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Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is increasingly becoming a challenge to public health. The regulation of bacterial metabolism by post-translational modifications (PTMs) has been widely studied. However, the mechanism underlying the regulation of acetylation in bacterial resistance to antibiotics is still unknown. Here, we performed a quantitative analysis of the acetylated proteome of a wild-type (WT) Escherichia coli (E. coli) sensitive strain and ampicillin- (Re-Amp), kanamycin- (Re-Kan), and polymyxin B-resistant (Re-Pol) strains. Based on bioinformatics analysis combined with biochemical validations, we found a common regulatory mechanism between the different resistant strains. Our results showed that protein acetylation negatively regulates bacterial metabolism to regulate antibiotic resistance and positively regulates bacterial motility. Further analyses revealed that key enzymes in various metabolic pathways were differentially acetylated. In particular, pyruvate kinase (PykF), a glycolytic enzyme that regulates bacterial metabolism, and its acetylated form were highly expressed in the three resistant strains and were identified as reversibly acetylated by the deacetylase CobB and the acetyl-transferase PatZ (peptidyl-lysine N-acetyltransferase). Results showed that PykF also could be acetylated by nonenzymatic acetyl phosphatase (AcP) in vitro. Furthermore, the deacetylation of Lys413 in PykF increased PykF enzymatic activity by changing the conformation of its ATP binding site, resulting in an increase in energy production which, in turn, increased the sensitivity of drug-resistant strains to antibiotics. This study provides novel insights for understanding bacterial resistance and lays the foundation for future research on the regulation of acetylation in antibiotic-resistant strains. IMPORTANCE The misuse of antibiotics has resulted in the emergence of many antibiotic-resistant strains which seriously threaten human health. Protein post-translational modifications, especially acetylation, tightly control bacterial metabolism. However, the comprehensive mechanism underlying the regulation of acetylation in bacterial resistance remains unexplored. Here, acetylation was found to positively regulate bacterial motility and negatively regulate energy metabolism, which was common in all antibiotic-resistant strains. Moreover, the acetylation and deacetylation process of PykF was uncovered, and deacetylation of the Lys 413 in PykF was found to contribute to bacterial sensitivity to antibiotics. This study provides a new direction for research on the development of bacterial resistance through post-translational modifications and a theoretical basis for developing antibacterial drugs.
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2
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Noonin C, Kapincharanon C, Sueksakit K, Kanlaya R, Thongboonkerd V. Application of tandem fast protein liquid chromatography to purify intact native monomeric/aggregated Tamm-Horsfall protein from human urine and systematic comparisons with diatomaceous earth adsorption and salt precipitation: yield, purity and time-consumption. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:3359-3367. [PMID: 34296239 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay00922b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Tamm-Horsfall protein (THP) is a high-abundance urinary protein. Although its functions have been studied for years, several aspects of these remain unclear. To achieve more knowledge on THP functions, an effective isolation/purification method providing a high yield and high purity is required. This is the first report that applied tandem fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) (by combining Mono Q anion-exchange with Superdex 200 size-exclusion columns in a tandem manner) to isolate intact THP from human urine. Its efficiency was then systematically compared with that of two conventional methods, diatomaceous earth (DE) adsorption and salt precipitation. The first ever systematic comparisons among the three methods revealed that, while Mono Q-Superdex 200 tandem FPLC offered the lowest %yield and was most time-consuming, it provided substantially high %purity and could selectively purify the monomeric and aggregated forms of urinary THP. On the other hand, DE adsorption provided the highest %yield and %purity, whereas salt precipitation offered the lowest %purity. In summary, the tandem FPLC system is most useful for selective purification of the monomeric and aggregated forms of urinary THP for further functional study, whereas DE adsorption remains the method of choice for general purification of THP from human urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chadanat Noonin
- Medical Proteomics Unit, Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, 6th Floor - SiMR Building, 2 Wanglang Road, Bangkoknoi, Bangkok 10700, Thailand.
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3
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Sueksakit K, Thongboonkerd V. Optimization of artificial urine formula for in vitro cellular study compared with native urine. Int J Med Sci 2021; 18:3271-3279. [PMID: 34400896 PMCID: PMC8364465 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.61720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Several artificial urine (AU) formulas have been developed to mimic the normal urine. Most of them are protein-free, particularly when secreted proteins (secretome) is to be analyzed. However, the normal urine actually contains a tiny amount of proteins. We hypothesized that urinary proteins at physiologic level play a role in preservation of renal cell biology and function. This study evaluated the effects from supplementation of 0-10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) into the well-established AU-Siriraj protocol on MDCK renal tubular cells. Time to deformation (TD) was reduced by both native urine and AU-Siriraj without/with FBS compared with complete culture medium (control). Among the native urine and AU-Siriraj without/with FBS, the cells in AU-Siriraj+2.5% FBS had the longest TD. Supplementation of FBS increased cell death in a dose-dependent manner (but still <10%). Transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) of the polarized cells in the native urine was comparable to the control, whereas that of the cells in AU-Siriraj+2.5% FBS had the highest TER. These data indicate that supplementation of 2.5% FBS into AU-Siriraj can prolong time to deformation and enhance polarization of renal tubular cells. Therefore, AU-Siriraj+2.5% FBS is highly recommended for in vitro study of cell biology and function (when secretome is not subjected to analysis).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanyarat Sueksakit
- Medical Proteomics Unit, Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Visith Thongboonkerd
- Medical Proteomics Unit, Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
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4
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Bioinformatics for Renal and Urinary Proteomics: Call for Aggrandization. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030961. [PMID: 32024005 PMCID: PMC7038205 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical sampling of urine is noninvasive and unrestricted, whereby huge volumes can be easily obtained. This makes urine a valuable resource for the diagnoses of diseases. Urinary and renal proteomics have resulted in considerable progress in kidney-based disease diagnosis through biomarker discovery and treatment. This review summarizes the bioinformatics tools available for this area of proteomics and the milestones reached using these tools in clinical research. The scant research publications and the even more limited bioinformatic tool options available for urinary and renal proteomics are highlighted in this review. The need for more attention and input from bioinformaticians is highlighted, so that progressive achievements and releases can be made. With just a handful of existing tools for renal and urinary proteomic research available, this review identifies a gap worth targeting by protein chemists and bioinformaticians. The probable causes for the lack of enthusiasm in this area are also speculated upon in this review. This is the first review that consolidates the bioinformatics applications specifically for renal and urinary proteomics.
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5
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Snijders MLH, Zajec M, Walter LAJ, de Louw RMAA, Oomen MHA, Arshad S, van den Bosch TPP, Dekker LJM, Doukas M, Luider TM, Riegman PHJ, van Kemenade FJ, Clahsen-van Groningen MC. Cryo-Gel embedding compound for renal biopsy biobanking. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15250. [PMID: 31649317 PMCID: PMC6813323 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51962-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Optimal preservation and biobanking of renal tissue is vital for good diagnostics and subsequent research. Optimal cutting temperature (OCT) compound is a commonly used embedding medium for freezing tissue samples. However, due to interfering polymers in OCT, analysis as mass spectrometry (MS) is difficult. We investigated if the replacement of OCT with Cryo-Gel as embedding compound for renal biopsies would enable proteomics and not disturb other common techniques used in tissue diagnostics and research. For the present study, fresh renal samples were snap-frozen using Cryo-Gel, OCT and without embedding compound and evaluated using different techniques. In addition, tissue samples from normal spleen, skin, liver and colon were analyzed. Cryo-Gel embedded tissues showed good morphological preservation and no interference in immunohistochemical or immunofluorescent investigations. The quality of extracted RNA and DNA was good. The number of proteins identified using MS was similar between Cryo-Gel embedded samples, samples without embedding compound and OCT embedded samples. However, polymers in the OCT disturbed the signal in the MS, while this was not observed in the Cryo-Gel embedded samples. We conclude that embedding of renal biopsies in Cryo-Gel is an excellent and preferable alternative for OCT compound for both diagnostic and research purposes, especially in those cases where proteomic analysis might be necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marina Zajec
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Shazia Arshad
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Michail Doukas
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Theo M Luider
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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6
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Abstract
Lipidomics is the identification and quantitation of changes in the lipidome of a cell, tissue, organ or biofluid in health and disease using high resolution mass spectrometry. Lipidome of a particular organism has relevance to the disease manifestation as it reflects the metabolic changes which can be a consequence of the disease. Hence these changes in the molecules can be considered as potential markers for screening and early detection of the disease. Biological fluids as blood/serum/plasma, urine, saliva, tear and cerebrospinal fluid, due to their accessibility, offer ease of collection with minimal or no discomfort to the patient and provide a ready footprint of the metabolic changes occurring during disease. This review provides a brief introduction to lipidomics and its role in understanding the metabolic changes in health and disease followed by discussion on the chemical diversity of the lipid species and their biological role, mammalian lipids and their metabolism and role of lipids in pathogens and the immune response before dwelling further into importance of studying lipidome in various biological fluids. The challenges in performing a lipidomic analysis at the experimental and data analysis stages are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkasubhra Ghosh
- GROW Research Laboratory, Narayana Nethralaya Foundation, Narayana Health City, # 258/A, Bommasandra, Hosur Road, Bangalore, 560 099, India
| | - Krishnatej Nishtala
- GROW Research Laboratory, Narayana Nethralaya Foundation, Narayana Health City, # 258/A, Bommasandra, Hosur Road, Bangalore, 560 099, India.
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7
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Amimanan P, Tavichakorntrakool R, Fong-Ngern K, Sribenjalux P, Lulitanond A, Prasongwatana V, Wongkham C, Boonsiri P, Umka Welbat J, Thongboonkerd V. Elongation factor Tu on Escherichia coli isolated from urine of kidney stone patients promotes calcium oxalate crystal growth and aggregation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2953. [PMID: 28592876 PMCID: PMC5462744 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03213-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli is the most common bacterium isolated from urine and stone matrix of calcium oxalate (CaOx) stone formers. Whether it has pathogenic role(s) in kidney stone formation or is only entrapped inside the stone remains unclear. We thus evaluated differences between E. coli isolated from urine of patients with kidney stone (EUK) and that from patients with urinary tract infection (UTI) without stone (EUU). From 100 stone formers and 200 UTI patients, only four pairs of EUK/EUU isolates had identical antimicrobial susceptibility patterns. Proteomic analysis revealed nine common differentially expressed proteins. Among these, the greater level of elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu) in EUK was validated by Western blotting. Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) derived from EUK had greater promoting activities on CaOx crystallization, crystal growth and aggregation as compared to those derived from EUU. Neutralizing the OMVs of EUK with monoclonal anti-EF-Tu antibody, not with an isotype antibody, significantly reduced all these OMVs-induced promoting effects. Moreover, immunofluorescence staining of EF-Tu on bacterial cell surface confirmed the greater expression of surface EF-Tu on EUK (vs. EUU). Our data indicate that surface EF-Tu and OMVs play significant roles in promoting activities of E. coli on CaOx crystallization, crystal growth and aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyawan Amimanan
- Faculty of Graduate School, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Centre for Research and Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Ratree Tavichakorntrakool
- Centre for Research and Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand. .,Department of Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.
| | - Kedsarin Fong-Ngern
- Medical Proteomics Unit, Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pipat Sribenjalux
- Centre for Research and Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Department of Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Aroonlug Lulitanond
- Centre for Research and Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Department of Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Vitoon Prasongwatana
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Chaisiri Wongkham
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Patcharee Boonsiri
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Jariya Umka Welbat
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Visith Thongboonkerd
- Medical Proteomics Unit, Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand. .,Center for Research in Complex Systems Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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8
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Peerapen P, Ausakunpipat N, Sutthimethakorn S, Aluksanasuwan S, Vinaiphat A, Thongboonkerd V. Physiologic changes of urinary proteome by caffeine and excessive water intake. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 55:993-1002. [DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2016-0464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractBackground:Diurnal variations and physiologic changes of urinary proteome have been suggested in the urinary proteomics field. However, no clear evidence has been demonstrated. The present study thus aimed to define changes in urinary proteome by physiological stimuli, i.e. caffeine intake and excessive water drinking, both of which cause physiologic diuresis.Methods:Urine samples were collected from 30 healthy individuals under three different conditions: (i) morning void as the control; (ii) after drinking a cup of coffee; and (iii) after drinking 1 L of water within 20 min. Thereafter, differentially excreted proteins were analyzed by 2-DE proteomics approach and validated by Western blotting and ELISA.Results:Spot matching, quantitative intensity analysis, and ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post-hoc multiple comparisons and the Bonferroni correction revealed significant differences in levels of five protein spots among three different conditions. These proteins were identified by quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (Q-TOF MS) and/or MS/MS analyses as kininogen 1 isoform 3, β-actin, prostaglandin D synthase (PGDS), fibrinogen α-chain and immunoglobulin light chain. Among these, the decreased level of immunoglobulin was successfully validated by Western blotting and ELISA.Conclusions:These data indicated that caffeine intake and excessive water drinking could affect urinary excretion of some proteins and may affect urinary proteome analysis.
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9
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Vinaiphat A, Thongboonkerd V. Prospects for proteomics in kidney stone disease. Expert Rev Proteomics 2017; 14:185-187. [DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2017.1283222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arada Vinaiphat
- Medical Proteomics Unit, Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital
- Center for Research in Complex Systems Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Visith Thongboonkerd
- Medical Proteomics Unit, Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital
- Center for Research in Complex Systems Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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10
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Differential human urinary lipid profiles using various lipid-extraction protocols: MALDI-TOF and LIFT-TOF/TOF analyses. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33756. [PMID: 27646409 PMCID: PMC5028741 DOI: 10.1038/srep33756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in lipid levels/profiles can reflect health status and diseases. Urinary lipidomics, thus, has a great potential in clinical diagnostics/prognostics. Previously, only chloroform and methanol were used for extracting lipids from the urine. The present study aimed to optimize lipid extraction and examine differential lipid classes obtained by various extraction protocols. Urine samples were collected from eight healthy individuals and then pooled. Lipids were extracted by six solvent protocols, including (i) chloroform/methanol (1:1, v/v), (ii) chloroform/methanol (2:1, v/v), (iii) hexane/isopropanol (3:2, v/v), (iv) chloroform, (v) diethyl ether, and (vi) hexane. Lipid profiles of the six extracts were acquired by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry (MS) and some lipid classes were verified by LIFT-TOF/TOF MS/MS. The data revealed that phosphatidylglycerol (PG) and phosphatidylinositol (PI) could be detected by all six protocols. However, phosphatidylcholine (PC) and sphingomyelin (SM) were detectable only by protocols (i)–(iv), whereas phosphatidylserine (PS) was detectable only by protocols (iii)–(vi), and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) was detectable only by protocols (v)–(vi). In summary, we have demonstrated differential lipidome profiles yielded by different extraction protocols. These data can serve as an important source for selection of an appropriate extraction method for further highly focused studies on particular lipid classes in the human urine.
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11
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Human Urine Proteomics: Analytical Techniques and Clinical Applications in Renal Diseases. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PROTEOMICS 2015; 2015:782798. [PMID: 26693351 PMCID: PMC4677025 DOI: 10.1155/2015/782798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Urine has been in the center of attention among scientists of clinical proteomics in the past decade, because it is valuable source of proteins and peptides with a relative stable composition and easy to collect in large and repeated quantities with a noninvasive procedure. In this review, we discuss technical aspects of urinary proteomics in detail, including sample preparation, proteomic technologies, and their advantage and disadvantages. Several recent experiments are presented which applied urinary proteome for biomarker discovery in renal diseases including diabetic nephropathy, immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, lupus nephritis, membranous nephropathy, and acute kidney injury. In addition, several available databases in urinary proteomics are also briefly introduced.
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12
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Mitochondrial proteomes of porcine kidney cortex and medulla: foundation for translational proteomics. Clin Exp Nephrol 2015; 20:39-49. [PMID: 26072732 DOI: 10.1007/s10157-015-1135-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging evidence has linked mitochondrial dysfunction to the pathogenesis of many renal disorders, including acute kidney injury, sepsis and even chronic kidney disease. Proteomics is a powerful tool in elucidating the role of mitochondria in renal pathologies. Since the pig is increasingly recognized as a major mammalian model for translational research, the lack of physiological proteome data of large mammals prompted us to examine renal mitochondrial proteome in porcine kidney cortex and medulla METHODS Kidneys were obtained from six healthy pigs. Mitochondria from cortex and medulla were isolated using differential centrifugation and proteome maps of cortical and medullar mitochondria were constructed using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE). Protein spots with significant difference between mitochondrial fraction of renal cortex and medulla were identified by mass spectrometry. RESULTS Proteomic analysis identified 81 protein spots. Of these spots, 41 mitochondrial proteins were statistically different between renal cortex and medulla (p < 0.05). Protein spots containing enzymes of beta oxidation, amino acid metabolism, and gluconeogenesis were predominant in kidney cortex mitochondria. Spots containing tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymes and electron transport system proteins, proteins maintaining metabolite transport and mitochondrial translation were more abundant in medullar mitochondria. CONCLUSION This study provides the first proteomic profile of porcine kidney cortex and medullar mitochondrial proteome. Different protein expression pattern reflects divergent functional metabolic role of mitochondria in various kidney compartments. Our study could serve as a useful reference for further porcine experiments investigating renal mitochondrial physiology under various pathological states.
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13
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Gopal J, Muthu M, Chun SC, Wu HF. State-of-the-art nanoplatform-integrated MALDI-MS impacting resolutions in urinary proteomics. Proteomics Clin Appl 2015; 9:469-81. [PMID: 25736343 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201400182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 12/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Urine proteomics has become a subject of interest, since it has led to a number of breakthroughs in disease diagnostics. Urine contains information not only from the kidney and the urinary tract but also from other organs, thus urinary proteome analysis allows for identification of biomarkers for both urogenital and systemic diseases. The following review gives a brief overview of the analytical techniques that have been in practice for urinary proteomics. MALDI-MS technique and its current application status in this area of clinical research have been discussed. The review comments on the challenges facing the conventional MALDI-MS technique and the upgradation of this technique with the introduction of nanotechnology. This review projects nano-based techniques such as nano-MALDI-MS, surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization, and nanostructure-initiator MS as the platforms that have the potential in trafficking MALDI-MS from the lab to the bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy Gopal
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Manikandan Muthu
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Se-Chul Chun
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hui-Fen Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Institute of Medical Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-Sen University and Academia Sinica, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Center for Nanosciences and Nanotechnology, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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14
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Riaz S. Study of Protein Biomarkers of Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 and Therapy with Vitamin B1. J Diabetes Res 2015; 2015:150176. [PMID: 26273663 PMCID: PMC4530253 DOI: 10.1155/2015/150176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present research work, the levels of protein biomarkers specific to diabetes mellitus type 2 in the Pakistani population using proteomic technology have been identified and characterized and effect of high dose thiamine has been seen on the levels of these marker proteins. Diabetic patients and normal healthy controls were recruited from the Sheikh Zayed Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan. Total biochemical assays and proteins were estimated by modern proteomic techniques. Some proteins were up- and downregulated in diabetic samples as compared to control and decreased after thiamine therapy, while other protein markers did not show a significant change after the thiamine therapy. The effect of high dose thiamine on the levels of these identified protein biomarkers in the human urine has also been observed. Assessment of the levels of these biomarkers will be helpful in not only early diagnosis but also prognosis of diabetes mellitus type 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samreen Riaz
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
- *Samreen Riaz:
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15
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Oliveira E, Araújo JE, Gómez-Meire S, Lodeiro C, Perez-Melon C, Iglesias-Lamas E, Otero-Glez A, Capelo JL, Santos HM. Proteomics analysis of the peritoneal dialysate effluent reveals the presence of calcium-regulation proteins and acute inflammatory response. Clin Proteomics 2014; 11:17. [PMID: 24742231 PMCID: PMC4022211 DOI: 10.1186/1559-0275-11-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is a form of renal replacement used for advanced chronic kidney disease. PD effluent holds a great potential for biomarker discovery for diagnosis and prognosis. In this study a novel approach to unravelling the proteome of PD effluent based-on dithiothreitol depletion followed by 2D-SDS-PAGE and protein identification using tandem mass spectrometry is proposed. Results A total of 49 spots were analysed revealing 25 proteins differentially expressed, among them many proteins involved in calcium regulation. Conclusions Remarkably, a group of proteins dealing with calcium metabolism and calcium regulation has been found to be lost through peritoneal dialysate effluent, giving thus a potential explanation to the calcification of soft tissues in patients subjected to peritoneal dialysis and kidney injury. Comparison of literature dealing with PD is difficult due to differences in sample treatment and analytical methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabete Oliveira
- BIOSCOPE Research Group. REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química. Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, 2829-516, Portugal ; PROTEOMASS Scientific Society, Madan Parque, Rua dos Inventores, Caparica, 2825-182, Portugal
| | - José E Araújo
- BIOSCOPE Research Group. REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química. Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, 2829-516, Portugal ; PROTEOMASS Scientific Society, Madan Parque, Rua dos Inventores, Caparica, 2825-182, Portugal
| | - Silvana Gómez-Meire
- SING Group. Informatics Department. Higher Technical School of Computer Engineering, University of Vigo, Ourense, Spain
| | - Carlos Lodeiro
- BIOSCOPE Research Group. REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química. Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, 2829-516, Portugal ; PROTEOMASS Scientific Society, Madan Parque, Rua dos Inventores, Caparica, 2825-182, Portugal
| | - Cristina Perez-Melon
- Servicio de Nefrología, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Ourense, Ourense, 32004, España
| | - Elena Iglesias-Lamas
- Servicio de Nefrología, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Ourense, Ourense, 32004, España
| | - Alfonso Otero-Glez
- Servicio de Nefrología, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Ourense, Ourense, 32004, España
| | - José L Capelo
- BIOSCOPE Research Group. REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química. Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, 2829-516, Portugal ; PROTEOMASS Scientific Society, Madan Parque, Rua dos Inventores, Caparica, 2825-182, Portugal
| | - Hugo M Santos
- BIOSCOPE Research Group. REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química. Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, 2829-516, Portugal ; PROTEOMASS Scientific Society, Madan Parque, Rua dos Inventores, Caparica, 2825-182, Portugal
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16
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Proteomics and diabetic nephropathy: what have we learned from a decade of clinical proteomics studies? J Nephrol 2014; 27:221-8. [PMID: 24567069 DOI: 10.1007/s40620-014-0044-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) has become the most frequent cause of chronic kidney disease worldwide due to the constant increase of the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in developed and developing countries. The understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of human diseases through a large-scale characterization of the protein content of a biological sample is the key feature of the proteomics approach to the study of human disease. We discuss the main results of over 10 years of tissue and urine proteomics studies applied to DN in order to understand how far we have come and how far we still have to go before obtaining a full comprehension of the molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of DN and identifying reliable biomarkers for accurate management of patients.
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Rocchetti MT, Papale M, d'Apollo AM, Suriano IV, Di Palma AM, Vocino G, Montemurno E, Varraso L, Grandaliano G, Di Paolo S, Gesualdo L. Association of urinary laminin G-like 3 and free K light chains with disease activity and histological injury in IgA nephropathy. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2013; 8:1115-25. [PMID: 23599406 DOI: 10.2215/cjn.05950612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES IgA nephropathy has variable clinical presentation and progression. Its definitive diagnosis and prognosis require renal biopsy. The identification of new biomarkers allowing noninvasive diagnosis and monitoring of disease activity would be advantageous. This study analyzed the urine proteome of IgA nephropathy patients at an early stage of disease. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS Urine from 49 IgA nephropathy patients, 42 CKD patients, and 40 healthy individuals was analyzed by surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization time of flight/mass spectrometry. Differentially excreted proteins were identified by matrix-enhanced laser desorption/ionization time of flight/mass spectrometry, confirmed by immunologic methods, and validated in an independent set of patients (14 IgA nephropathy and 24 CKD). All patients were recruited at the Division of Nephrology of the University of Foggia from January of 2005 to March of 2007. RESULTS Two proteins, with 21,598 and 23,458 m/z, were significantly decreased in IgA nephropathy and identified as Perlecan laminin G-like 3 peptide and Ig κ light chains, respectively. Western blot analysis confirmed the lower urinary excretion of laminin G-like 3 in IgA nephropathy patients compared with CKD patients and healthy individuals. Immunonephelometry analysis confirmed the lower urinary excretion of free κ light chains in IgA nephropathy patients compared with CKD patients and healthy individuals. Immunohistochemistry analysis justified the urinary excretion profile of such proteins in IgA nephropathy. Finally, urinary free κ light chains and laminin G-like 3 concentration inversely correlated with severity of clinical and histologic features of our IgA nephropathy cohort. CONCLUSIONS Laminin G-like 3 and free κ light chains can contribute to the noninvasive assessment of IgA nephropathy disease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Rocchetti
- Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, Research Center BioAgroMed, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
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18
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Somparn P, Hirankarn N, Leelahavanichkul A, Khovidhunkit W, Thongboonkerd V, Avihingsanon Y. Urinary proteomics revealed prostaglandin H2D-isomerase, not Zn-α2-glycoprotein, as a biomarker for active lupus nephritis. J Proteomics 2012; 75:3240-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2012.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Revised: 03/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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19
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Zerefos PG, Aivaliotis M, Baumann M, Vlahou A. Analysis of the urine proteome via a combination of multi-dimensional approaches. Proteomics 2012; 12:391-400. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201100212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2011] [Revised: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 11/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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20
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Neiman M, Hedberg JJ, Dönnes PR, Schuppe-Koistinen I, Hanschke S, Schindler R, Uhlén M, Schwenk JM, Nilsson P. Plasma Profiling Reveals Human Fibulin-1 as Candidate Marker for Renal Impairment. J Proteome Res 2011; 10:4925-34. [DOI: 10.1021/pr200286c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maja Neiman
- Science for Life Laboratory Stockholm, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Box 1031, SE-17121 Solna, Sweden
| | - Jesper J. Hedberg
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, Safety Assessment, AstraZeneca R&D Södertälje, SE-15185 Södertälje, Sweden
| | - Pierre R. Dönnes
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, Safety Assessment, AstraZeneca R&D Södertälje, SE-15185 Södertälje, Sweden
| | - Ina Schuppe-Koistinen
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, Safety Assessment, AstraZeneca R&D Södertälje, SE-15185 Södertälje, Sweden
| | - Stephan Hanschke
- Nephrology and Internal Intensive Care Medicine, Charité-Virchow Clinic, Augustenburger Platz 1, DE-13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralf Schindler
- Nephrology and Internal Intensive Care Medicine, Charité-Virchow Clinic, Augustenburger Platz 1, DE-13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mathias Uhlén
- Science for Life Laboratory Stockholm, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Box 1031, SE-17121 Solna, Sweden
| | - Jochen M. Schwenk
- Science for Life Laboratory Stockholm, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Box 1031, SE-17121 Solna, Sweden
| | - Peter Nilsson
- Science for Life Laboratory Stockholm, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Box 1031, SE-17121 Solna, Sweden
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21
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Goo YA, Tsai YS, Liu AY, Goodlett DR, Yang CC. Urinary proteomics evaluation in interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome: a pilot study. Int Braz J Urol 2011; 36:464-78; discussion 478-9, 479. [PMID: 20815953 DOI: 10.1590/s1677-55382010000400010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome (IC/PBS) is characterized by chronic pain, pressure and discomfort felt in the pelvis or bladder. An in-depth shotgun proteomics study was carried out to profile the urinary proteome of women with IC/PBS to identify possible specific proteins and networks associated with IC%PBS. MATERIALS AND METHODS Urine samples from ten female IC/PBS patients and ten female asymptomatic, healthy control subjects were analyzed in quadruplicate by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) on a hybrid linear ion trap-orbitrap mass spectrometer. Gas-phase fractionation (GPF) was used to enhance protein identification. Differences in protein quantity were determined by peptide spectral counting. RESULTS alpha-1B-glycoprotein (A1BG) and orosomucoid-1 (ORM1) were detected in all IC%PBS patients, and > or = 60% of these patients had elevated expression of these two proteins compared to control subjects. Transthyretin (TTR) and hemopexin (HPX) were detected in all control individuals, but > or = 60% of the IC/PBS patients had decreased expression levels of these two proteins. Enrichment functional analysis showed cell adhesion and response to stimuli were down-regulated whereas response to inflammation, wounding, and tissue degradation were up-regulated in IC/PBS. Activation of neurophysiological processes in synaptic inhibition, and lack of DNA damage repair may also be key components of IC%PBS. CONCLUSION There are qualitative and quantitative differences between the urinary proteomes of women with and without IC%PBS. We identified a number of proteins as well as pathways%networks that might contribute to the pathology of IC%PBS or result from perturbations induced by this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Ah Goo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Prunotto M, Ghiggeri G, Bruschi M, Gabbiani G, Lescuyer P, Hocher B, Chaykovska L, Berrera M, Moll S. Renal fibrosis and proteomics: current knowledge and still key open questions for proteomic investigation. J Proteomics 2011; 74:1855-70. [PMID: 21642026 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2011.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2011] [Revised: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 05/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Renal tubulo-interstitial fibrosis is a non-specific process, representing the final common pathway for all kidney diseases, irrespective of their initial cause, histological injury, or etiology, leading to gradual expansion of the fibrotic mass which destroys the normal structure of the tissue and results in organ dysfunction and, ultimately, in end-stage organ failure. Proteomic studies of the fibrotic pathophysiological mechanisms have been performed in cell cultures, animal models and human tissues, addressing some of the key issues. This article will review proteomic contribution to the raising current knowledge on renal fibrosis biology and also mention seminal open questions to which proteomic techniques and proteomists could fruitfully contribute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Prunotto
- RenalChild Foundation, G. Gaslini Children Hospital, Genoa, Italy.
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Zürbig P, Dihazi H, Metzger J, Thongboonkerd V, Vlahou A. Urine proteomics in kidney and urogenital diseases: Moving towards clinical applications. Proteomics Clin Appl 2011; 5:256-68. [PMID: 21591267 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201000133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Revised: 03/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
To date, multiple biomarker discovery studies in urine have been conducted. Nevertheless, the rate of progression of these biomarkers to qualification and even more clinical application is extremely low. The scope of this article is to provide an overview of main clinically relevant proteomic findings from urine focusing on kidney diseases, bladder and prostate cancers. In addition, approaches for promoting the use of urine in clinical proteomics including potential means to facilitate the validation of existing promising findings (biomarker candidates identified from previous studies) and to increase the chances for success for the identification of new biomarkers are discussed.
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Chen G, Zhang Y, Jin X, Zhang L, Zhou Y, Niu J, Chen J, Gu Y. Urinary proteomics analysis for renal injury in hypertensive disorders of pregnancy with iTRAQ labeling and LC-MS/MS. Proteomics Clin Appl 2011; 5:300-10. [PMID: 21538910 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201000100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2010] [Revised: 01/15/2011] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE As a noninvasive examination, urinary proteomics is a very useful tool to identify renal disease. The purpose of the present study was to find differential proteins among women with preeclampsia, gestational hypertension and normal pregnancy, and to screen potential biomarkers for the early diagnosis of preeclampsia. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Urinary proteins were identified by iTRAQ labeling coupled with 2-D LC-MS/MS. The bioinformatics analysis was performed with the Metacore software and the International Protein Index (IPI) and the Gene Ontology (GO) Database. The differentially expressed proteins were verified by ELISA. RESULTS 362 nonredundant proteins were identified, 113 of which were expressed differentially between preeclampsia and normal pregnant group and 31 differential proteins among three groups. These differential proteins were associated with biological processes of blood coagulation, cell adhesion and differentiation, immune response and cytoskeleton development, etc. They interacted with each other in the network. The urinary angiotensinogen (AGT) was downregulated, which was consistent with the ELISA validation results. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The present study found a multitude of differential proteins that might provide a clue for investigating the mechanism of proteinuria development in preeclampsia. Low urinary angiotensinogen levels were useful for identifying preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guixiang Chen
- Division of Nephrology, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
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Aportaciones de la proteómica al estudio de las enfermedades cardiovasculares. HIPERTENSION Y RIESGO VASCULAR 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hipert.2010.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Urinary proteome analysis and the management of ureteropelvic junction obstruction. Pediatr Nephrol 2010; 25:1595-6. [PMID: 20407913 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-010-1521-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2009] [Revised: 03/12/2010] [Accepted: 03/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO) detected prenatally may over time deteriorate and require surgery, improve, or remain stable, and it may take upwards of 3 years for its natural history to unfold. Clinical decisions for or against operative corrections are usually based on scintigraphy follow-up studies. A non-invasive method for facilitating clinical decisions has recently been presented: urinary proteome analysis utilizing capillary electrophoresis mass spectrometry (CE-MS) has been shown to predict the outcome of UPJO in newborns. The group that developed this assay has now validated their seminal findings and extended the investigations to older age groups (this issue). The results of the blinded analysis correctly identified patients with UPJO who underwent surgery with a sensitivity of 83% (5 of 6 patients) and a specificity of 92% (12 of 13 patients) in infants up to 1 year of age. The validity of the analysis was poor in children >1 year of age with unilateral UPJO. A large number of patients will be needed to answer the question of to what extent the normal variability of urinary proteomes overlap with the variability of the pattern in UPJO beyond early infancy.
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Mesrobian HGO, Mitchell ME, See WA, Halligan BD, Carlson BE, Greene AS, Wakim BT. Candidate Urinary Biomarker Discovery in Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction: A Proteomic Approach. J Urol 2010; 184:709-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2010.03.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2009] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael E. Mitchell
- Department of Urology, Medical College and Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - William A. See
- Department of Urology, Medical College and Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Brian D. Halligan
- Biotechnology and Bioengineering Center, Medical College and Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Brian E. Carlson
- Biotechnology and Bioengineering Center, Medical College and Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Andrew S. Greene
- Biotechnology and Bioengineering Center, Medical College and Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Bassam T. Wakim
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College and Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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Brewis IA, Topley N. Proteomics and peritoneal dialysis: early days but clear potential. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2010; 25:1749-53. [PMID: 20348542 PMCID: PMC2875986 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfq145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Jackson DH, Banks RE. Banking of clinical samples for proteomic biomarker studies: A consideration of logistical issues with a focus on pre-analytical variation. Proteomics Clin Appl 2010; 4:250-70. [DOI: 10.1002/prca.200900220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2009] [Revised: 12/20/2009] [Accepted: 12/20/2009] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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