1
|
Brar S, Dixon SN, Paterson JM, Dirk J, Hahn E, Kim SJ, Ng V, Solomon M, Vasilevska-Ristovska J, Banh T, Nathan PC, Parekh RS, Chanchlani R. Incidence of cardiovascular disease and mortality in childhood solid organ transplant recipients: a population-based study. Pediatr Nephrol 2023; 38:801-810. [PMID: 35849223 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-022-05635-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND With improved survival among children after transplantation, our understanding of the risk for developing other comorbidities is improving, yet little is known about the long-term risk of cardiovascular events and mortality after solid organ transplantation. METHODS In a cohort study using health administrative data, we compared cardiovascular events in children (n = 615) with liver, lung, kidney, small bowel, or multi-organ transplant at the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada, with asthmatic children (n = 481,697) between 1996 and 2014. Outcomes included non-fatal cardiovascular events, cardiovascular death, all-cause mortality, and a composite of non-fatal and fatal cardiovascular events. Time-stratified Cox proportional hazards models were used. RESULTS Among 615 children, 317 (52%) were recipients of kidneys, 253 (41%) of livers, and the remaining 45 (7%) had lung, small bowel, or multi-organ transplants. Median follow-up was 12.1 [7.2, 16.7] years. Non-fatal incident cardiovascular events were 34 times higher among solid organ transplant recipients than non-transplanted children (incidence rate ratio (IRR) 34.4, 95% CI: 25.5, 46.4). Among transplant recipients, the cumulative incidence of non-fatal and fatal cardiovascular events was 2.3% and 13.0%, 5 and 15 years after transplantation, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Increased rate of cardiovascular events in children after transplantation highlights the need for surveillance during transition into adulthood and beyond. A higher resolution version of the Graphical abstract is available as Supplementary information.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Brar
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Stephanie N Dixon
- ICES Western, London, ON, Canada
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - J Michael Paterson
- ICES Central, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jade Dirk
- ICES Western, London, ON, Canada
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
| | - Emma Hahn
- ICES Western, London, ON, Canada
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
| | - S Joseph Kim
- ICES Western, London, ON, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Nephrology and the Ajmera Transplant Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Vicky Ng
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Paediatrics, Transplant and Regenerative Medicine Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Melinda Solomon
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Paediatrics, Transplant and Regenerative Medicine Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Tonny Banh
- Child Health Evaluative Sciences, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Paul C Nathan
- ICES Central, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rulan S Parekh
- Institute of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Division of Nephrology, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Academics, Women's College Hospital, 76 Grenville St., Toronto, ON, M5S 1B2, Canada.
| | - Rahul Chanchlani
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, McMaster Children's Hospital, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Division of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Shao L, Luo C, Yuan C, Ye X, Zeng Y, Ren Y, Ye B, Li Y, Jin J, He Q, Shen X. LASSO-derived nomogram predicting new-onset diabetes mellitus in patients with kidney disease receiving immunosuppressive drugs. J Clin Pharm Ther 2022; 47:1627-1635. [PMID: 35791031 PMCID: PMC9796007 DOI: 10.1111/jcpt.13713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE Patients with kidney disease receiving immunosuppressive drugs (ISDs) (tacrolimus, cyclosporine and glucocorticoids) have a high risk of developing new-onset diabetes mellitus (NODM). We aimed to establish a precise and convenient model for predicting NODM in patients receiving immunosuppressive drugs. METHODS This retrospective study recruited 1883 patients receiving ISDs between January 2010 and October 2018. The occurrence of NODM was the primary endpoint. The patients were randomly divided into training (n = 1318) and validation cohorts (n = 565) at a 7:3 ratio. A nomogram was established based on a least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO)-derived logistic regression model. The nomogram's discrimination and calibration abilities were evaluated in both cohorts using the Hosmer-Lemeshow test and calibration curves. Decision curve analysis (DCA) was used to evaluate the net benefit of the predictive efficacy. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Amongst the 1883 patients with kidney disease receiving immunosuppressive drugs, 375 (28.5%) and 169 (29.9%) developed NODM in the training (n = 1318) and validation cohorts (n = 565), respectively. Nine clinic predictors were included in this LASSO-derived nomogram, which is easy to be operated clinically. The discriminative ability, determined by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), was 0.816 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.790-0.841) and 0.831 (95%CI 0.796-0.867) in the training and validation cohorts, respectively. Calibration was confirmed with the Hosmer-Lemeshow test in the training and validation cohorts (p = 0.238, p = 0.751, respectively). WHAT IS NEW AND CONCLUSION Nearly one-third of patients with kidney disease receiving immunosuppressive drugs developed NODM. The nomogram established in this study may aid in predicting the occurrence of NODM in patients with kidney disease receiving immunosuppressive drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lina Shao
- Urology & Nephrology Center, Department of NephrologyZhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College)HangzhouChina
| | - Chuxuan Luo
- Urology & Nephrology Center, Department of NephrologyZhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College)HangzhouChina,Division of Health SciencesHangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Chaoyun Yuan
- Department of Medical Information TechnologyZhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College)HangzhouChina
| | - Xiaolan Ye
- Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Cancer Center, Department of PharmacyZhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College)HangzhouChina
| | - Yuqun Zeng
- Urology & Nephrology Center, Department of NephrologyZhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College)HangzhouChina
| | - Yan Ren
- Urology & Nephrology Center, Department of NephrologyZhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College)HangzhouChina
| | - Binxian Ye
- Urology & Nephrology Center, Department of NephrologyZhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College)HangzhouChina
| | - Yiwen Li
- Urology & Nephrology Center, Department of NephrologyZhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College)HangzhouChina
| | - Juan Jin
- Urology & Nephrology Center, Department of NephrologyZhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College)HangzhouChina
| | - Qiang He
- Department of NephrologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine)HangzhouChina
| | - Xiaogang Shen
- Urology & Nephrology Center, Department of NephrologyZhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College)HangzhouChina
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Callisaya Calani RE, Barajas Valencia VM, Franco Alvarez I, Márquez González H. Changes in blood glucose level after renal transplantation in pediatrics: A study of risk factors of new-onset diabetes after transplantation. Pediatr Transplant 2022; 26:e14170. [PMID: 34656076 DOI: 10.1111/petr.14170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND New-onset diabetes after transplantation refers to the development of diabetes after solid organ transplantation without a history of diabetes and is related to poor graft function and lower survival rate. In the kidney transplant population, NODAT occurs in 24% of adults and 9% of children. The real incidence and risk factors in the pediatric population is unknown, which we aimed to determine in this study. METHODS A retrospective study was conducted in patients who underwent kidney transplantation in the Pediatric Nephrology Service of the "Federico Gómez" Children's Hospital of Mexico. RESULTS The study included 127 children divided into groups 1 and 2 (without [n = 110 patients, 86.5%] and with NODAT [n = 17 patients, 13.4%], respectively), with median ages of 14 years (interquartile range [IQR], 9-16 years) and 15 years (IQR, 13-16 years; p = .3), respectively. Cox proportional hazards analysis revealed an association between changes from baseline to 24-h postoperative blood glucose level as a risk factor of the development of NODAT. This implies that each unit increase in blood glucose level in the first hours after transplantation also increases the risk of developing diabetes (95% confidence interval, 1.011-1.021; p = <.001). CONCLUSIONS Post-kidney transplant patients require immediate follow-up, and attention should be paid to changes in blood glucose level in the first 24 h after transplantation, as any alteration may be an early sign of development of NODAT, especially in patients with a family history of diabetes mellitus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Isidro Franco Alvarez
- Pediatric Nephrology Department, Hospital Infantil de México "Federico Gómez", Mexico City, Mexico
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Grundman JB, Wolfsdorf JI, Marks BE. Post-Transplantation Diabetes Mellitus in Pediatric Patients. Horm Res Paediatr 2022; 93:510-518. [PMID: 33789298 DOI: 10.1159/000514988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
More than 80% of pediatric solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients now survive into young adulthood and many encounter transplant-related complications. Post-transplantation diabetes mellitus (PTDM), sometimes also referred to as post-transplant diabetes or new onset diabetes after transplant, occurs in 3-20% of pediatric SOT recipients depending upon the organ transplanted, age at transplantation, immunosuppressive regimen, family history, and time elapsed since transplant. To diagnose PTDM, hyperglycemia must persist beyond the initial hospitalization for transplantation when a patient is on stable doses of immunosuppressive medications. Though standard diagnostic criteria used by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) to diagnose diabetes are employed, clinicians need to be aware of the limitations of using these criteria in this unique patient population. Management of PTDM parallels strategies used for type 2 diabetes (T2D), while also carefully considering comorbidities and potential interactions with immunosuppressive medications in these patients. In caring for patients with PTDM, it is important to be familiar with these interactions and comorbidities in order to coordinate care with the transplant team and optimize outcomes for these patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jody B Grundman
- Division of Endocrinology, Children's National Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Joseph I Wolfsdorf
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Brynn E Marks
- Division of Endocrinology, Children's National Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia, USA.,George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Balani SS, Jensen CJ, Kouri AM, Kizilbash SJ. Induction and maintenance immunosuppression in pediatric kidney transplantation-Advances and controversies. Pediatr Transplant 2021; 25:e14077. [PMID: 34216190 DOI: 10.1111/petr.14077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Advances in immunosuppression have improved graft survival in pediatric kidney transplant recipients; however, treatment-related toxicities need to be balanced against the possibility of graft rejection. Several immunosuppressive agents are available for use in transplant recipients; however, the optimal combinations of agents remain unclear, resulting in variations in institutional protocols. Lymphocyte-depleting antibodies, specifically ATG, are the most common induction agent used for pediatric kidney transplantation in the US. Basiliximab may be used for induction in immunologically low-risk children; however, pediatric data are scarce. CNIs and antiproliferative agents (mostly Tac and mycophenolate in recent years) constitute the backbone of maintenance immunosuppression. Steroid-avoidance maintenance regimens remain controversial. Belatacept and mTOR inhibitors are used in children under specific circumstances such as non-adherence or CNI toxicity. This article reviews the indications, mechanism of action, efficacy, dosing, and side effect profiles of various immunosuppressive agents available for pediatric kidney transplantation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shanthi S Balani
- Pediatric Nephrology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Chelsey J Jensen
- Solid Organ Transplant, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Anne M Kouri
- Pediatric Nephrology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Acosta-Gualandri A, Blydt-Hansen T, Islam N, Amed S. Risk Factors for Developing Posttransplant Diabetes After Pediatric Kidney Transplant in a Canadian Tertiary Care Children's Hospital Between 1995 and 2016. Can J Diabetes 2021; 45:481-489. [PMID: 34176612 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjd.2021.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Posttransplant diabetes mellitus (PTDM) is a serious complication in kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) due to its negative impact on graft and patient survival. Although reported in 3% to 20% of pediatric KTRs, it has not been as well characterized in adults. In this study we describe incidence and risk factors associated with development of PTDM in pediatric KTRs. METHODS This work is a retrospective cohort study of nondiabetic pediatric patients, aged 6 months to 19 years, who underwent a first kidney transplant during 1995 to 2016. We estimated the cumulative incidence rate and used multivariable logistic regression to identify the diabetogenic risk factors for PTDM. RESULTS A total of 142 KTRs were included in this study. The cumulative incidence of PTDM was 31% and 14.1% in the first and second year posttransplant, respectively. Significant risk factors for PTDM in the first year after transplant included: dysglycemia in the first 8 to 30 days posttransplant (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 3.02; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.21 to 7.53; p=0.018) and use of sirolimus in the first 30 days posttransplant (aOR, 5.33; 95% CI, 1.16 to 24.35; p=0.031). No significant association was found with typical diabetogenic factors. CONCLUSIONS The incidence of PTDM is high among pediatric KTRs. Independent risk factors associated with PTDM included meeting the criteria for dysglycemia or diabetes and sirolimus use in the first month posttransplant. Typical diabetogenic risk factors for type 2 diabetes were not associated with increased risk. This study provides valuable information for posttransplant medical care and future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Acosta-Gualandri
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, British Columbia Children's Hospital and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Tom Blydt-Hansen
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, British Columbia Children's Hospital and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Nazrul Islam
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Shazhan Amed
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, British Columbia Children's Hospital and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|