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Said N, Lau WJ, Ho YC, Lim SK, Zainol Abidin MN, Ismail AF. A Review of Commercial Developments and Recent Laboratory Research of Dialyzers and Membranes for Hemodialysis Application. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:767. [PMID: 34677533 PMCID: PMC8540739 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11100767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Dialyzers have been commercially used for hemodialysis application since the 1950s, but progress in improving their efficiencies has never stopped over the decades. This article aims to provide an up-to-date review on the commercial developments and recent laboratory research of dialyzers for hemodialysis application and to discuss the technical aspects of dialyzer development, including hollow fiber membrane materials, dialyzer design, sterilization processes and flow simulation. The technical challenges of dialyzers are also highlighted in this review, which discusses the research areas that need to be prioritized to further improve the properties of dialyzers, such as flux, biocompatibility, flow distribution and urea clearance rate. We hope this review article can provide insights to researchers in developing/designing an ideal dialyzer that can bring the best hemodialysis treatment outcomes to kidney disease patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noresah Said
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310, Malaysia; (N.S.); (M.N.Z.A.); (A.F.I.)
| | - Woei Jye Lau
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310, Malaysia; (N.S.); (M.N.Z.A.); (A.F.I.)
| | - Yeek-Chia Ho
- Centre of Urban Resource Sustainability, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia;
| | - Soo Kun Lim
- University Malaya Primary Care Research Group (UMPCRG), Department of Primary Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia;
| | - Muhammad Nidzhom Zainol Abidin
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310, Malaysia; (N.S.); (M.N.Z.A.); (A.F.I.)
| | - Ahmad Fauzi Ismail
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310, Malaysia; (N.S.); (M.N.Z.A.); (A.F.I.)
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Belmouaz M, Bauwens M, Hauet T, Bossard V, Jamet P, Joly F, Chikhi E, Joffrion S, Gand E, Bridoux F. Comparison of the removal of uraemic toxins with medium cut-off and high-flux dialysers: a randomized clinical trial. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2020; 35:328-335. [PMID: 31578564 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfz189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulation of middle-weight uraemic toxins in haemodialysis (HD) patients results in increased morbidity and mortality. Whether medium cut-off HD (MCO-HD) improves removal of middle-weight uraemic toxins remains to be demonstrated. METHODS This cross-over prospective study included 40 patients randomly assigned to receive either 3 months of MCO-HD followed by 3 months of high-flux HD (HF-HD), or vice versa. The primary endpoint was myoglobin reduction ratio (RR) after 3 months of MCO-HD. Secondary endpoints were the effect of MCO-HD on other middle-weight toxins and protein-bound toxins, and on parameters of nutrition, inflammation, anaemia and oxidative stress. RESULTS Compared with HF-HD, MCO-HD provided higher mean RR of myoglobin (36 ± 8 versus 57 ± 13%, P < 0.0001), beta2-microglobulin (68 ± 6 versus 73 ± 15%, P = 0.04), prolactin (32 ± 13 versus 59 ± 11%, P < 0.0001), fibroblast growth factor 23 (20 ± 21 versus 41 ± 22%, P = 0.0002), homocysteine (43 ± 7 versus 46 ± 9%, P = 0.03) and higher median RR of kappa [54 (48-58) versus 70 (63-74)%, P < 0.0001] and lambda free light chain (FLC) [15 (9-22) versus 44 (38-49)%, P < 0.0001]. Mean ± SD pre-dialysis levels of beta2-microglobulin (28.4 ± 5.6 versus 26.9 ± 5.1 mg/L, P = 0.01) and oxidized low-density lipoprote (6.9 ± 4.4 versus 5.5 ± 2.5 pg/mL, P = 0.04), and median (interquartile range) kappa FLC [145 (104-203) versus 129 (109-190) mg/L, P < 0.03] and lambda FLC [106 (77-132) versus 89 (62-125) mg/L, P = 0.002] were significantly lower. Mean albumin levels decreased significantly (38.2 ± 4.1 versus 36.9 ± 4.3 g/L, P = 0.004), without an effect on nutritional status as suggested by unchanged normalized protein catabolic rate and transthyretin level. CONCLUSIONS Compared with HF-HD, MCO-HD provides higher myoglobin and other middle molecules RR and is associated with moderate hypoalbuminemia. The potential benefits of this strategy on long-term clinical outcomes deserve further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Belmouaz
- Department of Nephrology, Poitiers University Hospital, Poitiers, France
| | - Marc Bauwens
- Department of Nephrology, Poitiers University Hospital, Poitiers, France
| | - Thierry Hauet
- Department of Biochemistry, Poitiers University Hospital, Poitiers, France.,Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1082 (IRTOMIT), Poitiers University Hospital, Poitiers, France
| | - Valentin Bossard
- Department of Biochemistry, Poitiers University Hospital, Poitiers, France
| | - Pierre Jamet
- Department of Nephrology, Poitiers University Hospital, Poitiers, France
| | - Florent Joly
- Department of Nephrology, Poitiers University Hospital, Poitiers, France
| | - Elise Chikhi
- Department of Nephrology, Poitiers University Hospital, Poitiers, France
| | - Sandrine Joffrion
- Department of Biochemistry, Poitiers University Hospital, Poitiers, France.,Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1082 (IRTOMIT), Poitiers University Hospital, Poitiers, France
| | - Elise Gand
- Department of Biostatistics, Centre d'Investigation Clinique CIC 1402, Poitiers University Hospital, Poitiers, France
| | - Frank Bridoux
- Department of Nephrology, Poitiers University Hospital, Poitiers, France
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Said N, Abidin MNZ, Hasbullah H, Ismail AF, Goh PS, Othman MHD, Abdullah MS, Ng BC, Kadir SHSA, Kamal F. Iron oxide nanoparticles improved biocompatibility and removal of middle molecule uremic toxin of polysulfone hollow fiber membranes. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Noresah Said
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), School of Chemical and Energy Engineering (SCEE)Universiti Teknologi Malaysia 81310 Skudai Johor Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Nidzhom Zainol Abidin
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), School of Chemical and Energy Engineering (SCEE)Universiti Teknologi Malaysia 81310 Skudai Johor Malaysia
| | - Hasrinah Hasbullah
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), School of Chemical and Energy Engineering (SCEE)Universiti Teknologi Malaysia 81310 Skudai Johor Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Fauzi Ismail
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), School of Chemical and Energy Engineering (SCEE)Universiti Teknologi Malaysia 81310 Skudai Johor Malaysia
| | - Pei Sean Goh
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), School of Chemical and Energy Engineering (SCEE)Universiti Teknologi Malaysia 81310 Skudai Johor Malaysia
| | - Mohd Hafiz Dzarfan Othman
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), School of Chemical and Energy Engineering (SCEE)Universiti Teknologi Malaysia 81310 Skudai Johor Malaysia
| | - Mohd Sohaimi Abdullah
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), School of Chemical and Energy Engineering (SCEE)Universiti Teknologi Malaysia 81310 Skudai Johor Malaysia
| | - Be Cheer Ng
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), School of Chemical and Energy Engineering (SCEE)Universiti Teknologi Malaysia 81310 Skudai Johor Malaysia
| | - Siti Hamimah Sheikh Abdul Kadir
- Institute of Medical Molecular Biotechnology (IMMB), Faculty of MedicineUniversiti Teknologi MARA Sungai Buloh Campus, Jalan Hospital 47000 Sungai Buloh Selangor Malaysia
| | - Fatmawati Kamal
- Institute of Medical Molecular Biotechnology (IMMB), Faculty of MedicineUniversiti Teknologi MARA Sungai Buloh Campus, Jalan Hospital 47000 Sungai Buloh Selangor Malaysia
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Abd Samad MI, Kayani AA, Zoolfakar AS, Hamzah AA, Majlis BY, Buyong MR. Lab-on-a-chip Dielectrophoretic Manipulation of Beta-2 Microglobulin for Toxin Removal in An Artificial Kidney. MICRO AND NANOSYSTEMS 2019; 11:40-46. [DOI: 10.2174/1876402911666181218145459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Background:
This paper presents a fundamental study of protein manipulation under the
influence of dielectrophoretic (DEP) force for a lab-on-a-chip platform.
Objective:
Protein manipulation is dependent on the polarisation factor of protein when exposed to an
electric field. Therefore the objective of this work is a microfluidic device and measurement system
are used to characterise the human beta-2 microglobulin (β2M) protein via lateral attractive forces and
vertical repulsive forces by means of DEP responses.
Method:
The manipulation of the β2M protein was conducted using a microfluidic platform with a tapered
DEP microelectrode and the protein concentration was quantified based on a biochemical interaction
using an Enzyme-Linked Immunosolvent Assay (ELISA). The protein distribution has been analysed
based on the β2M concentration for each microfluidic outlet.
Results:
At 300 kHz, the protein experienced a negative DEP (nDEP) with of 83.3% protein distribution
on the middle microchannel. In contrast, the protein experienced a positive DEP (pDEP) at 1.2
MHz with of 78.7% of protein on the left and right sides of the microchannel.
Conclusion:
This is concept proved that the tapered DEP microelectrode is capable of manipulating
a β2M via particle polarisation, hence making it suitable to be utilised for purifying proteins in biomedical
application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Izzuddin Abd Samad
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics (IMEN), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, 43600, Malaysia
| | - Aminuddin Ahmad Kayani
- Center for Advanced Materials and Green Technology, Multimedia University, 75450 Melaka, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Sabirin Zoolfakar
- NANOElecTronic Centre, NET, Universiti Teknologi Mara, UiTM, Shah Alam 45450, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Azrul Azlan Hamzah
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics (IMEN), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, 43600, Malaysia
| | - Burhanuddin Yeop Majlis
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics (IMEN), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, 43600, Malaysia
| | - Muhamad Ramdzan Buyong
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics (IMEN), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, 43600, Malaysia
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Jones CB, Bargman JM. Should we look beyond Kt/V urea in assessing dialysis adequacy? Semin Dial 2018; 31:420-429. [PMID: 29573025 DOI: 10.1111/sdi.12684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Since the advent of maintenance dialysis therapy, our interpretation of what adequate dialysis really is has broadened and become more controversial. This is not only due to our changing and aging dialysis population but also to our evolving knowledge base. As nephrologists, we strive to achieve both quality and (often) quantity of life for our patients and we feel reassured when we have a quantifiable marker to show for our efforts. However, we suggest that adequate dialysis reaches far beyond the realms of attaining a particular biochemical result. Dialysis adequacy should encompass a more comprehensive assessment of patient well-being. This metric could comprise quality of life and patient-specified goals, sufficient small solute and middle molecule clearance, optimal blood pressure control, and effective bone-mineral balance, all in the context of minimizing mortality and morbidity, and a livable dialysis regimen for the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare B Jones
- Division of Nephrology, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Joanne M Bargman
- Division of Nephrology, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
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Konopelniuk VV, Goloborodko II, Ishchuk TV, Synelnyk TB, Ostapchenko LI, Spivak MY, Bubnov RV. Efficacy of Fenugreek-based bionanocomposite on renal dysfunction and endogenous intoxication in high-calorie diet-induced obesity rat model-comparative study. EPMA J 2017; 8:377-390. [PMID: 29209440 PMCID: PMC5700020 DOI: 10.1007/s13167-017-0098-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Worldwide obesity spread is a global health problem and needs to be further studied. Co-morbidities of obesity include insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus type 2, and dyslipidemia, which are the most frequent contributing factors for metabolic syndrome (MetS), as well as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and chronic kidney disease. The aim was to study renal function and endogenous intoxication panel on high-calorie diet-induced obesity rat model and perform comparative study of the treatment efficacy of Fenugreek-based bionanocomposite vs antiobesogenic drugs (Orlistat). MATERIALS We included 60 male rats and equally divided them to 6 groups of 10 animals in each group: the experimental groups were firstly assigned as controls and high caloric diet (HCD)-fed groups, and each group further was subdivided to remain untreated, Fenugreek bionanocomposite (BNC)-treated, and Orlistat-treated. Normal control rats (groups 1, 2, 3) were fed by a standard chow, while the others (groups 4, 5, 6) were fed with HCD ad libitum during 98 days. From days 77 to 98, groups 2 and 5 were treated with BNC based on Fenugreek (150 mg/kg body weight, orally) and groups 3 and 6 were treated with antiobesogenic drug Orlistat (10 mg/kg body weight, orally). Food and water consumptions were measured daily and body weights were measured once a week. On day 99, blood was collected; the creatinine, urea, and uric acid were estimated in serum according to the standard protocols. Levels of low and middle molecules (MMs) were measured; the quantity of oligopeptides was estimated by Bradford method. We performed the liver and kidney ultrasonography in rats. RESULTS We revealed an increase in the levels of endogenous intoxication syndrome markers (MM and oligopeptides) in all animals with experimental obesity. Ultrasound data showed injury of the liver and kidneys in obese rats. We observed significant decreasing of MM levels after Orlistat treatment vs controls (p < 0.05). However, this effect was more pronounced in Fenugreek BNC-treated group vs both Orlistat-treated and controls (p < 0.05). Orlistat treatment evoked rising of serum creatinine and oligopeptides in control animals and failed to normalize these markers in experimental group. Fenugreek-based BNC treatment did not evoke signs of kidney failure and changes in the studied indices in control group. We noticed normalization levels of uric acid and urea in the blood under the use of BNC and Orlistat. CONCLUSION High-calorie diet-induced obesity evokes endogenous intoxication syndrome and kidney dysfunction in rats. Application of Orlistat- and Fenugreek-based BNC decreases MM content to the normal level. Orlistat induces increasing levels of oligopeptides in both groups, likely due to adverse side effects on renal function and its pro-oxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria V. Konopelniuk
- Educational and Scientific Centre “Institute of Biology”, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Str., 64/13, Kyiv, 01601 Ukraine
| | - Ievgenii I. Goloborodko
- Educational and Scientific Centre “Institute of Biology”, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Str., 64/13, Kyiv, 01601 Ukraine
| | - Tetyana V. Ishchuk
- Educational and Scientific Centre “Institute of Biology”, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Str., 64/13, Kyiv, 01601 Ukraine
| | - Tetyana B. Synelnyk
- Educational and Scientific Centre “Institute of Biology”, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Str., 64/13, Kyiv, 01601 Ukraine
| | - Ludmila I. Ostapchenko
- Educational and Scientific Centre “Institute of Biology”, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Str., 64/13, Kyiv, 01601 Ukraine
| | - Mykola Ya. Spivak
- Zabolotny Institute of Microbiology and Virology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Zabolotny Str., 154, Kyiv, 03143 Ukraine
| | - Rostyslav V. Bubnov
- Zabolotny Institute of Microbiology and Virology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Zabolotny Str., 154, Kyiv, 03143 Ukraine
- Clinical Hospital “Pheophania” of State Affairs Department, Zabolotny Str., 21, Kyiv, 03143 Ukraine
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Argyropoulos CP, Chen SS, Ng YH, Roumelioti ME, Shaffi K, Singh PP, Tzamaloukas AH. Rediscovering Beta-2 Microglobulin As a Biomarker across the Spectrum of Kidney Diseases. Front Med (Lausanne) 2017; 4:73. [PMID: 28664159 PMCID: PMC5471312 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2017.00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
There is currently an unmet need for better biomarkers across the spectrum of renal diseases. In this paper, we revisit the role of beta-2 microglobulin (β2M) as a biomarker in patients with chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease. Prior to reviewing the numerous clinical studies in the area, we describe the basic biology of β2M, focusing in particular on its role in maintaining the serum albumin levels and reclaiming the albumin in tubular fluid through the actions of the neonatal Fc receptor. Disorders of abnormal β2M function arise as a result of altered binding of β2M to its protein cofactors and the clinical manifestations are exemplified by rare human genetic conditions and mice knockouts. We highlight the utility of β2M as a predictor of renal function and clinical outcomes in recent large database studies against predictions made by recently developed whole body population kinetic models. Furthermore, we discuss recent animal data suggesting that contrary to textbook dogma urinary β2M may be a marker for glomerular rather than tubular pathology. We review the existing literature about β2M as a biomarker in patients receiving renal replacement therapy, with particular emphasis on large outcome trials. We note emerging proteomic data suggesting that β2M is a promising marker of chronic allograft nephropathy. Finally, we present data about the role of β2M as a biomarker in a number of non-renal diseases. The goal of this comprehensive review is to direct attention to the multifaceted role of β2M as a biomarker, and its exciting biology in order to propose the next steps required to bring this recently rediscovered biomarker into the twenty-first century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos P Argyropoulos
- Nephrology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Shan Shan Chen
- Nephrology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Yue-Harn Ng
- Nephrology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Maria-Eleni Roumelioti
- Nephrology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Kamran Shaffi
- Nephrology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Pooja P Singh
- Nephrology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Antonios H Tzamaloukas
- Nephrology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, United States.,Raymond G. Murphy VA Medical Center Albuquerque, Albuquerque, NM, United States
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Maduell F, Arias-Guillen M, Fontseré N, Ojeda R, Rico N, Vera M, Elena M, Bedini JL, Wieneke P, Campistol JM. Elimination of large uremic toxins by a dialyzer specifically designed for high-volume convective therapies. Blood Purif 2014; 37:125-30. [PMID: 24662288 DOI: 10.1159/000358214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Unlike conventional hemodialysis treatments, which rely almost solely on diffusion-related mechanisms for solute removal, hemodiafiltration (HDF) allows more efficient removal of higher molecular weight toxins due to convective transport mechanisms. To facilitate the removal of these toxins in HDF treatment modalities, dialyzers with highly efficient high-flux membranes are necessary. This study assessed the large uremic toxin removal ability of a high-flux dialyzer (FX CorDiax 60) specifically designed to facilitate convective therapies compared with a standard high-flux dialyzer (FX 60). METHODS In an open, randomized, cross-over, single-center, controlled, prospective clinical study, 30 adult chronic hemodialysis patients were treated by post-dilution online HDF with the FX 60 or the FX CorDiax 60 dialyzer. All other dialysis parameters were kept constant in both study arms. The reduction rate (RR) of blood urea nitrogen, phosphate, β2-microglobulin (β2-m), myoglobin, prolactin, α1-microglobulin, α1-acid glycoprotein, albumin and total protein as well as the elimination into dialysate was intraindividually compared for the two dialyzer types. RESULTS For FX CorDiax 60 versus FX 60, the RR was significantly higher for blood urea nitrogen (86.23 ± 4.14 vs. 84.89 ± 4.59%, p = 0.015), β2-m (84.67 ± 3.79 vs. 81.30 ± 4.82%, p < 0.0001), myoglobin (75.23 ± 10.48 vs. 58.60 ± 12.1%, p < 0.0001), prolactin (72.96 ± 9.68 vs. 56.91 ± 13.01%, p < 0.0001) and α1-microglobulin (20.89 ± 18.27 vs. 13.60 ± 12.50%, p = 0.016). There were no significant differences in the RR for phosphate, α1-acid glycoprotein, albumin and total protein. Mass removal was significantly higher with the FX CorDiax 60 than with the FX 60 for β2-m (0.26 ± 0.09 vs. 0.24 ± 0.09 g, p = 0.0006), myoglobin (1.83 ± 0.89 vs. 1.51 ± 0.76 mg, p = 0.0017), prolactin (0.17 ± 0.13 vs. 0.14 ± 0.08 mg, p = 0.02) and albumin (4.25 ± 3.49 vs. 3.01 ± 2.37 g, p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that treating patients with an FX CorDiax 60 instead of an FX 60 dialyzer in post-dilution HDF mode significantly increases the elimination of middle molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Maduell
- Departments of Nephrology and Renal Transplantation, Hospital Clínic Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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