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Yamaguchi F, Hayakawa S, Kawashima S, Asakura T, Oishi Y. Antitumor effect of memantine is related to the formation of the splicing isoform of GLG1, a decoy FGF‑binding protein. Int J Oncol 2022; 61:80. [PMID: 35543162 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2022.5370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug repositioning is a strategy for repurposing the approved or investigational drugs that are outside the scope of the original medical indication. Memantine is used as a non‑competitive N‑methyl‑D‑aspartate receptor antagonist to prevent glutamate‑mediated excitotoxicity in Alzheimer's disease, and is one of the promising agents which is utilized for the purpose of cancer therapy. However, the association between memantine and Golgi glycoprotein 1 (GLG1), an intracellular fibroblast growth factor receptor, in cancers has not yet been clarified. The present study analyzed the expression and location of GLG1 in tumor cells treated with memantine. Memantine was found to suppress the growth of malignant glioma and breast cancer cells in a concentration‑dependent manner. The mRNA expression of GLG1 was upregulated in a concentration‑dependent manner, and the splicing variant profiles were altered in all cell lines examined. The results of western blot analysis revealed an increase in the full‑length and truncated forms of GLG1. Moreover, GLG1 spread in the cytosol of memantine‑treated cells, whereas it localized in the Golgi apparatus in control cells. Since GLG1 functions as a decoy FGF receptor, the modulation of GLG1 may prove to be one of the mechanisms underlying the cancer‑suppressive effects of memantine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumio Yamaguchi
- Department of Neurosurgery for Community Health, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 1138603, Japan
| | - Sumio Hayakawa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 1138603, Japan
| | - Shota Kawashima
- Faculty of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 1138603, Japan
| | - Takayuki Asakura
- Department of Neurosurgery for Community Health, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 1138603, Japan
| | - Yumiko Oishi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 1138603, Japan
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Authentication of Primary Murine Cell Lines by a Microfluidics-Based Lab-On-Chip System. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8120590. [PMID: 33317212 PMCID: PMC7763653 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8120590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The reliable authentication of cell lines is a prerequisite for the reproducibility and replicability of experiments. A common method of cell line authentication is the fragment length analysis (FLA) of short-tandem repeats (STR) by capillary electrophoresis. However, this technique is not always accessible and is often costly. Using a microfluidic electrophoresis system, we analyzed the quality and integrity of different murine cell lines by STR profiling. As a proof of concept, we isolated and immortalized hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPC) of various genotypes through retroviral transduction of the fusion of the estrogen receptor hormone-binding domain with the coding sequence of HoxB8. Cell lines were maintained in the HPC state with Flt3 ligand (FL) and estrogen treatment and could be characterized upon differentiation. In a validation cohort, we applied this technique on primary mutant Kras-driven pancreatic cancer cell lines, which again allowed for clear discrimination. In summary, our study provides evidence that FLA of STR-amplicons by microfluidic electrophoresis allows for stringent quality control and the tracking of cross-contaminations in both genetically stable HPC lines and cancer cell lines, making it a simple and cost-efficient alternative to traditional capillary electrophoresis.
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Leite DM, Zvar Baskovic B, Civita P, Neto C, Gumbleton M, Pilkington GJ. A human co-culture cell model incorporating microglia supports glioblastoma growth and migration, and confers resistance to cytotoxics. FASEB J 2019; 34:1710-1727. [PMID: 31914660 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201901858rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Despite the importance of the tumor microenvironment in regulating tumor progression, few in vitro models have been developed to understand the effects of non-neoplastic cells and extracellular matrix (ECM) on drug resistance in glioblastoma (GBM) cells. Using CellTrace-labeled human GBM and microglial (MG) cells, we established a 2D co-culture including various ratios of the two cell types. Viability, proliferation, migration, and drug response assays were carried out to assess the role of MG. A 3D model was then established using a hyaluronic acid-gelatin hydrogel to culture a mixture of GBM and MG and evaluate drug resistance. A contact co-culture of fluorescently labeled GBM and MG demonstrated that MG cells modestly promoted tumor cell proliferation (17%-30% increase) and greater migration of GBM cells (>1.5-fold increase). Notably, the presence of MG elicited drug resistance even when in a low ratio (10%-20%) relative to co-cultured tumor cells. The protective effect of MG on GBM was greater in the 3D model (>100% survival of GBM when challenged with cytotoxics). This new 3D human model demonstrated the influence of non-neoplastic cells and matrix on chemoresistance of GBM cells to three agents with different mechanisms of action suggesting that such sophisticated in vitro approaches may facilitate improved preclinical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana M Leite
- Brain Tumour Research Centre, Institute of Biological and Biomolecular Sciences (IBBS), School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | | | - Prospero Civita
- Brain Tumour Research Centre, Institute of Biological and Biomolecular Sciences (IBBS), School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK.,Genomics Section, Fondazione Pisana per la Scienza ONLUS, Pisa, Italy
| | - Catia Neto
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Cardiff, Cardiff, UK
| | - Mark Gumbleton
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Cardiff, Cardiff, UK
| | - Geoffrey J Pilkington
- Brain Tumour Research Centre, Institute of Biological and Biomolecular Sciences (IBBS), School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
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DIVERSet JAG Compounds Inhibit Topoisomerase II and Are Effective Against Adult and Pediatric High-Grade Gliomas. Transl Oncol 2019; 12:1375-1385. [PMID: 31374406 PMCID: PMC6669375 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2019.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
High-grade gliomas (HGGs) are aggressive primary brain tumors with local invasive growth and poor clinical prognosis in both adult and pediatric patients. Clinical response is compounded by resistance to standard frontline antineoplastic agents, an absence of novel therapeutics, and poor in vitro models to evaluate these. We screened a range of recently identified anticancer compounds in conventional adult, pediatric, and new biopsy-derived HGG models. These in vitro lines showed a range of sensitivity to standard chemotherapeutics, with varying expression levels of the prognostic markers hypoxia-induced factor (HIF) 1α and p53. Our evaluation of lead DIVERSet library compounds identified that JAG-6A, a compound that was significantly more potent than temozolomide or etoposide, was effective against HGG models in two-dimensional and three-dimensional systems; mediated this response by the potent inhibition of topoisomerase Iiα; remained effective under normoxic and hypoxic conditions; and displayed limited toxicity to non-neoplastic astrocytes. These data suggest that JAG-6A could be an alternative topoisomerase IIα inhibitor and used for the treatment of HGG.
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Jassam SA, Maherally Z, Ashkan K, Pilkington GJ, Fillmore HL. Fucosyltransferase 4 and 7 mediates adhesion of non-small cell lung cancer cells to brain-derived endothelial cells and results in modification of the blood-brain-barrier: in vitro investigation of CD15 and CD15s in lung-to-brain metastasis. J Neurooncol 2019; 143:405-415. [PMID: 31104223 PMCID: PMC6591197 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-019-03188-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Metastatic non-small cell lung (NSCLC) cancer represents one of the most common types of brain metastasis. The mechanisms involved in how circulating cancer cells transmigrate into brain parenchyma are not fully understood. The aim of this work was to investigate the role of fucosylated carbohydrate epitopes CD15 and sialyated CD15s in cancer adhesion to brain-derived endothelial cells and determine their influence in blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption METHODS: Three distinct, independent methods were used to measure brain endothelial integrity and include voltohmmeter (EVOM™), impedance spectroscopy (CellZscope®) and electric cell-substrate impedance sensing system (ECIS™). Two fucosyltransferases (FUT4 and 7) responsible for CD15 and CD15s synthesis were modulated in four human cancer cell lines (three lung cancer and one glioma). RESULTS Overexpression of CD15 or CD15s epitopes led to increase in adhesion of cancer cells to cerebral endothelial cells compared with wild-type and cells with silenced CD15 or CD15s (p < 0.01). This overexpression led to the disruption of cerebral endothelial cell monolayers (p < 0.01). Knockdown of FUT4 and FUT7 in metastatic cancer cells prevented disruption of an in vitro BBB model. Surprisingly, although the cells characterised as 'non-metastatic', they became 'metastatic' -like when cells were forced to over-express either FUT4 or FUT7. CONCLUSIONS Results from these studies suggest that overexpression of CD15 and CD15s could potentiate the transmigration of circulating NSCLC cells into the brain. The clinical significance of these studies includes the possible use of these epitopes as biomarkers for metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samah A Jassam
- Cellular and Molecular Neuro-Oncology Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, White Swan Road, Portsmouth, P01 2DT, UK
| | - Zaynah Maherally
- Cellular and Molecular Neuro-Oncology Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, White Swan Road, Portsmouth, P01 2DT, UK
| | - Keyoumars Ashkan
- Neuro-Surgery, King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 9RS, UK
| | - Geoffrey J Pilkington
- Cellular and Molecular Neuro-Oncology Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, White Swan Road, Portsmouth, P01 2DT, UK
| | - Helen L Fillmore
- Cellular and Molecular Neuro-Oncology Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, White Swan Road, Portsmouth, P01 2DT, UK.
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Human Sialic acid O-acetyl esterase (SIAE) - mediated changes in sensitivity to etoposide in a medulloblastoma cell line. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8609. [PMID: 31197190 PMCID: PMC6565703 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44950-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Medulloblastoma (MB), the most common malignant paediatric brain tumour occurs in the cerebellum. Advances in molecular genomics have led to the identification of defined subgroups which are associated with distinct clinical prognoses. Despite this classification, standard therapies for all subgroups often leave children with life-long neurological deficits. New therapeutic approaches are therefore urgently needed to reduce current treatment toxicity and increase survival for patients. GD3 is a well-studied ganglioside which is known to have roles in the development of the cerebellum. Post-partum GD3 is not highly expressed in the brain. In some cancers however GD3 is highly expressed. In MB cells GD3 is largely acetylated to GD3A. GD3 is pro-apoptotic but GD3A can protect cells from apoptosis. Presence of these gangliosides has previously been shown to correlate with resistance to chemotherapy. Here we show that the GD3 acetylation pathway is dysregulated in MB and as a proof-of-principle we show that increased GD3 expression sensitises an MB cell line to etoposide.
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Maherally Z, Fillmore HL, Tan SL, Tan SF, Jassam SA, Quack FI, Hatherell KE, Pilkington GJ. Real-time acquisition of transendothelial electrical resistance in an all-human, in vitro, 3-dimensional, blood-brain barrier model exemplifies tight-junction integrity. FASEB J 2017; 32:168-182. [PMID: 28883042 PMCID: PMC5731124 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700162r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The blood–brain barrier (BBB) consists of endothelial cells, astrocytes, and pericytes embedded in basal lamina (BL). Most in vitro models use nonhuman, monolayer cultures for therapeutic-delivery studies, relying on transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) measurements without other tight-junction (TJ) formation parameters. We aimed to develop reliable, reproducible, in vitro 3-dimensional (3D) models incorporating relevant human, in vivo cell types and BL proteins. The 3D BBB models were constructed with human brain endothelial cells, human astrocytes, and human brain pericytes in mono-, co-, and tricultures. TEER was measured in 3D models using a volt/ohmmeter and cellZscope. Influence of BL proteins—laminin, fibronectin, collagen type IV, agrin, and perlecan—on adhesion and TEER was assessed using an electric cell-substrate impedance–sensing system. TJ protein expression was assessed by Western blotting (WB) and immunocytochemistry (ICC). Perlecan (10 µg/ml) evoked unreportedly high, in vitro TEER values (1200 Ω) and the strongest adhesion. Coculturing endothelial cells with astrocytes yielded the greatest resistance over time. ICC and WB results correlated with resistance levels, with evidence of prominent occludin expression in cocultures. BL proteins exerted differential effects on TEER, whereas astrocytes in contact yielded higher TEER values and TJ expression.—Maherally, Z., Fillmore, H. L., Tan, S. L., Tan, S. F., Jassam, S. A., Quack, F. I., Hatherell, K. E., Pilkington, G. J. Real-time acquisition of transendothelial electrical resistance in an all-human, in vitro, 3-dimensional, blood–brain barrier model exemplifies tight-junction integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaynah Maherally
- Brain Tumour Research Centre, Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom; and
| | - Helen L Fillmore
- Brain Tumour Research Centre, Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom; and
| | - Sim Ling Tan
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Suk Fei Tan
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Samah A Jassam
- Brain Tumour Research Centre, Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom; and
| | - Friederike I Quack
- Brain Tumour Research Centre, Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom; and
| | - Kathryn E Hatherell
- Brain Tumour Research Centre, Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom; and
| | - Geoffrey J Pilkington
- Brain Tumour Research Centre, Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom; and
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Jassam SA, Maherally Z, Smith JR, Ashkan K, Roncaroli F, Fillmore HL, Pilkington GJ. CD15s/CD62E Interaction Mediates the Adhesion of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells on Brain Endothelial Cells: Implications for Cerebral Metastasis. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18071474. [PMID: 28698503 PMCID: PMC5535965 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Expression of the cell adhesion molecule (CAM), Sialyl Lewis X (CD15s) correlates with cancer metastasis, while expression of E-selectin (CD62E) is stimulated by TNF-α. CD15s/CD62E interaction plays a key role in the homing process of circulating leukocytes. We investigated the heterophilic interaction of CD15s and CD62E in brain metastasis-related cancer cell adhesion. CD15s and CD62E were characterised in human brain endothelium (hCMEC/D3), primary non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) (COR-L105 and A549) and metastatic NSCLC (SEBTA-001 and NCI-H1299) using immunocytochemistry, Western blotting, flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry in human brain tissue sections. TNF-α (25 pg/mL) stimulated extracellular expression of CD62E while adhesion assays, under both static and physiological flow live-cell conditions, explored the effect of CD15s-mAb immunoblocking on adhesion of cancer cell–brain endothelium. CD15s was faintly expressed on hCMEC/D3, while high levels were observed on primary NSCLC cells with expression highest on metastatic NSCLC cells (p < 0.001). CD62E was highly expressed on hCMEC/D3 cells activated with TNF-α, with lower levels on primary and metastatic NSCLC cells. CD15s and CD62E were expressed on lung metastatic brain biopsies. CD15s/CD62E interaction was localised at adhesion sites of cancer cell–brain endothelium. CD15s immunoblocking significantly decreased cancer cell adhesion to brain endothelium under static and shear stress conditions (p < 0.001), highlighting the role of CD15s–CD62E interaction in brain metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samah A Jassam
- Brain Tumour Research Centre, Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, UK.
| | - Zaynah Maherally
- Brain Tumour Research Centre, Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, UK.
| | - James R Smith
- Brain Tumour Research Centre, Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, UK.
| | - Keyoumars Ashkan
- Neuro-Surgery, King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London SE5 9RS, UK.
| | - Federico Roncaroli
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK.
| | - Helen L Fillmore
- Brain Tumour Research Centre, Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, UK.
| | - Geoffrey J Pilkington
- Brain Tumour Research Centre, Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, UK.
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Axl-EGFR receptor tyrosine kinase hetero-interaction provides EGFR with access to pro-invasive signalling in cancer cells. Oncogenesis 2016; 5:e266. [PMID: 27775700 PMCID: PMC5117851 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2016.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Acquired resistance to conventional and targeted therapies is becoming a major hindrance in cancer management. It is increasingly clear that cancer cells are able to evolve and rewire canonical signalling pathways to their advantage, thus evading cell death and promoting cell invasion. The Axl receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) has been shown to modulate acquired resistance to EGFR-targeted therapies in both breast and lung cancers. Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a highly infiltrative and invasive form of brain tumour with little response to therapy. Both Axl and EGFR have been identified as major players in gliomagenesis and invasiveness. However, the mechanisms underlying a potential signalling crosstalk between EGFR and Axl RTKs are unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate this novel and unconventional interaction among RTKs of different families in human GBM cells. With the use of western blotting, in vitro kinase activity, co-immunoprecipitation and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays, we show that EGF stimulates activation of Axl kinase and that there is a hetero-interaction between the two RTKs. Through small interfering RNA knockdown and quantitative PCR screening, we identified distinct gene expression patterns in GBM cells that were specifically regulated by signalling from EGFR-EGFR, Axl–Axl and EGFR-Axl RTK parings. These included genes that promote invasion, which were activated only via the EGFR-Axl axis (MMP9), while EGFR-EGFR distinctly regulated the cell cycle and Axl–Axl regulated invasion. Our findings provide critical insights into the role of EGFR-Axl hetero-dimerisation in cancer cells and reveal regulation of cell invasion via Axl as a novel function of EGFR signalling.
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Kashaninejad N, Nikmaneshi MR, Moghadas H, Kiyoumarsi Oskouei A, Rismanian M, Barisam M, Saidi MS, Firoozabadi B. Organ-Tumor-on-a-Chip for Chemosensitivity Assay: A Critical Review. MICROMACHINES 2016; 7:mi7080130. [PMID: 30404302 PMCID: PMC6190381 DOI: 10.3390/mi7080130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
With a mortality rate over 580,000 per year, cancer is still one of the leading causes of death worldwide. However, the emerging field of microfluidics can potentially shed light on this puzzling disease. Unique characteristics of microfluidic chips (also known as micro-total analysis system) make them excellent candidates for biological applications. The ex vivo approach of tumor-on-a-chip is becoming an indispensable part of personalized medicine and can replace in vivo animal testing as well as conventional in vitro methods. In tumor-on-a-chip, the complex three-dimensional (3D) nature of malignant tumor is co-cultured on a microfluidic chip and high throughput screening tools to evaluate the efficacy of anticancer drugs are integrated on the same chip. In this article, we critically review the cutting edge advances in this field and mainly categorize each tumor-on-a-chip work based on its primary organ. Specifically, design, fabrication and characterization of tumor microenvironment; cell culture technique; transferring mechanism of cultured cells into the microchip; concentration gradient generators for drug delivery; in vitro screening assays of drug efficacy; and pros and cons of each microfluidic platform used in the recent literature will be discussed separately for the tumor of following organs: (1) Lung; (2) Bone marrow; (3) Brain; (4) Breast; (5) Urinary system (kidney, bladder and prostate); (6) Intestine; and (7) Liver. By comparing these microchips, we intend to demonstrate the unique design considerations of each tumor-on-a-chip based on primary organ, e.g., how microfluidic platform of lung-tumor-on-a-chip may differ from liver-tumor-on-a-chip. In addition, the importance of heart–liver–intestine co-culture with microvasculature in tumor-on-a-chip devices for in vitro chemosensitivity assay will be discussed. Such system would be able to completely evaluate the absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity (ADMET) of anticancer drugs and more realistically recapitulate tumor in vivo-like microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navid Kashaninejad
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, 11155-9567 Tehran, Iran.
| | | | - Hajar Moghadas
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, 11155-9567 Tehran, Iran.
| | | | - Milad Rismanian
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, 11155-9567 Tehran, Iran.
| | - Maryam Barisam
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, 11155-9567 Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Said Saidi
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, 11155-9567 Tehran, Iran.
| | - Bahar Firoozabadi
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, 11155-9567 Tehran, Iran.
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Škereňová M, Mikulová V, Čapoun O, Zima T. The characterization of four gene expression analysis in circulating tumor cells made by Multiplex-PCR from the AdnaTest kit on the lab-on-a-chip Agilent DNA 1000 platform. Biochem Med (Zagreb) 2016; 26:103-13. [PMID: 26981024 PMCID: PMC4783084 DOI: 10.11613/bm.2016.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Nowadays, on-a-chip capillary electrophoresis is a routine method for the detection of PCR fragments. The Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer was one of the first commercial devices in this field. Our project was designed to study the characteristics of Agilent DNA 1000 kit in PCR fragment analysis as a part of circulating tumour cell (CTC) detection technique. Despite the common use of this kit a complex analysis of the results from a long-term project is still missing. Materials and methods A commercially available Agilent DNA 1000 kit was used as a final step in the CTC detection (AdnaTest) for the determination of the presence of PCR fragments generated by Multiplex PCR. Data from 30 prostate cancer patients obtained during two years of research were analyzed to determine the trueness and precision of the PCR fragment size determination. Additional experiments were performed to demonstrate the precision (repeatability, reproducibility) and robustness of PCR fragment concentration determination. Results The trueness and precision of the size determination was below 3% and 2% respectively. The repeatability of the concentration determination was below 15%. The difference in concentration determination increases when Multiplex-PCR/storage step is added between the two measurements of one sample. Conclusions The characteristics established in our study are in concordance with the manufacturer’s specifications established for a ladder as a sample. However, the concentration determination may vary depending on chip preparation, sample storage and concentration. The 15% variation of concentration determination repeatability was shown to be partly proportional and can be suppressed by proper normalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markéta Škereňová
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, General University Hospital and First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Mikulová
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, General University Hospital and First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Otakar Čapoun
- Department of Urology, General University Hospital and First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Zima
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, General University Hospital and First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic
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Jassam SA, Maherally Z, Smith JR, Ashkan K, Roncaroli F, Fillmore HL, Pilkington GJ. TNF-α enhancement of CD62E mediates adhesion of non-small cell lung cancer cells to brain endothelium via CD15 in lung-brain metastasis. Neuro Oncol 2016; 18:679-90. [PMID: 26472821 PMCID: PMC4827040 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nov248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD15, which is overexpressed on various cancers, has been reported as a cell adhesion molecule that plays a key role in non-CNS metastasis. However, the role of CD15 in brain metastasis is largely unexplored. This study provides a better understanding of CD15/CD62E interaction, enhanced by tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and its correlation with brain metastasis in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODS CD15 and E-selectin (CD62E) expression was demonstrated in both human primary and metastatic NSCLC cells using flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, and Western blotting. The role of CD15 was investigated using an adhesion assay under static and physiological flow live-cell conditions. Human tissue sections were examined using immunohistochemistry. RESULTS CD15, which was weakly expressed on hCMEC/D3 human brain endothelial cells, was expressed at high levels on metastatic NSCLC cells (NCI-H1299, SEBTA-001, and SEBTA-005) and at lower levels on primary NSCLC (COR-L105 and A549) cells (P < .001). The highest expression of CD62E was observed on hCMEC/D3 cells activated with TNF-α, with lower levels on metastatic NSCLC cells followed by primary NSCLC cells. Metastatic NSCLC cells adhered most strongly to hCMEC/D3 compared with primary NSCLC cells. CD15 immunoblocking decreased cancer cell adhesion to brain endothelium under static and shear stress conditions (P < .0001), confirming a correlation between CD15 and cerebral metastasis. Both CD15 and CD62E expression were detected in lung metastatic brain biopsies. CONCLUSION This study enhances the understanding of cancer cell-brain endothelial adhesion and confirms that CD15 plays a crucial role in adhesion in concert with TNF-α activation of its binding partner, CD62E.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samah A Jassam
- Cellular and Molecular Neuro-oncology Research Group, Brain Tumour Research Centre, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK (S.A.J., Z.M., J.R.S., H.L.F., G.J.P.); Neuro-surgery, King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, UK (K.A.); Institute of Brain Behaviour and Mental Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK (F.R.)
| | - Zaynah Maherally
- Cellular and Molecular Neuro-oncology Research Group, Brain Tumour Research Centre, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK (S.A.J., Z.M., J.R.S., H.L.F., G.J.P.); Neuro-surgery, King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, UK (K.A.); Institute of Brain Behaviour and Mental Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK (F.R.)
| | - James R Smith
- Cellular and Molecular Neuro-oncology Research Group, Brain Tumour Research Centre, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK (S.A.J., Z.M., J.R.S., H.L.F., G.J.P.); Neuro-surgery, King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, UK (K.A.); Institute of Brain Behaviour and Mental Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK (F.R.)
| | - Keyoumars Ashkan
- Cellular and Molecular Neuro-oncology Research Group, Brain Tumour Research Centre, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK (S.A.J., Z.M., J.R.S., H.L.F., G.J.P.); Neuro-surgery, King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, UK (K.A.); Institute of Brain Behaviour and Mental Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK (F.R.)
| | - Federico Roncaroli
- Cellular and Molecular Neuro-oncology Research Group, Brain Tumour Research Centre, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK (S.A.J., Z.M., J.R.S., H.L.F., G.J.P.); Neuro-surgery, King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, UK (K.A.); Institute of Brain Behaviour and Mental Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK (F.R.)
| | - Helen L Fillmore
- Cellular and Molecular Neuro-oncology Research Group, Brain Tumour Research Centre, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK (S.A.J., Z.M., J.R.S., H.L.F., G.J.P.); Neuro-surgery, King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, UK (K.A.); Institute of Brain Behaviour and Mental Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK (F.R.)
| | - Geoffrey J Pilkington
- Cellular and Molecular Neuro-oncology Research Group, Brain Tumour Research Centre, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK (S.A.J., Z.M., J.R.S., H.L.F., G.J.P.); Neuro-surgery, King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, UK (K.A.); Institute of Brain Behaviour and Mental Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK (F.R.)
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13
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Lycopene acts through inhibition of IκB kinase to suppress NF-κB signaling in human prostate and breast cancer cells. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:9375-85. [PMID: 26779636 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-4798-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We studied the effect of the potent dietary antioxidant lycopene on multiple points along the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway in prostate and breast cancer cells. Lycopene significantly inhibited prostate and breast cancer cell growth at physiologically relevant concentrations of ≥1.25 μM. Similar concentrations also caused a 30-40 % reduction in inhibitor of kappa B (IκB) phosphorylation in the cells, as determined by western blotting. Furthermore, the same degree of inhibition by lycopene was observed for NF-κB transcriptional activity, as determined by reporter gene assay. Concomitant with this, immunofluorescence staining of lycopene-treated cells showed a significant suppression (≥25 %) of TNF-induced NF-κB p65 subunit nuclear translocation. Further probing of lycopene's effects on upstream elements of the NF-κB pathway showed a 25 % inhibition of both activity of recombinant IκB kinase β (IKKβ) kinase in a cell-free in vitro assay, as well as activity of IKKβ immunoprecipitated from MDA-MB-231 cells treated with lycopene. In conclusion, the anticancer properties of lycopene may occur through inhibition of the NF-κB signaling pathway, beginning at the early stage of cytoplasmic IKK kinase activity, which then leads to reduced NF-κB-responsive gene regulation. Furthermore, these effects in cancer cells were observed at concentrations of lycopene that are relevant and achievable in vivo.
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14
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Md Ali MA, Ostrikov K(K, Khalid FA, Majlis BY, Kayani AA. Active bioparticle manipulation in microfluidic systems. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra20080j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The motion of bioparticles in a microfluidic environment can be actively controlled using several tuneable mechanisms, including hydrodynamic, electrophoresis, dielectrophoresis, magnetophoresis, acoustophoresis, thermophoresis and optical forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Anuar Md Ali
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics
- Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
- Bangi
- Malaysia
| | - Kostya (Ken) Ostrikov
- School of Chemistry, Physics, and Mechanical Engineering
- Queensland University of Technology
- Brisbane
- Australia
- CSIRO-QUT Joint Sustainable Processes and Devices Laboratory
| | - Fararishah Abdul Khalid
- Faculty of Technology Management and Technopreneurship
- Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
- Malaysia
| | - Burhanuddin Y. Majlis
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics
- Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
- Bangi
- Malaysia
| | - Aminuddin A. Kayani
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics
- Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
- Bangi
- Malaysia
- Center for Advanced Materials and Green Technology
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15
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Maherally Z, Smith JR, Ghoneim MK, Dickson L, An Q, Fillmore HL, Pilkington GJ. Silencing of CD44 in Glioma Leads to Changes in Cytoskeletal Protein Expression and Cellular Biomechanical Deformation Properties as Measured by AFM Nanoindentation. BIONANOSCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12668-015-0189-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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16
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Microfluidic Organ/Body-on-a-Chip Devices at the Convergence of Biology and Microengineering. SENSORS 2015; 15:31142-70. [PMID: 26690442 PMCID: PMC4721768 DOI: 10.3390/s151229848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in biomedical technologies are mostly related to the convergence of biology with microengineering. For instance, microfluidic devices are now commonly found in most research centers, clinics and hospitals, contributing to more accurate studies and therapies as powerful tools for drug delivery, monitoring of specific analytes, and medical diagnostics. Most remarkably, integration of cellularized constructs within microengineered platforms has enabled the recapitulation of the physiological and pathological conditions of complex tissues and organs. The so-called “organ-on-a-chip” technology, which represents a new avenue in the field of advanced in vitro models, with the potential to revolutionize current approaches to drug screening and toxicology studies. This review aims to highlight recent advances of microfluidic-based devices towards a body-on-a-chip concept, exploring their technology and broad applications in the biomedical field.
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Vouri M, An Q, Birt M, Pilkington GJ, Hafizi S. Small molecule inhibition of Axl receptor tyrosine kinase potently suppresses multiple malignant properties of glioma cells. Oncotarget 2015; 6:16183-97. [PMID: 25980499 PMCID: PMC4599264 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) often features a combination of tumour suppressor gene inactivation and multiple oncogene overactivation. The Axl receptor tyrosine kinase is found overexpressed in GBM and thought to contribute to invasiveness, chemoresistance and poor survival. Here, we have evaluated the effect of BGB324, a clinical candidate Axl-specific small molecule inhibitor, on the invasive behaviour of human GBM cells in vitro, as an indicator of its potential in GBM therapy and also to elucidate the role of Axl in GBM pathogenesis.Two cultured adult GBM cell lines, SNB-19 and UP007, were treated with Gas6 and/or BGB324, and analysed in assays for survival, 3D colony growth, motility, migration and invasion. Western blot was used to detect protein expression and signal protein phosphorylation. In both cell lines, BGB324 inhibited specifically phosphorylation of Axl as well as Akt kinase further downstream. BGB324 also inhibited survival and proliferation of both cell lines in a concentration-dependent manner, as well as completely suppressing migration and invasion. Furthermore, our results indicate co-operative activation between the Axl and Tyro3 receptors, as well as ligand-independent Axl signalling, to take place in GBM cells. In conclusion, small molecule inhibitor-led targeting of Axl may be a promising therapy for GBM progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikaella Vouri
- 1 Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Science, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Qian An
- 1 Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Science, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Matthew Birt
- 1 Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Science, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Geoffrey J. Pilkington
- 1 Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Science, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Sassan Hafizi
- 1 Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Science, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
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