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Chater CC, Caine RS, Tomek M, Wallace S, Kamisugi Y, Cuming AC, Lang D, MacAlister CA, Casson S, Bergmann DC, Decker EL, Frank W, Gray JE, Fleming A, Reski R, Beerling DJ. Origin and function of stomata in the moss Physcomitrella patens. NATURE PLANTS 2016; 2:16179. [PMID: 27892923 PMCID: PMC5131878 DOI: 10.1038/nplants.2016.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Stomata are microscopic valves on plant surfaces that originated over 400 million years (Myr) ago and facilitated the greening of Earth's continents by permitting efficient shoot-atmosphere gas exchange and plant hydration1. However, the core genetic machinery regulating stomatal development in non-vascular land plants is poorly understood2-4 and their function has remained a matter of debate for a century5. Here, we show that genes encoding the two basic helix-loop-helix proteins PpSMF1 (SPEECH, MUTE and FAMA-like) and PpSCREAM1 (SCRM1) in the moss Physcomitrella patens are orthologous to transcriptional regulators of stomatal development in the flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana and essential for stomata formation in moss. Targeted P. patens knockout mutants lacking either PpSMF1 or PpSCRM1 develop gametophytes indistinguishable from wild-type plants but mutant sporophytes lack stomata. Protein-protein interaction assays reveal heterodimerization between PpSMF1 and PpSCRM1, which, together with moss-angiosperm gene complementations6, suggests deep functional conservation of the heterodimeric SMF1 and SCRM1 unit is required to activate transcription for moss stomatal development, as in A. thaliana7. Moreover, stomata-less sporophytes of ΔPpSMF1 and ΔPpSCRM1 mutants exhibited delayed dehiscence, implying stomata might have promoted dehiscence in the first complex land-plant sporophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caspar C. Chater
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Robert S. Caine
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Marta Tomek
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestr. 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Simon Wallace
- Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons, Belgravia House, 62-64 Horseferry Rd, London SW1P 2AF, UK
| | - Yasuko Kamisugi
- Centre for Plant Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Andrew C. Cuming
- Centre for Plant Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Daniel Lang
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestr. 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Cora A. MacAlister
- Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109-1048, USA
| | - Stuart Casson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | | | - Eva L. Decker
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestr. 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Frank
- Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, LMU Biocenter, Großhaderner Straße 2, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Julie E. Gray
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Andrew Fleming
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Ralf Reski
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestr. 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS – Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - David J. Beerling
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
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