to provide crucial genetic information in clinical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Baqur S Al-Shuhaib
- Department of Animal Production, College of Agriculture, Al-Qasim Green University, Al-Qasim 8, Babil, 51001, Iraq.
| | - Hayder O Hashim
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Babylon, Babil, 51001, Iraq
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2
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PCR enhancers: Types, mechanisms, and applications in long-range PCR. Biochimie 2022; 197:130-143. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2022.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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3
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Wang HY, Lu JJ, Chang CY, Chou WP, Hsieh JCH, Lin CR, Wu MH. Development of a high sensitivity TaqMan-based PCR assay for the specific detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in both pulmonary and extrapulmonary specimens. Sci Rep 2019; 9:113. [PMID: 30643154 PMCID: PMC6331544 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33804-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) causes a heavy health burden worldwide, especially in developing countries. The need for the rapid and accurate diagnosis of TB has not been satisfied, especially for extra-pulmonary specimens or specimens with acid fast stain (AFS)-negative condition. Development and validation of a novel, sensitive and specific assay for diagnosing TB is essential. We developed IS4 primer/probe based on insertion sequence 6110 (IS6110). A qPCR assay was designed for detecting a specific region in IS6110 by BLAST. The IS4 primer/probe concentration, qPCR efficiency and various of PCR additives were evaluated and optimized. Thirty-four species of commonly isolated microorganisms were used for evaluating the analytical specificity. Moreover, 130 clinical specimens were collected for evaluating the performance versus Cobas TaqMan MTB (CTM) assay kit and culture. The amplification efficiencies of IS4 were 99.61% and 102.61% without and with internal control DNA (Bacteriophage Lambda), respectively. Dimethyl sulfoxide outperformed glycerol or BSA for eliciting the most effective amplification and the lowest limit of detection. In evaluating the clinical performance, various specimen types were collected. IS4 demonstrated a high degree of agreement (kappa = 0.71) with CTM. The clinical sensitivity and specificity of IS4 and CTM were 92.11% (35/38), 82.61% (76/92), 84.21% (32/38) and 95.65% (88/92), respectively. The clinical sensitivity and specificity of IS4 were similar for both pulmonary [92.00% (23/25) and 76.92% (30/39), respectively] and extrapulmonary [92.31% (12/13) and 86.79% (46/53), respectively] specimens. Among AFS-negative cases, the clinical sensitivity and specificity remained 90.48% (19/21) and 83.91% (73/87), respectively, with culture as the gold standard. We concluded that IS4, a new primer/probe pair for TaqMan based qPCR assay, was developed, optimized, and validated for the sensitive and specific detection of TB among various specimen types. The performance was not compromised under AFS-negative conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Yao Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
- Ph.D. Program in Biomedical Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Jang-Jih Lu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan city, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yu Chang
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Pin Chou
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan city, Taiwan
| | - Jason Chia-Hsun Hsieh
- Taiwan/Division of Haematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Ru Lin
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan city, Taiwan.
| | - Min-Hsien Wu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan city, Taiwan.
- Taiwan/Division of Haematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan City, Taiwan.
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Abstract
Presently, inferring the long-range structure of the DNA templates is limited by short read lengths. Accurate template counts suffer from distortions occurring during PCR amplification. We explore the utility of introducing random mutations in identical or nearly identical templates to create distinguishable patterns that are inherited during subsequent copying. We simulate the applications of this process under assumptions of error-free sequencing and perfect mapping, using cytosine deamination as a model for mutation. The simulations demonstrate that within readily achievable conditions of nucleotide conversion and sequence coverage, we can accurately count the number of otherwise identical molecules as well as connect variants separated by long spans of identical sequence. We discuss many potential applications, such as transcript profiling, isoform assembly, haplotype phasing, and de novo genome assembly.
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McKernan KJ, Spangler J, Zhang L, Tadigotla V, McLaughlin S, Warner J, Zare A, Boles RG. Expanded genetic codes in next generation sequencing enable decontamination and mitochondrial enrichment. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96492. [PMID: 24788618 PMCID: PMC4008621 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed a PCR method, coined Déjà vu PCR, that utilizes six nucleotides in PCR with two methyl specific restriction enzymes that respectively digest these additional nucleotides. Use of this enzyme-and-nucleotide combination enables what we term a “DNA diode”, where DNA can advance in a laboratory in only one direction and cannot feedback into upstream assays. Here we describe aspects of this method that enable consecutive amplification with the introduction of a 5th and 6th base while simultaneously providing methylation dependent mitochondrial DNA enrichment. These additional nucleotides enable a novel DNA decontamination technique that generates ephemeral and easy to decontaminate DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J. McKernan
- Courtagen Life Sciences, Woburn, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Jessica Spangler
- Courtagen Life Sciences, Woburn, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lei Zhang
- Courtagen Life Sciences, Woburn, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Vasisht Tadigotla
- Courtagen Life Sciences, Woburn, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Stephen McLaughlin
- Courtagen Life Sciences, Woburn, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jason Warner
- Courtagen Life Sciences, Woburn, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Amir Zare
- Courtagen Life Sciences, Woburn, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Richard G. Boles
- Courtagen Life Sciences, Woburn, Massachusetts, United States of America
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6
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Ross MG, Russ C, Costello M, Hollinger A, Lennon NJ, Hegarty R, Nusbaum C, Jaffe DB. Characterizing and measuring bias in sequence data. Genome Biol 2013; 14:R51. [PMID: 23718773 PMCID: PMC4053816 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2013-14-5-r51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 514] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background DNA sequencing technologies deviate from the ideal uniform distribution of reads. These biases impair scientific and medical applications. Accordingly, we have developed computational methods for discovering, describing and measuring bias. Results We applied these methods to the Illumina, Ion Torrent, Pacific Biosciences and Complete Genomics sequencing platforms, using data from human and from a set of microbes with diverse base compositions. As in previous work, library construction conditions significantly influence sequencing bias. Pacific Biosciences coverage levels are the least biased, followed by Illumina, although all technologies exhibit error-rate biases in high- and low-GC regions and at long homopolymer runs. The GC-rich regions prone to low coverage include a number of human promoters, so we therefore catalog 1,000 that were exceptionally resistant to sequencing. Our results indicate that combining data from two technologies can reduce coverage bias if the biases in the component technologies are complementary and of similar magnitude. Analysis of Illumina data representing 120-fold coverage of a well-studied human sample reveals that 0.20% of the autosomal genome was covered at less than 10% of the genome-wide average. Excluding locations that were similar to known bias motifs or likely due to sample-reference variations left only 0.045% of the autosomal genome with unexplained poor coverage. Conclusions The assays presented in this paper provide a comprehensive view of sequencing bias, which can be used to drive laboratory improvements and to monitor production processes. Development guided by these assays should result in improved genome assemblies and better coverage of biologically important loci.
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Sipos B, Massingham T, Stütz AM, Goldman N. An improved protocol for sequencing of repetitive genomic regions and structural variations using mutagenesis and next generation sequencing. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43359. [PMID: 22912860 PMCID: PMC3422288 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The rise of Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) technologies has transformed de novo genome sequencing into an accessible research tool, but obtaining high quality eukaryotic genome assemblies remains a challenge, mostly due to the abundance of repetitive elements. These also make it difficult to study nucleotide polymorphism in repetitive regions, including certain types of structural variations. One solution proposed for resolving such regions is Sequence Assembly aided by Mutagenesis (SAM), which relies on the fact that introducing enough random mutations breaks the repetitive structure, making assembly possible. Sequencing many different mutated copies permits the sequence of the repetitive region to be inferred by consensus methods. However, this approach relies on molecular cloning in order to isolate and amplify individual mutant copies, making it hard to scale-up the approach for use in conjunction with high-throughput sequencing technologies. To address this problem, we propose NG-SAM, a modified version of the SAM protocol that relies on PCR and dilution steps only, coupled to a NGS workflow. NG-SAM therefore has the potential to be scaled-up, e.g. using emerging microfluidics technologies. We built a realistic simulation pipeline to study the feasibility of NG-SAM, and our results suggest that under appropriate experimental conditions the approach might be successfully put into practice. Moreover, our simulations suggest that NG-SAM is capable of reconstructing robustly a wide range of potential target sequences of varying lengths and repetitive structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Botond Sipos
- European Bioinformatics Institute, EMBL-EBI, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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Hurt RA, Brown SD, Podar M, Palumbo AV, Elias DA. Sequencing intractable DNA to close microbial genomes. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41295. [PMID: 22859974 PMCID: PMC3409199 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Advancement in high throughput DNA sequencing technologies has supported a rapid proliferation of microbial genome sequencing projects, providing the genetic blueprint for in-depth studies. Oftentimes, difficult to sequence regions in microbial genomes are ruled “intractable” resulting in a growing number of genomes with sequence gaps deposited in databases. A procedure was developed to sequence such problematic regions in the “non-contiguous finished” Desulfovibrio desulfuricans ND132 genome (6 intractable gaps) and the Desulfovibrio africanus genome (1 intractable gap). The polynucleotides surrounding each gap formed GC rich secondary structures making the regions refractory to amplification and sequencing. Strand-displacing DNA polymerases used in concert with a novel ramped PCR extension cycle supported amplification and closure of all gap regions in both genomes. The developed procedures support accurate gene annotation, and provide a step-wise method that reduces the effort required for genome finishing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A. Hurt
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Steven D. Brown
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Mircea Podar
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Anthony V. Palumbo
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Dwayne A. Elias
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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9
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Palmirotta R, De Marchis ML, Ludovici G, Leone B, Valente MG, Alessandroni J, Spila A, Della-Morte D, Guadagni F. An AT-rich region in the APC gene may cause misinterpretation of familial adenomatous polyposis molecular screening. Hum Mutat 2012; 33:895-8. [PMID: 22447671 DOI: 10.1002/humu.22043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 01/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is an autosomal-dominant condition mainly due to a mutation of the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene. The present study reports evidence of a technical issue occurring during the mutational analysis of APC exon 4. Genetic conventional direct sequence analysis of a repetitive AT-rich region in the splice acceptor site of APC intron 3 could be misinterpreted as a pathogenetic frameshift result. However, this potential bias may be bypassed adopting a method for random mutagenesis of DNA based on the use of a triphosphate nucleoside analogues mixture. Using this method as a second-level analysis, we also demonstrated the nonpathogenic nature of the variant in the poly A trait in APC exon 4 region (c.423-4delA) that do not result in aberrant splicing of APC exons 3-4; conversely, we did not find a previously reported T deletion/insertion polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Palmirotta
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Advanced Biotechnologies, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, via della Pisana 235, Rome, Italy.
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10
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Trial and error: how the unclonable human mitochondrial genome was cloned in yeast. Pharm Res 2011; 28:2863-70. [PMID: 21739320 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-011-0527-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Development of a human mitochondrial gene delivery vector is a critical step in the ability to treat diseases arising from mutations in mitochondrial DNA. Although we have previously cloned the mouse mitochondrial genome in its entirety and developed it as a mitochondrial gene therapy vector, the human mitochondrial genome has been dubbed unclonable in E. coli, due to regions of instability in the D-loop and tRNA(Thr) gene. METHODS We tested multi- and single-copy vector systems for cloning human mitochondrial DNA in E. coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, including transformation-associated recombination. RESULTS Human mitochondrial DNA is unclonable in E. coli and cannot be retained in multi- or single-copy vectors under any conditions. It was, however, possible to clone and stably maintain the entire human mitochondrial genome in yeast as long as a single-copy centromeric plasmid was used. D-loop and tRNA(Thr) were both stable and unmutated. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report of cloning the entire human mitochondrial genome and the first step in developing a gene delivery vehicle for human mitochondrial gene therapy.
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11
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d'Avenia M, Rosati A, Belisario MA, Torino M, Torino G, Turco MC, Pascale M. The expression of the pro-apoptotic gene Air is inducible in human pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells. J Cell Physiol 2011; 226:2207-12. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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12
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Abstract
Nucleotide analogues are used increasingly in medicine and biotechnology to effect DNA sequence change, principally via clastogenic and transcriptional effects. This article, however, discusses the use of mutagenic nucleotide analogues to improve the sequencing of recalcitrant and repetitive DNA motifs. Guidance in the technical and practical approaches that support use of this approach with different DNA sequencing technologies is provided, including for high-throughput technologies.
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Meader S, Hillier LW, Locke D, Ponting CP, Lunter G. Genome assembly quality: assessment and improvement using the neutral indel model. Genome Res 2010; 20:675-84. [PMID: 20305016 DOI: 10.1101/gr.096966.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We describe a statistical and comparative-genomic approach for quantifying error rates of genome sequence assemblies. The method exploits not substitutions but the pattern of insertions and deletions (indels) in genome-scale alignments for closely related species. Using two- or three-way alignments, the approach estimates the amount of aligned sequence containing clusters of nucleotides that were wrongly inserted or deleted during sequencing or assembly. Thus, the method is well-suited to assessing fine-scale sequence quality within single assemblies, between different assemblies of a single set of reads, and between genome assemblies for different species. When applying this approach to four primate genome assemblies, we found that average gap error rates per base varied considerably, by up to sixfold. As expected, bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) sequences contained lower, but still substantial, predicted numbers of errors, arguing for caution in regarding BACs as the epitome of genome fidelity. We then mapped short reads, at approximately 10-fold statistical coverage, from a Bornean orangutan onto the Sumatran orangutan genome assembly originally constructed from capillary reads. This resulted in a reduced gap error rate and a separation of error-prone from high-fidelity sequence. Over 5000 predicted indel errors in protein-coding sequence were corrected in a hybrid assembly. Our approach contributes a new fine-scale quality metric for assemblies that should facilitate development of improved genome sequencing and assembly strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Meader
- Medical Research Council Functional Genomics Unit, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QX, United Kingdom
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- John H Leamon
- RainDance Technologies, Inc., 530 Whitfield Street, Guilford, Connecticut 06437, USA.
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15
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Blakesley RW, Hansen NF, Mullikin JC, Thomas PJ, McDowell JC, Maskeri B, Young AC, Benjamin B, Brooks SY, Coleman BI, Gupta J, Ho SL, Karlins EM, Maduro QL, Stantripop S, Tsurgeon C, Vogt JL, Walker MA, Masiello CA, Guan X, Bouffard GG, Green ED. An intermediate grade of finished genomic sequence suitable for comparative analyses. Genome Res 2004; 14:2235-44. [PMID: 15479945 PMCID: PMC525681 DOI: 10.1101/gr.2648404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2004] [Accepted: 08/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Although the cost of generating draft-quality genomic sequence continues to decline, refining that sequence by the process of "sequence finishing" remains expensive. Near-perfect finished sequence is an appropriate goal for the human genome and a small set of reference genomes; however, such a high-quality product cannot be cost-justified for large numbers of additional genomes, at least for the foreseeable future. Here we describe the generation and quality of an intermediate grade of finished genomic sequence (termed comparative-grade finished sequence), which is tailored for use in multispecies sequence comparisons. Our analyses indicate that this sequence is very high quality (with the residual gaps and errors mostly falling within repetitive elements) and reflects 99% of the total sequence. Importantly, comparative-grade sequence finishing requires approximately 40-fold less reagents and approximately 10-fold less personnel effort compared to the generation of near-perfect finished sequence, such as that produced for the human genome. Although applied here to finishing sequence derived from individual bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clones, one could envision establishing routines for refining sequences emanating from whole-genome shotgun sequencing projects to a similar quality level. Our experience to date demonstrates that comparative-grade sequence finishing represents a practical and affordable option for sequence refinement en route to comparative analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Blakesley
- NIH Intramural Sequencing Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Shendure J, Mitra RD, Varma C, Church GM. Advanced sequencing technologies: methods and goals. Nat Rev Genet 2004; 5:335-44. [PMID: 15143316 DOI: 10.1038/nrg1325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 326] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jay Shendure
- Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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17
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Current Awareness on Comparative and Functional Genomics. Comp Funct Genomics 2004. [PMCID: PMC2447433 DOI: 10.1002/cfg.356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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