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Sadashiva N, Goyal-Honavar A, Nadeem M, Phaneendra GS, Konar S, Prabhuraj AR, Shukla D, Rao MB, Vazhayil V, Beniwal M, Arimappamagan A. Surgical outcomes of trigonal intraventricular meningiomas: a single-centre study. Neurosurg Rev 2024; 47:304. [PMID: 38965148 DOI: 10.1007/s10143-024-02542-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Trigonal meningiomas are rare intraventricular tumours that present a surgical challenge. There is no consensus on the optimal surgical approach to these lesions, though the transtemporal and transparietal approaches are most frequently employed. We aimed to examine the approach-related morbidity and surgical nuances in treating trigonal meningiomas. This retrospective review assimilated data from 64 trigonal meningiomas operated over 15 years. Details of clinicoradiological presentation, surgical approach and intraoperative impression, pathology and incidence of various postoperative deficits were recorded. In our study, Trigonal meningiomas most frequently presented with headache and visual deterioration. The median volume of tumours was 63.6cc. Thirty-one meningiomas each (48.4%) were WHO Grade 1 and WHO Grade 2, while 2 were WHO Grade 3. The most frequent approach employed was transtemporal (38 patients, 59.4%), followed by transparietal (22 patients, 34.4%). After surgery features of raised ICP and altered mental status resolved in all patients, while contralateral limb weakness resolved in 80%, aphasia in 60%, seizures in 70%, and vision loss in 46.2%. Eighteen patients (28.13%) developed transient postoperative neurological deficits, with one patient (1.5%) developing permanent morbidity. Surgery for IVMs results in rapid improvement of neurological status, though visual outcomes are poorer in patients with low vision prior to surgery, longer duration of complaints and optic atrophy. The new postoperative deficits in some patients tend to improve on follow up. Transtemporal and transparietal approaches may be employed, based on multiple factors like tumour extension, loculation of temporal horn, size of lesion with no significant difference in their safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishanth Sadashiva
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, 560029, Karnataka, India.
| | - Abhijit Goyal-Honavar
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, 560029, Karnataka, India
| | - Mohammed Nadeem
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, 560029, Karnataka, India
| | - Gugamsetti Sai Phaneendra
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, 560029, Karnataka, India
| | - Subhas Konar
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, 560029, Karnataka, India
| | - Andiperumal Raj Prabhuraj
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, 560029, Karnataka, India
| | - Dhaval Shukla
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, 560029, Karnataka, India
| | - Malla Bhaskara Rao
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, 560029, Karnataka, India
| | - Vikas Vazhayil
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, 560029, Karnataka, India
| | - Manish Beniwal
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, 560029, Karnataka, India
| | - Arivazhagan Arimappamagan
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, 560029, Karnataka, India
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Tosefsky K, Martin KC, Rebchuk AD, Wang JZ, Nassiri F, Lum A, Zadeh G, Makarenko S, Yip S. Molecular prognostication in grade 3 meningiomas and p16/MTAP immunohistochemistry for predicting CDKN2A/B status. Neurooncol Adv 2024; 6:vdae002. [PMID: 38288091 PMCID: PMC10824160 DOI: 10.1093/noajnl/vdae002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The World Health Organization 2021 classification introduces molecular grading criteria for anaplastic meningiomas, including TERT promoter (TERTp) mutations and CDKN2A/B homozygous deletion. Additional adverse prognostic factors include H3K27me3 and BAP1 loss. The aim of this study was to explore whether these molecular alterations stratified clinical outcomes in a single-center cohort of grade 3 meningiomas. Additionally, we examined whether p16 and MTAP immunohistochemistry can predict CDKN2A/B status. Methods Clinical and histopathological information was obtained from the electronic medical records of grade 3 meningiomas resected at a tertiary center between 2007 and 2020. Molecular testing for TERTp mutations and CDKN2A/B copy-number status, methylation profiling, and immunohistochemistry for H3K27me3, BAP1, p16, and methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP) were performed. Predictors of survival were identified by Cox regression. Results Eight of 15 cases demonstrated elevated mitotic index (≥20 mitoses per 10 consecutive high-power fields), 1 tumor exhibited BAP1 loss, 4 harbored TERTp mutations, and 3 demonstrated CDKN2A/B homozygous deletion. Meningiomas with TERTp mutations and/or CDKN2A/B homozygous deletion showed significantly reduced survival compared to anaplastic meningiomas with elevated mitotic index alone. Immunohistochemical loss of p16 and MTAP demonstrated high sensitivity (67% and 100%, respectively) and specificity (100% and 100%, respectively) for predicting CDKN2A/B status. Conclusions Molecular alterations of grade 3 meningiomas stratify clinical outcomes more so than histologic features alone. Immunohistochemical loss of p16 and MTAP show promise in predicting CDKN2A/B status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira Tosefsky
- MD Undergraduate Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Karina Chornenka Martin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Alexander D Rebchuk
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Justin Z Wang
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Farshad Nassiri
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amy Lum
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Gelareh Zadeh
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Serge Makarenko
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Stephen Yip
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Han T, Liu X, Jing M, Zhang Y, Zhang B, Deng L, Zhou J. ADC histogram parameters differentiating atypical from transitional meningiomas: correlation with Ki-67 proliferation index. Acta Radiol 2023; 64:3032-3041. [PMID: 37822165 DOI: 10.1177/02841851231205151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preoperative differentiation of atypical meningioma (AtM) from transitional meningioma (TrM) is critical to clinical treatment. PURPOSE To investigate the role of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) histogram analysis in differentiating AtM from TrM and its correlation with the Ki-67 proliferation index (PI). METHODS Clinical, imaging, and pathological data of 78 AtM and 80 TrM were retrospectively collected. Regions of interest (ROIs) were delineated on axial ADC images using MaZda software and histogram parameters (mean, variance, skewness, kurtosis, 1st percentile [ADCp1], 10th percentile [ADCp10], 50th percentile [ADCp50], 90th percentile [ADCp90], and 99th percentile [ADCp99]) were generated. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the differences in histogram parameters between the two groups; receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to assess diagnostic efficacy in differentiating AtM from TrM preoperatively. The correlation between histogram parameters and Ki-67 PI was analyzed. RESULTS All histogram parameters of AtM were lower than those of TrM, and the variance, skewness, kurtosis, ADCp90, and ADCp99 were significantly different (P < 0.05). Combined ADC histogram parameters (variance, skewness, kurtosis, ADCp90, and ADCp99) achieved the best diagnostic performance for distinguishing AtM from TrM. Area under the curve (AUC), sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were 0.800%, 76.25%, 67.95%, 70.15%, 70.93%, and 73.61%, respectively. All histogram parameters were negatively correlated with Ki-67 PI (r = -0.012 to -0.293). CONCLUSION ADC histogram analysis is a potential tool for non-invasive differentiation of AtM from TrM preoperatively, and ADC histogram parameters were negatively correlated with the Ki-67 PI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Han
- Department of Radiology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, PR China
- Second Clinical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Medical Imaging Artificial Intelligence, Lanzhou, PR China
| | - Xianwang Liu
- Department of Radiology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, PR China
- Second Clinical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Medical Imaging Artificial Intelligence, Lanzhou, PR China
| | - Mengyuan Jing
- Department of Radiology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, PR China
- Second Clinical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Medical Imaging Artificial Intelligence, Lanzhou, PR China
| | - Yuting Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, PR China
- Second Clinical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Medical Imaging Artificial Intelligence, Lanzhou, PR China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, PR China
- Second Clinical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Medical Imaging Artificial Intelligence, Lanzhou, PR China
| | - Liangna Deng
- Department of Radiology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, PR China
- Second Clinical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Medical Imaging Artificial Intelligence, Lanzhou, PR China
| | - Junlin Zhou
- Department of Radiology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Medical Imaging Artificial Intelligence, Lanzhou, PR China
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Cao X, He Q, Ding M, Kong W, Yin C, Zhao W, Wang Y. Hemorrhagic meningioma with pulmonary metastasis: Case report and literature review. Open Life Sci 2023; 18:20220745. [PMID: 37941787 PMCID: PMC10628577 DOI: 10.1515/biol-2022-0745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Meningiomas are extra-axial neoplasms that originate from the arachnoid cap cells located on the inner surface of the meninges. Approximately 36% of central nervous system tumors are meningiomas. Based on earlier findings to be benign in most cases, they are categorized as slow-growing tumors that form gradually over time. Meningiomas are usually asymptomatic and discovered inadvertently. They rarely present with immediate clinical symptoms or abrupt hemorrhagic strokes. However, tumor hemorrhage can be fatal in high-grade meningiomas, particularly those with vascularization. We describe a 58-year-old man who was hospitalized after experiencing an unexpectedly acute headache. The right cerebellar hemisphere and vermis cerebellar hemorrhage were detected on computed tomography (CT), and the cerebellar hemorrhage was explained by a diagnosis of hypertension. When additional analysis of the patient's chest CT indicated lung mass lesions, we assumed that the lung cancer had spread to the brain. However, the pathological outcomes of a guided definite pulmonary aspiration biopsy, in conjunction with resection of the cerebellar tumor, suggested a subtentorial meningioma with ruptured hemorrhage and pulmonary meningioma metastasis. The patient was transferred to a hospital closer to home for ongoing follow-up and, after 2 months, he had recovered well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Cao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, 264000, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, People’s Hospital of Rongcheng, The Middle Section of Chengshan Avenue 298, Rongcheng, 264300, Shandong, China
| | - Qiaowei He
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, 264000, China
| | - Mingzeng Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, 264000, China
| | - Wei Kong
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, 264000, China
| | - Changyou Yin
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, 264000, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, 264000, China
| | - Yanbin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, 264000, China
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Ong K, Rizzuto M, Makarenko S. Location pattern of recurrence of fully resected grade 1 meningiomas. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2023; 165:2865-2871. [PMID: 37620597 DOI: 10.1007/s00701-023-05758-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Meningiomas can lead to significant morbidity and mortality and have recurrence potential. While previous studies have focused on calculating recurrence risk, the precise location of the recurrence has not been delineated. This study aimed to investigate the spatial clustering pattern of recurrence relative to the original surgical bed for surgically treated Simpson Grade I-III, WHO Grade 1 meningiomas. METHODS Patients diagnosed with grade 1 meningiomas and treated with surgical resection with subsequent recurrence were reviewed. Patient demographics, clinical outcomes, and radiographic characteristics were collected. Radiological images were analyzed to determine the location of recurrence relative to the initial tumor. We characterized recurrence as type A (within the surgical bed), type B (outside of the surgical bed, within 1 cm from the site), and type C (distal ≥ 1 cm of the resection site). RESULTS Forty-two cases met the inclusion criteria. Twelve patients (29%) were male, and 30 (71%) were female. Median age at first treatment was 47 years, with 5.2 ± 3.4 years until recurrence. Recurrence rate was 54.7% at 5 years and 90.4% at 10 years. Twenty-eight patients (66.7%) had a type A recurrence, 11 (26.1%) had a type B recurrence, and 3 (7.1%) had a type C recurrence. CONCLUSIONS Our series demonstrates that while lesions often recur within the original lesion site, a significant portion recurs beyond the surgical bed. This highlights the substantial possibility of recurrence outside the resection cavity for fully excised benign meningiomas, which may aid in understanding disease progression and in guiding adjuvant therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Ong
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Michael Rizzuto
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Division of Neurosurgery, University of British Columbia, 2775 Laurel St, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Serge Makarenko
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
- Division of Neurosurgery, University of British Columbia, 2775 Laurel St, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1M9, Canada.
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Navarro-Ballester A, Aleixandre-Barrachina M, Marco-Doménech SF. Update on meningioma: Clinical-radiological and radio-pathological correlation. RADIOLOGIA 2023; 65:458-472. [PMID: 37758336 DOI: 10.1016/j.rxeng.2023.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Meningiomas are tumors that originate in the arachnoid villi and are the most common non-glial neoplasm in the central nervous system. The clinical manifestations associated with meningioma depend, fundamentally, on its location. The location in the cerebral convexity is the most frequent, especially in the frontal lobes, manifesting with headache, motor disturbances, seizures and even neurocognitive disorders. There are 15 histologic subtypes of meningioma and three histologic grades. Within these, grades two and three have a worse prognosis and a higher rate of recurrence, as well as a radiological behavior that is generally more aggressive. Although there are some imaging features that can suggest a specific subtype, the definitive diagnosis will always require histological/molecular confirmation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Navarro-Ballester
- Servicio de Radiodiagnóstico, Hospital General Universitario de Castellón, Castellón de la Plana, Castellón, Spain.
| | - M Aleixandre-Barrachina
- Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital General Universitario de Castellón, Castellón de la Plana, Castellón, Spain
| | - S F Marco-Doménech
- Servicio de Radiodiagnóstico, Hospital General Universitario de Castellón, Castellón de la Plana, Castellón, Spain
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Behling F, Bruneau M, Honegger J, Berhouma M, Jouanneau E, Cavallo L, Cornelius JF, Messerer M, Daniel RT, Froelich S, Mazzatenta D, Meling T, Paraskevopoulos D, Roche PH, Schroeder HW, Zazpe I, Voormolen E, Visocchi M, Kasper E, Schittenhelm J, Tatagiba M. Differences in intraoperative sampling during meningioma surgery regarding CNS invasion - Results of a survey on behalf of the EANS skull base section. BRAIN & SPINE 2023; 3:101740. [PMID: 37383436 PMCID: PMC10293290 DOI: 10.1016/j.bas.2023.101740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Introduction and Research Question: Invasive growth of meningiomas into CNS tissue is rare but of prognostic significance. While it has entered the WHO classification as a stand-alone criterion for atypia, its true prognostic impact remains controversial. Retrospective analyses, on which the current evidence is based, show conflicting results. Discordant findings might be explained by different intraoperative sampling methodologies. Material and methods To assess the applied sampling methods in the light of the novel prognostic impact of CNS invasion, an anonymous survey was designed and distributed via the EANS website and newsletter. The survey was open from June 5th until July 15th, 2022. Results After exclusion of 13 incomplete responses, 142 (91.6%) datasets were used for statistical analysis. Only 47.2% of participants' institutions utilize a standardized sampling method, and 54.9% pursue a complete sampling of the area of contact between the meningioma surface and CNS tissue. Most respondents (77.5%) did not change their sampling practice after introduction of the new grading criteria to the WHO classification of 2016. Intraoperative suspicion of CNS invasion changes the sampling for half of the participants (49.3%). Additional sampling of suspicious areas of interest is reported in 53.5%. Dural attachment and adjacent bone are more readily sampled separately if tumor invasion is suspected (72.5% and 74.6%, respectively), compared to meningioma tissue with signs of CNS invasion (59.9%). Discussion and conclusions Intraoperative sampling methods during meningioma resection vary among neurosurgical departments. There is need for a structured sampling to optimize the diagnostic yield of CNS invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Behling
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Tübingen, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Germany
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen, Germany
- Center for CNS Tumors, Comprehensive Cancer Center Tübingen-Stuttgart, University Hospital Tübingen, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michaël Bruneau
- Department of Neurosurgery, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jürgen Honegger
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Tübingen, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Germany
- Center for CNS Tumors, Comprehensive Cancer Center Tübingen-Stuttgart, University Hospital Tübingen, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Germany
| | - Moncef Berhouma
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital, Dijon, Bourgogne, France
| | - Emmanuel Jouanneau
- Neurosurgery Department, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France
| | - Luigi Cavallo
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Mahmoud Messerer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Department of Neuroscience, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Roy Thomas Daniel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Department of Neuroscience, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sébastien Froelich
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hôpital Lariboisière, Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris – Cité, Paris, France
| | - Diego Mazzatenta
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Sciences Institute IRCCS, Bologna, Italy
| | - Torstein Meling
- Department of Neurosurgery, The National Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dimitrios Paraskevopoulos
- Department of Neurosurgery, Barts Health NHS Trust, St. Bartholomew's and the Royal London Hospital, Blizard Institute QMUL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pierre-Hugues Roche
- Service de Neurochirurgie, Aix-Marseille Université, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Hôpital Nord, Marseille, France
| | | | - Idoya Zazpe
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Navarre, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Eduard Voormolen
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Massimiliano Visocchi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Neurosurgery Catholic University of Rome, Italy
| | - Ekkehard Kasper
- Department of Neurosurgery, St. Elizabeth Medical Center and Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Brighton, USA
| | - Jens Schittenhelm
- Center for CNS Tumors, Comprehensive Cancer Center Tübingen-Stuttgart, University Hospital Tübingen, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Tübingen, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marcos Tatagiba
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Tübingen, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Germany
- Center for CNS Tumors, Comprehensive Cancer Center Tübingen-Stuttgart, University Hospital Tübingen, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Germany
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