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Davenport A. Why is Intradialytic Hypotension the Commonest Complication of Outpatient Dialysis Treatments? Kidney Int Rep 2023; 8:405-418. [PMID: 36938081 PMCID: PMC10014354 DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2022.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Intradialytic hypotension (IDH) is the most frequent complication of hemodialysis (HD) treatments with a frequency of 10% to 12% for patients with chronic kidney disease attending for outpatient treatments and is associated with both temporary ischemic stress to vital organs, including the heart and brain, and increased patient mortality. Although there have been many different definitions of IDH over the years, an absolute nadir systolic blood pressure (SBP) has the strongest association with patient outcomes. The unifying pathophysiology is one of reduced effective blood volume, resulting in lower plasma tonicity, and if this cannot be adequately compensated for by activation of neurohumeral systems, then arteriolar tone and blood pressure fall. The risk factors for developing IDH are numerous, ranging from patient-related factors, including age and comorbidity with reduced cardiac reserve, to patient compliance with dietary and lifestyle advice, to reactions with the extracorporeal circuit and medications, choice of dialysate composition and temperature, setting of postdialysis target weight, ultrafiltration rate, and profiling. Advances in dialysis machine technology by providing real time estimates of the effective circulating volume and adjusting dialysate composition to maintain vascular tonicity are being developed, but currently require more sophisticated biofeedback loops to be clinically effective in preventing IDH. While awaiting advances in artificial intelligence, the clinician continues to rely on patient education to limit interdialytic weight gains, frequent assessment of the postdialysis target weight, adjusting dialysate composition and temperature, introducing convective therapies to increase thermal losses, and altering dialysis session duration and frequency to reduce ultrafiltration rate requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Davenport
- Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Free Hospital, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London, London, UK
- Correspondence: Andrew Davenport, UCL Department of Nephrology, Royal Free Hospital, University College London, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK.
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2
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Iatridi F, Theodorakopoulou MP, Papagianni A, Sarafidis P. Intradialytic hypertension: epidemiology and pathophysiology of a silent killer. Hypertens Res 2022; 45:1713-1725. [PMID: 35982265 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-022-01001-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The term intradialytic hypertension (IDH) describes a paradoxical rise in blood pressure (BP) during or immediately after the hemodialysis session. Although it was formerly considered a phenomenon without clinical implications, current evidence suggests that IDH may affect up to 15% of hemodialysis patients and exhibit independent associations with future cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality. Furthermore, during the last decade, several studies have tried to elucidate the complex pathophysiological mechanisms responsible for this phenomenon. Volume overload, intradialytic sodium gain, overactivity of the sympathetic-nervous-system and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, endothelial dysfunction and dialysis-related electrolyte disturbances have been proposed to be involved in the pathogenesis of the BP increase during hemodialysis. This review attempts to summarize existing evidence on the epidemiology, pathophysiology and clinical characteristics of the distinct phenomenon of IDH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fotini Iatridi
- Department of Nephrology, Hippokration Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Marieta P Theodorakopoulou
- Department of Nephrology, Hippokration Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Papagianni
- Department of Nephrology, Hippokration Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Pantelis Sarafidis
- Department of Nephrology, Hippokration Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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Canaud B, Stephens MP, Nikam M, Etter M, Collins A. Multitargeted interventions to reduce dialysis-induced systemic stress. Clin Kidney J 2021; 14:i72-i84. [PMID: 34987787 PMCID: PMC8711765 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfab192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemodialysis (HD) is a life-sustaining therapy as well as an intermittent and repetitive stress condition for the patient. In ridding the blood of unwanted substances and excess fluid from the blood, the extracorporeal procedure simultaneously induces persistent physiological changes that adversely affect several organs. Dialysis patients experience this systemic stress condition usually thrice weekly and sometimes more frequently depending on the treatment schedule. Dialysis-induced systemic stress results from multifactorial components that include treatment schedule (i.e. modality, treatment time), hemodynamic management (i.e. ultrafiltration, weight loss), intensity of solute fluxes, osmotic and electrolytic shifts and interaction of blood with components of the extracorporeal circuit. Intradialytic morbidity (i.e. hypovolemia, intradialytic hypotension, hypoxia) is the clinical expression of this systemic stress that may act as a disease modifier, resulting in multiorgan injury and long-term morbidity. Thus, while lifesaving, HD exposes the patient to several systemic stressors, both hemodynamic and non-hemodynamic in origin. In addition, a combination of cardiocirculatory stress, greatly conditioned by the switch from hypervolemia to hypovolemia, hypoxemia and electrolyte changes may create pro-arrhythmogenic conditions. Moreover, contact of blood with components of the extracorporeal circuit directly activate circulating cells (i.e. macrophages-monocytes or platelets) and protein systems (i.e. coagulation, complement, contact phase kallikrein-kinin system), leading to induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines and resulting in chronic low-grade inflammation, further contributing to poor outcomes. The multifactorial, repetitive HD-induced stress that globally reduces tissue perfusion and oxygenation could have deleterious long-term consequences on the functionality of vital organs such as heart, brain, liver and kidney. In this article, we summarize the multisystemic pathophysiological consequences of the main circulatory stress factors. Strategies to mitigate their effects to provide more cardioprotective and personalized dialytic therapies are proposed to reduce the systemic burden of HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Canaud
- Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
- Global Medical Office, FMC Deutschland, Bad Homburg, Germany
| | - Melanie P Stephens
- MSL & Medical Strategies for Innovative Therapies, Fresenius Medical Care, Waltham, MA, USA
| | - Milind Nikam
- Global Medical Office, Fresenius Medical Care, Hong Kong
| | - Michael Etter
- Global Medical Office, Fresenius Medical Care, Hong Kong
| | - Allan Collins
- Global Medical Office, Fresenius Medical Care, Waltham, MA, USA
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Liu Y, Zheng Y, Wang L, Zhong X, Qin D, Chen W, Tan R, Liu Y. Lower Levels of Blood Zinc Associated with Intradialytic Hypertension in Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients. Biol Trace Elem Res 2021; 199:2514-2522. [PMID: 32935206 PMCID: PMC8213574 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-020-02385-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Intradialytic hypertension (iHTN) has been related with an increased risk of mortality, with imbalances in trace elements being frequent in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients. The aim of this study was to analyze the relationships between the levels of blood trace elements and iHTN in MHD patients. A total of 144 MHD patients were enrolled in September, 2019 (66 females; 5616 hemodialysis treatments), with a mean age of 64.33 ± 13.39 years and median vintage of 33.50 (16.25-57.50) months. Patients exhibited an average peridialytic systolic blood pressure (SBP) change of - 4.18 ± 20.22 mm Hg in the next 3 months. Thirty-four (23.6%) patients had persistent iHTN (piHTN). These patients were characterized by older age, higher rate of hypozincemia, and modified Charlson comorbidity score, whereas lower blood zinc and hemoglobin, at the time of their recruitment. No significant difference in the levels of other blood trace elements was observed between groups. A general linear mixed (GLM) model showed that with every mg/L point lower mean blood zinc at baseline, the peridialytic SBP change was increased by 4.524 mm Hg (P < 0.001). Binary logistic model in modulate of the GLM model revealed that the lower level of blood zinc was associated with piHTN (OR = 0.433, 95 % CI 0.295 to 0.637, P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis confirmed both above results. Our study indicated that lower blood zinc was independently associated with piHTN in patients undergoing MHD, but prospective studies with larger population are still needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Jinan University, No. 396 Tong Fu Zhong Road, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou Institute of Disease-Oriented Nutritional Research, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Jinan University, No. 396 Tong Fu Zhong Road, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zheng
- Department of Nephrology, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Jinan University, No. 396 Tong Fu Zhong Road, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liangtao Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Jinan University, No. 396 Tong Fu Zhong Road, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoshi Zhong
- Department of Nephrology, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Jinan University, No. 396 Tong Fu Zhong Road, Guangzhou, China
| | - Danping Qin
- Department of Nephrology, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Jinan University, No. 396 Tong Fu Zhong Road, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenxuan Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Jinan University, No. 396 Tong Fu Zhong Road, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rongshao Tan
- Guangzhou Institute of Disease-Oriented Nutritional Research, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Jinan University, No. 396 Tong Fu Zhong Road, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Jinan University, No. 396 Tong Fu Zhong Road, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou Institute of Disease-Oriented Nutritional Research, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Jinan University, No. 396 Tong Fu Zhong Road, Guangzhou, China
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Keane DF, Raimann JG, Zhang H, Willetts J, Thijssen S, Kotanko P. The time of onset of intradialytic hypotension during a hemodialysis session associates with clinical parameters and mortality. Kidney Int 2021; 99:1408-1417. [PMID: 33607178 PMCID: PMC8165353 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2021.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Intradialytic hypotension (IDH) is a common complication of hemodialysis, but there is no data about the time of onset during treatment. Here we describe the incidence of IDH throughout hemodialysis and associations of time of hypotension with clinical parameters and survival by analyzing data from 21 dialysis clinics in the United States to include 785682 treatments from 4348 patients. IDH was defined as a systolic blood pressure of 90 mmHg or under while IDH incidence was calculated in 30-minute intervals throughout the hemodialysis session. Associations of time of IDH with clinical and treatment parameters were explored using logistic regression and with survival using Cox-regression. Sensitivity analysis considered further IDH definitions. IDH occurred in 12% of sessions at a median time interval of 120-149 minutes. There was no notable change in IDH incidence across hemodialysis intervals (range: 2.6-3.2 episodes per 100 session-intervals). Relative blood volume and ultrafiltration volume did not notably associate with IDH in the first 90 minutes but did thereafter. Associations between central venous but not arterial oxygen saturation and IDH were present throughout hemodialysis. Patients prone to IDH early as compared to late in a session had worse survival. Sensitivity analyses suggested IDH definition affects time of onset but other analyses were comparable. Thus, our study highlights the incidence of IDH during the early part of hemodialysis which, when compared to later episodes, associates with clinical parameters and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- David F Keane
- Research Division, Renal Research Institute, New York, New York, USA; Medical Physics and Engineering, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK; Leeds Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
| | - Jochen G Raimann
- Research Division, Renal Research Institute, New York, New York, USA
| | - Hanjie Zhang
- Research Division, Renal Research Institute, New York, New York, USA
| | - Joanna Willetts
- Fresenius Medical Care, Global Medical Office, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Stephan Thijssen
- Research Division, Renal Research Institute, New York, New York, USA
| | - Peter Kotanko
- Research Division, Renal Research Institute, New York, New York, USA; Division of Nephrology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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Kooman JP, Stenvinkel P, Shiels PG, Feelisch M, Canaud B, Kotanko P. The oxygen cascade in patients treated with hemodialysis and native high-altitude dwellers: lessons from extreme physiology to benefit patients with end-stage renal disease. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2020; 320:F249-F261. [PMID: 33356957 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00540.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients treated with hemodialysis (HD) repeatedly undergo intradialytic low arterial oxygen saturation and low central venous oxygen saturation, reflecting an imbalance between upper body systemic oxygen supply and demand, which are associated with increased mortality. Abnormalities along the entire oxygen cascade, with impaired diffusive and convective oxygen transport, contribute to the reduced tissue oxygen supply. HD treatment impairs pulmonary gas exchange and reduces ventilatory drive, whereas ultrafiltration can reduce tissue perfusion due to a decline in cardiac output. In addition to these factors, capillary rarefaction and reduced mitochondrial efficacy can further affect the balance between cellular oxygen supply and demand. Whereas it has been convincingly demonstrated that a reduced perfusion of heart and brain during HD contributes to organ damage, the significance of systemic hypoxia remains uncertain, although it may contribute to oxidative stress, systemic inflammation, and accelerated senescence. These abnormalities along the oxygen cascade of patients treated with HD appear to be diametrically opposite to the situation in Tibetan highlanders and Sherpa, whose physiology adapted to the inescapable hypobaric hypoxia of their living environment over many generations. Their adaptation includes pulmonary, vascular, and metabolic alterations with enhanced capillary density, nitric oxide production, and mitochondrial efficacy without oxidative stress. Improving the tissue oxygen supply in patients treated with HD depends primarily on preventing hemodynamic instability by increasing dialysis time/frequency or prescribing cool dialysis. Whether dietary or pharmacological interventions, such as the administration of L-arginine, fermented food, nitrate, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 agonists, or prolyl hydroxylase 2 inhibitors, improve clinical outcome in patients treated with HD warrants future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen P Kooman
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Stenvinkel
- Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Clinical Science Technology and Intervention, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paul G Shiels
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Feelisch
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences and Integrative Physiology and Critical Illness Group, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital and Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Bernard Canaud
- Montpellier University, School of Medicine, Montpellier, France & Global Medical Office, Fresenius Medical Care, Bad Homburg, Germany
| | - Peter Kotanko
- Renal Research Institute, New York, New York.,Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
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Uchida M, Kawano H, Koga S, Ikeda S, Eishi K, Maemura K. Ischemic heart disease cause of intradialytic hypertension in a patient with diabetic nephropathy. J Cardiol Cases 2020; 22:181-183. [PMID: 33014201 DOI: 10.1016/j.jccase.2020.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A 73-year-old Japanese man was admitted with extreme intradialytic hypertension of four months' duration that was refractory to antihypertensive agents. He had started hemodialysis five years previously because of diabetic nephropathy. Coronary angiography revealed coronary artery disease with significant stenosis of the left main trunk and the right coronary artery, and he underwent a coronary artery bypass graft. Thereafter, the intradialytic hypertension disappeared. Ischemic heart disease appears to be one cause of intradialytic hypertension. <Learning objective: Intradialytic hypertension occurs in some patients with hemodialysis. Such patients are at increased risk for mortality and adverse cardiovascular events. Although the pathophysiological mechanisms remain unknown, ischemic heart disease appears to be one cause of intradialytic hypertension.>.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Uchida
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kawano
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Seiji Koga
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ikeda
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kiyoyuki Eishi
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Koji Maemura
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
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Sherman RA. Briefly Noted. Semin Dial 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/sdi.12748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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9
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Zou LX, Sun L. Forecast post-dialysis blood pressure in hemodialysis patients with intradialytic hypertension. Clin Exp Hypertens 2018; 41:571-576. [PMID: 30325241 DOI: 10.1080/10641963.2018.1523916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Background: Intradialytic hypertension (IDH) is emerging as an important issue in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients. This study aimed to discuss potential factors related to IDH and build forecasting models for post-dialysis blood pressure (BP) in MHD patients with IDH. Methods: A total of 266 MHD patients were enrolled, included 133 (50%) patients with IDH and 133 patients without IDH. The BP and pulse were determined and recorded over six consecutive dialysis treatments. Forecasting models were established by simple and multiple linear regressions. The Pearson correlation coefficient was used to estimate the association between the values of SBP at pre-HD, intra-HD and post-HD. Results: Lower levels of hemoglobin, albumin, folic acid and magnesium, higher levels of high sensitivity C-reactive protein, ferritin, and erythropoiesis-stimulating agents resistance index (ERI) were detected in the IDH patients. The IDH patients also had lower dry weight, ejection fraction of left ventricular (LVEF), higher interdialytic weight gain (IDWG, % post-HD body weight), and ventricular cardiothoracic ratio (CTR) than non-IDH patients. A linear relationship was revealed between intradialytic SBP in IDH patients, indicating that the pre-HD and intra-HD SBP were correlated with post-HD SBP. Furthermore, simple and multiple linear regression models were built to forecast the values of post-HD SBP in IDH patients. Conclusions: The chronic inflammation, poor IDWG control, LV diastolic dysfunction, as well as low serum folic acid and magnesium might be associated with increasing prevalence of IDH in MHD patients. Forecasting models for post-HD SBP could help to control hypertension during HD treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Xi Zou
- a School of Management , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang , China
| | - Ling Sun
- b Department of Nephrology, Xuzhou Central Hospital , Medical College of Southeast University , Xuzhou , Jiangsu , China
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