1
|
Szu JI, Tsigelny IF, Wojcinski A, Kesari S. Biological functions of the Olig gene family in brain cancer and therapeutic targeting. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1129434. [PMID: 37274223 PMCID: PMC10232966 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1129434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Olig genes encode members of the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) family of transcription factors. Olig1, Olig2, and Olig3 are expressed in both the developing and mature central nervous system (CNS) and regulate cellular specification and differentiation. Over the past decade extensive studies have established functional roles of Olig1 and Olig2 in development as well as in cancer. Olig2 overexpression drives glioma proliferation and resistance to radiation and chemotherapy. In this review, we summarize the biological functions of the Olig family in brain cancer and how targeting Olig family genes may have therapeutic benefit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jenny I. Szu
- Department of Translational Neurosciences, Providence Saint John’s Health Center, Saint John’s Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, CA, United States
| | - Igor F. Tsigelny
- San Diego Supercomputer Center, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
- CureScience, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Alexander Wojcinski
- Department of Translational Neurosciences, Providence Saint John’s Health Center, Saint John’s Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, CA, United States
- Pacific Neuroscience Institute, Santa Monica, CA, United States
| | - Santosh Kesari
- Department of Translational Neurosciences, Providence Saint John’s Health Center, Saint John’s Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, CA, United States
- Pacific Neuroscience Institute, Santa Monica, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jovanovich N, Habib A, Head J, Hameed F, Agnihotri S, Zinn PO. Pediatric diffuse midline glioma: Understanding the mechanisms and assessing the next generation of personalized therapeutics. Neurooncol Adv 2023; 5:vdad040. [PMID: 37152806 PMCID: PMC10162114 DOI: 10.1093/noajnl/vdad040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Diffuse midline glioma (DMG) is a pediatric cancer that originates in the midline structures of the brain. Prognosis of DMG patients remains poor due to the infiltrative nature of these tumors and the protection they receive from systemically delivered therapeutics via an intact blood-brain barrier (BBB), making treatment difficult. While the cell of origin remains disputed, it is believed to reside in the ventral pons. Recent research has pointed toward epigenetic dysregulation inducing an OPC-like transcriptomic signature in DMG cells. This epigenetic dysregulation is typically caused by a mutation (K27M) in one of two histone genes-H3F3A or HIST1H3B -and can lead to a differentiation block that increases these cells oncogenic potential. Standard treatment with radiation is not sufficient at overcoming the aggressivity of this cancer and only confers a survival benefit of a few months, and thus, discovery of new therapeutics is of utmost importance. In this review, we discuss the cell of origin of DMGs, as well as the underlying molecular mechanisms that contribute to their aggressivity and resistance to treatment. Additionally, we outline the current standard of care for DMG patients and the potential future therapeutics for this cancer that are currently being tested in preclinical and clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolina Jovanovich
- Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ahmed Habib
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jeffery Head
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Farrukh Hameed
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sameer Agnihotri
- Sameer Agnihtroi, PhD, 4401 Penn Avenue, Office 7126, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA ()
| | - Pascal O Zinn
- Corresponding Authors: Pascal O. Zinn, MD, PhD, 5150 Centre Ave. Suite 433, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA ()
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Larcombe MR, Hsu S, Polo JM, Knaupp AS. Indirect Mechanisms of Transcription Factor-Mediated Gene Regulation during Cell Fate Changes. ADVANCED GENETICS (HOBOKEN, N.J.) 2022; 3:2200015. [PMID: 36911290 PMCID: PMC9993476 DOI: 10.1002/ggn2.202200015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Transcription factors (TFs) are the master regulators of cellular identity, capable of driving cell fate transitions including differentiations, reprogramming, and transdifferentiations. Pioneer TFs recognize partial motifs exposed on nucleosomal DNA, allowing for TF-mediated activation of repressed chromatin. Moreover, there is evidence suggesting that certain TFs can repress actively expressed genes either directly through interactions with accessible regulatory elements or indirectly through mechanisms that impact the expression, activity, or localization of other regulatory factors. Recent evidence suggests that during reprogramming, the reprogramming TFs initiate opening of chromatin regions rich in somatic TF motifs that are inaccessible in the initial and final cellular states. It is postulated that analogous to a sponge, these transiently accessible regions "soak up" somatic TFs, hence lowering the initial barriers to cell fate changes. This indirect TF-mediated gene regulation event, which is aptly named the "sponge effect," may play an essential role in the silencing of the somatic transcriptional network during different cellular conversions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael R. Larcombe
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental BiologyMonash UniversityClaytonVictoria3168Australia
- Development and Stem Cells ProgramMonash Biomedicine Discovery InstituteClaytonVictoria3168Australia
- Australian Regenerative Medicine InstituteMonash UniversityClaytonVictoria3168Australia
| | - Sheng Hsu
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental BiologyMonash UniversityClaytonVictoria3168Australia
- Development and Stem Cells ProgramMonash Biomedicine Discovery InstituteClaytonVictoria3168Australia
- Australian Regenerative Medicine InstituteMonash UniversityClaytonVictoria3168Australia
| | - Jose M. Polo
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental BiologyMonash UniversityClaytonVictoria3168Australia
- Development and Stem Cells ProgramMonash Biomedicine Discovery InstituteClaytonVictoria3168Australia
- Australian Regenerative Medicine InstituteMonash UniversityClaytonVictoria3168Australia
- South Australian Immunogenomics Cancer Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of AdelaideAdelaideSouth Australia5005Australia
- Adelaide Centre for Epigenetics, Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of AdelaideAdelaideSouth Australia5005Australia
| | - Anja S. Knaupp
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental BiologyMonash UniversityClaytonVictoria3168Australia
- Development and Stem Cells ProgramMonash Biomedicine Discovery InstituteClaytonVictoria3168Australia
- Australian Regenerative Medicine InstituteMonash UniversityClaytonVictoria3168Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Coleman C, Chen K, Lu A, Seashore E, Stoller S, Davis T, Braunstein S, Gupta N, Mueller S. Interdisciplinary care of children with diffuse midline glioma. Neoplasia 2022; 35:100851. [PMID: 36410226 PMCID: PMC9676429 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2022.100851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffuse Midline Glioma (DMG) which includes Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma (DIPG) is an infiltrative tumor of the midline structures of the central nervous system that demonstrates an aggressive pattern of growth and has no known curative treatment. As these tumors progress, children experience ongoing neurological decline including inability to ambulate, swallow and communicate effectively. We propose that optimal care for patients with DMG should involve a specialized team experienced in caring for the multifaceted needs of these patients and their families. Herein we review the roles and evidence to support early involvement of a specialized interdisciplinary team and outline our views on best practices for these challenging tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Coleman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | - Katherine Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | - Alex Lu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | - Elizabeth Seashore
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | - Schuyler Stoller
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | - Taron Davis
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | - Steve Braunstein
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | - Nalin Gupta
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, United States,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | - Sabine Mueller
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, United States,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, United States,Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, United States,Department of Pediatrics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland,Corresponding author at: Departments of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, Sandler Neuroscience Building, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, San Francisco, CA 94148, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Xu Z, Murad N, Malawsky D, Tao R, Rivero-Hinojosa S, Holdhof D, Schüller U, Zhang P, Lazarski C, Rood BR, Packer R, Gershon T, Pei Y. OLIG2 Is a Determinant for the Relapse of MYC-Amplified Medulloblastoma. Clin Cancer Res 2022; 28:4278-4291. [PMID: 35736214 PMCID: PMC9529814 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-22-0527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Patients with MYC-amplified medulloblastoma (MB) have poor prognosis and frequently develop recurrence, thus new therapeutic approaches to prevent recurrence are needed. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We evaluated OLIG2 expression in a panel of mouse Myc-driven MB tumors, patient MB samples, and patient-derived xenograft (PDX) tumors and analyzed radiation sensitivity in OLIG2-high and OLIG2-low tumors in PDX lines. We assessed the effect of inhibition of OLIG2 by OLIG2-CRISPR or the small molecule inhibitor CT-179 combined with radiotherapy on tumor progression in PDX models. RESULTS We found that MYC-associated MB can be stratified into OLIG2-high and OLIG2-low tumors based on OLIG2 protein expression. In MYC-amplified MB PDX models, OLIG2-low tumors were sensitive to radiation and rarely relapsed, whereas OLIG2-high tumors were resistant to radiation and consistently developed recurrence. In OLIG2-high tumors, irradiation eliminated the bulk of tumor cells; however, a small number of tumor cells comprising OLIG2- tumor cells and rare OLIG2+ tumor cells remained in the cerebellar tumor bed when examined immediately post-irradiation. All animals harboring residual-resistant tumor cells developed relapse. The relapsed tumors mirrored the cellular composition of the primary tumors with enriched OLIG2 expression. Further studies demonstrated that OLIG2 was essential for recurrence, as OLIG2 disruption with CRISPR-mediated deletion or with the small molecule inhibitor CT-179 prevented recurrence from the residual radioresistant tumor cells. CONCLUSIONS Our studies reveal that OLIG2 is a biomarker and an effective therapeutic target in a high-risk subset of MYC-amplified MB, and OLIG2 inhibitor combined with radiotherapy represents a novel effective approach for treating this devastating disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Xu
- Center for Cancer and Immunology, Brain Tumor Institute, Children’s National Health System, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Najiba Murad
- Center for Cancer and Immunology, Brain Tumor Institute, Children’s National Health System, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Daniel Malawsky
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Ran Tao
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Samuel Rivero-Hinojosa
- Center for Cancer and Immunology, Brain Tumor Institute, Children’s National Health System, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Dörthe Holdhof
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, Hamburg 20251, Germany
- Research Institute Children’s Cancer Center, Martinistraße 52, Hamburg 20251, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schüller
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, Hamburg 20251, Germany
- Research Institute Children’s Cancer Center, Martinistraße 52, Hamburg 20251, Germany
- Institute for Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, Hamburg 20251, Germany
| | - Peng Zhang
- Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Christopher Lazarski
- Center for Cancer and Immunology, Brain Tumor Institute, Children’s National Health System, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Brian R. Rood
- Center for Cancer and Immunology, Brain Tumor Institute, Children’s National Health System, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Roger Packer
- Center for Cancer and Immunology, Brain Tumor Institute, Children’s National Health System, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Timothy Gershon
- Department of Neurology, University North Carolina, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA
| | - Yanxin Pei
- Center for Cancer and Immunology, Brain Tumor Institute, Children’s National Health System, Washington, DC 20010, USA
- Lead contact
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Tomita Y, Shimazu Y, Somasundaram A, Tanaka Y, Takata N, Ishi Y, Gadd S, Hashizume R, Angione A, Pinero G, Hambardzumyan D, Brat DJ, Hoeman CM, Becher OJ. A novel mouse model of diffuse midline glioma initiated in neonatal oligodendrocyte progenitor cells highlights cell-of-origin dependent effects of H3K27M. Glia 2022; 70:1681-1698. [PMID: 35524725 PMCID: PMC9546478 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Diffuse midline glioma (DMG) is a type of lethal brain tumor that develops mainly in children. The majority of DMG harbor the K27M mutation in histone H3. Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) in the brainstem are candidate cells-of-origin for DMG, yet there is no genetically engineered mouse model of DMG initiated in OPCs. Here, we used the RCAS/Tv-a avian retroviral system to generate DMG in Olig2-expressing progenitors and Nestin-expressing progenitors in the neonatal mouse brainstem. PDGF-A or PDGF-B overexpression, along with p53 deletion, resulted in gliomas in both models. Exogenous overexpression of H3.3K27M had a significant effect on tumor latency and tumor cell proliferation when compared with H3.3WT in Nestin+ cells but not in Olig2+ cells. Further, the fraction of H3.3K27M-positive cells was significantly lower in DMGs initiated in Olig2+ cells relative to Nestin+ cells, both in PDGF-A and PDGF-B-driven models, suggesting that the requirement for H3.3K27M is reduced when tumorigenesis is initiated in Olig2+ cells. RNA-sequencing analysis revealed that the differentially expressed genes in H3.3K27M tumors were non-overlapping between Olig2;PDGF-B, Olig2;PDGF-A, and Nestin;PDGF-A models. GSEA analysis of PDGFA tumors confirmed that the transcriptomal effects of H3.3K27M are cell-of-origin dependent with H3.3K27M promoting epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and angiogenesis when Olig2 marks the cell-of-origin and inhibiting EMT and angiogenesis when Nestin marks the cell-of-origin. We did observe some overlap with H3.3K27M promoting negative enrichment of TNFA_Signaling_Via_NFKB in both models. Our study suggests that the tumorigenic effects of H3.3K27M are cell-of-origin dependent, with H3.3K27M being more oncogenic in Nestin+ cells than Olig2+ cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Tomita
- Department of PediatricsFeinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern UniversityChicagoIllinoisUSA
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neuroendovascular SurgeryHiroshima City Hiroshima Citizens HospitalHiroshimaJapan
| | - Yosuke Shimazu
- Department of PediatricsFeinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern UniversityChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Agila Somasundaram
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell TransplantAnn & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of ChicagoChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Yoshihiro Tanaka
- Department of Preventive MedicineNorthwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicagoIllinoisUSA
- Center for Arrhythmia Research, Department of CardiologyNorthwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Nozomu Takata
- Center for Vascular and Developmental BiologyFeinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute (FCVRRI), Northwestern UniversityChicagoIllinoisUSA
- Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnologyNorthwestern UniversityChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Yukitomo Ishi
- Department of PediatricsFeinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern UniversityChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Samantha Gadd
- Department of PathologyAnn & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of ChicagoChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Rintaro Hashizume
- Department of PediatricsFeinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern UniversityChicagoIllinoisUSA
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell TransplantAnn & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of ChicagoChicagoIllinoisUSA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular GeneticsFeinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern UniversityChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Angelo Angione
- Department of Neurosurgery and Oncological SciencesMount Sinai School of MedicineNew YorkUSA
| | - Gonzalo Pinero
- Department of Neurosurgery and Oncological SciencesMount Sinai School of MedicineNew YorkUSA
| | - Dolores Hambardzumyan
- Department of Neurosurgery and Oncological SciencesMount Sinai School of MedicineNew YorkUSA
| | - Daniel J. Brat
- Department of PathologyFeinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern UniversityChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Christine M. Hoeman
- Department of PediatricsFeinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern UniversityChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Oren J. Becher
- Department of PediatricsFeinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern UniversityChicagoIllinoisUSA
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell TransplantAnn & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of ChicagoChicagoIllinoisUSA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular GeneticsFeinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern UniversityChicagoIllinoisUSA
- Jack Martin Division of Pediatric Hematology‐oncologyMount Sinai Kravis Children's HospitalNew YorkUSA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Xiao L, Wang M, Zou K, Li Z, Luo J. Effects of ginsenoside Rg1 on proliferation and directed differentiation of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells into neural stem cells. Neuroreport 2022; 33:413-421. [PMID: 35623086 PMCID: PMC9154301 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUCMSCs) can be transformed into neural stem cells (NSCs) and still maintain immunomodulatory and antioxidant effects. Transplantation of NSCs induced by hUCMSCs would be a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of neurological diseases. Ginsenoside Rg1 has neuroprotective effects and influences cell proliferation and differentiation. In this study, we further evaluated the effects of ginsenoside Rg1 on the proliferation and directional differentiation of hUCMSCs into NSCs. METHODS The CCK-8 assay was used to determine the optimal dose of ginsenoside Rg1 with respect to hUCMSC proliferation and differentiation. NSCs were authenticated using immunofluorescence staining and flow cytometry and were quantified in each group. RT-PCR was used to screen the signaling pathway by which ginsenoside Rg1 promoted the differentiation of hUCMSCs into NSCs. RESULTS The optimal dose of Rg1 to promote hUCMSC proliferation and differentiation to NSCs was 10 μmol/l. Flow cytometry and immunofluorescence showed that induced NSCs expressed nestin and sex-determining region Y-box 2, with higher expression levels in the Rg1 group than that in the negative control group. RT-PCR showed that Rg1 downregulates the expression of genes involved in Wnt/β-catenin and Notch signaling pathways in the induction process. CONCLUSION Ginsenoside Rg1 not only promotes the proliferation and viability of hUCMSCs in the process of differentiation into NSCs but also improves the differentiation efficiency. This study provides a basis for the development of hUCMSC-derived NSCs for the treatment of nervous system diseases and for analyses of underlying biological mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Xiao
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University
- Ganzhou Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine
| | - Maoyuan Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University
- Ganzhou Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine
| | - Kang Zou
- Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University
| | - Zuoyong Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou
| | - Jun Luo
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lewis NA, Klein RH, Kelly C, Yee J, Knoepfler PS. Histone H3.3 K27M chromatin functions implicate a network of neurodevelopmental factors including ASCL1 and NEUROD1 in DIPG. Epigenetics Chromatin 2022; 15:18. [PMID: 35590427 PMCID: PMC9121554 DOI: 10.1186/s13072-022-00447-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The histone variant H3.3 K27M mutation is a defining characteristic of diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG)/diffuse midline glioma (DMG). This histone mutation is responsible for major alterations to histone H3 post-translational modification (PTMs) and subsequent aberrant gene expression. However, much less is known about the effect this mutation has on chromatin structure and function, including open versus closed chromatin regions as well as their transcriptomic consequences. Results Recently, we developed isogenic CRISPR-edited DIPG cell lines that are wild-type for histone H3.3 that can be compared to their matched K27M lines. Here we show via ATAC-seq analysis that H3.3K27M glioma cells have unique accessible chromatin at regions corresponding to neurogenesis, NOTCH, and neuronal development pathways and associated genes that are overexpressed in H3.3K27M compared to our isogenic wild-type cell line. As to mechanisms, accessible enhancers and super-enhancers corresponding to increased gene expression in H3.3K27M cells were also mapped to genes involved in neurogenesis and NOTCH signaling, suggesting that these pathways are key to DIPG tumor maintenance. Motif analysis implicates specific transcription factors as central to the neuro-oncogenic K27M signaling pathway, in particular, ASCL1 and NEUROD1. Conclusions Altogether our findings indicate that H3.3K27M causes chromatin to take on a more accessible configuration at key regulatory regions for NOTCH and neurogenesis genes resulting in increased oncogenic gene expression, which is at least partially reversible upon editing K27M back to wild-type. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13072-022-00447-6.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nichole A Lewis
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA.,Genome Center, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA.,Institute of Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospital for Children Northern California, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Rachel Herndon Klein
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA.,Genome Center, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA.,Institute of Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospital for Children Northern California, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Cailin Kelly
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA.,Genome Center, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA.,Institute of Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospital for Children Northern California, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Jennifer Yee
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA.,Genome Center, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA.,Institute of Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospital for Children Northern California, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Paul S Knoepfler
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA. .,Genome Center, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA. .,Institute of Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospital for Children Northern California, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
The Epigenetic Regulation of OLIG2 by Histone Demethylase KDM6B in Glioma Cells. J Mol Neurosci 2022; 72:939-946. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-022-01976-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
10
|
Abstract
Transcription factors (TFs) are essential mediators of epigenetic regulation and modifiers of penetrance. Studies from the past decades have revealed a sub-class of TF that is capable of remodeling closed chromatin states through targeting nucleosomal motifs. This pioneer factor (PF) class of chromatin remodeler is ATP independent in its roles in epigenetic initiation, with nucleosome-motif recognition and association with repressive chromatin regions. Increasing evidence suggests that the fundamental properties of PFs can be coopted in human cancers. We explore the role of PFs in the larger context of tissue-specific epigenetic regulation. Moreover, we highlight an emerging class of chimeric PF derived from translocation partners in human disease and PFs associated with rare tumors. In the age of site-directed genome editing and targeted protein degradation, increasing our understanding of PFs will provide access to next-generation therapy for human disease driven from altered transcriptional circuitry.
Collapse
|
11
|
Roig-Carles D, Jackson H, Loveson KF, Mackay A, Mather RL, Waters E, Manzo M, Alborelli I, Golding J, Jones C, Fillmore HL, Crea F. The Long Non-Coding RNA H19 Drives the Proliferation of Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma with H3K27 Mutation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179165. [PMID: 34502082 PMCID: PMC8431314 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) is an incurable paediatric malignancy. Identifying the molecular drivers of DIPG progression is of the utmost importance. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) represent a large family of disease- and tissue-specific transcripts, whose functions have not yet been elucidated in DIPG. Herein, we studied the oncogenic role of the development-associated H19 lncRNA in DIPG. Bioinformatic analyses of clinical datasets were used to measure the expression of H19 lncRNA in paediatric high-grade gliomas (pedHGGs). The expression and sub-cellular location of H19 lncRNA were validated in DIPG cell lines. Locked nucleic acid antisense oligonucleotides were designed to test the function of H19 in DIPG cells. We found that H19 expression was higher in DIPG vs. normal brain tissue and other pedHGGs. H19 knockdown resulted in decreased cell proliferation and survival in DIPG cells. Mechanistically, H19 buffers let-7 microRNAs, resulting in the up-regulation of oncogenic let-7 target (e.g., SULF2 and OSMR). H19 is the first functionally characterized lncRNA in DIPG and a promising therapeutic candidate for treating this incurable cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Roig-Carles
- Cancer Research Group, School of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK; (D.R.-C.); (H.J.); (R.L.M.); (E.W.); (J.G.)
| | - Holly Jackson
- Cancer Research Group, School of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK; (D.R.-C.); (H.J.); (R.L.M.); (E.W.); (J.G.)
| | - Katie F. Loveson
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2UP, UK; (K.F.L.); (H.L.F.)
| | - Alan Mackay
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, UK; (A.M.); (C.J.)
| | - Rebecca L. Mather
- Cancer Research Group, School of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK; (D.R.-C.); (H.J.); (R.L.M.); (E.W.); (J.G.)
| | - Ella Waters
- Cancer Research Group, School of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK; (D.R.-C.); (H.J.); (R.L.M.); (E.W.); (J.G.)
| | - Massimiliano Manzo
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; (M.M.); (I.A.)
| | - Ilaria Alborelli
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; (M.M.); (I.A.)
| | - Jon Golding
- Cancer Research Group, School of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK; (D.R.-C.); (H.J.); (R.L.M.); (E.W.); (J.G.)
| | - Chris Jones
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, UK; (A.M.); (C.J.)
| | - Helen L. Fillmore
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2UP, UK; (K.F.L.); (H.L.F.)
| | - Francesco Crea
- Cancer Research Group, School of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK; (D.R.-C.); (H.J.); (R.L.M.); (E.W.); (J.G.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Liao Y, Luo Z, Deng Y, Zhang F, Rao R, Wang J, Xu L, Kumar SS, Sengupta S, DeWire-Schottmiller M, Berry K, Garrett M, Fouladi M, Drissi R, Lu QR. OLIG2 maintenance is not essential for diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma cell line growth but regulates tumor phenotypes. Neuro Oncol 2021; 23:1183-1196. [PMID: 33539525 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noab016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) is a pediatric lethal high-grade brainstem glioma with no effective therapies. OLIG2 (oligodendrocyte transcription factor 2) was reported to be critical for the growth of a DIPG cell line CCHMC-DIPG-1. Surprisingly, we found that the CCHMC-DIPG-1 cells express little OLIG2 and exhibit a mesenchymal phenotype, which raised a question regarding the role of OLIG2 in the growth of DIPG cells. METHODS We evaluated the function of OLIG2 in different DIPG cell lines through molecular and genetic approaches and performed transcriptomic and genomic landscape profiling including whole-genome bisulfite sequencing, RNA-seq, ATAC-seq, and ChIP-seq. shRNA-mediated knockdown and CRISPR-Cas9-mediated knockout approaches were utilized to assess OLIG2 functions in DIPG cell growth. RESULTS We found that DIPG cells are phenotypically heterogeneous and exhibit the characteristics of distinct malignant gliomas including proneural, classical, and mesenchymal subtypes. OLIG2 knockdown did not impact the growth of CCHMC-DIPG-1 cells, wherein OLIG2 is epigenetically silenced. Moreover, OLIG2 deletion did not substantially impair OLIG2-expressing proneural-like DIPG growth but led to an upregulation of HIPPO-YAP1 and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling and a tumor phenotype shift. Targeting HIPPO-YAP1 and EGFR signaling in OLIG2-deficient DIPG cells inhibited tumor cell growth. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that OLIG2 is dispensable for DIPG growth but regulates the phenotypic switch of DIPG tumor cells. OLIG2 downregulation leads to deregulation of adaptive YAP1 and EGFR signaling. Targeting YAP1 and EGFR pathways inhibits the growth of OLIG2-deficient DIPG cells, pointing to a therapeutic potential by targeting adaptive signaling to treat DIPG tumors with nominal OLIG2 expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Liao
- Brain Tumor Center, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Zaili Luo
- Brain Tumor Center, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Yaqi Deng
- Brain Tumor Center, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Feng Zhang
- Brain Tumor Center, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Rohit Rao
- Brain Tumor Center, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Jiajia Wang
- Brain Tumor Center, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Lingli Xu
- Brain Tumor Center, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Shiva Senthil Kumar
- Brain Tumor Center, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Satarupa Sengupta
- Brain Tumor Center, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Mariko DeWire-Schottmiller
- Brain Tumor Center, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Kalen Berry
- Brain Tumor Center, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Matthew Garrett
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Maryam Fouladi
- Brain Tumor Center, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Rachid Drissi
- Brain Tumor Center, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Qing Richard Lu
- Brain Tumor Center, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wang J, Huang TYT, Hou Y, Bartom E, Lu X, Shilatifard A, Yue F, Saratsis A. Epigenomic landscape and 3D genome structure in pediatric high-grade glioma. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/23/eabg4126. [PMID: 34078608 PMCID: PMC10166578 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg4126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Pediatric high-grade gliomas (pHGGs), including glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG), are morbid brain tumors. Even with treatment survival is poor, making pHGG the number one cause of cancer death in children. Up to 80% of DIPGs harbor a somatic missense mutation in genes encoding histone H3. To investigate whether H3K27M is associated with distinct chromatin structure that alters transcription regulation, we generated the first high-resolution Hi-C maps of pHGG cell lines and tumor tissue. By integrating transcriptome (RNA-seq), enhancer landscape (ChIP-seq), genome structure (Hi-C), and chromatin accessibility (ATAC-seq) datasets from H3K27M and wild-type specimens, we identified tumor-specific enhancers and regulatory networks for known oncogenes. We identified genomic structural variations that lead to potential enhancer hijacking and gene coamplification, including A2M, JAG2, and FLRT1 Together, our results imply three-dimensional genome alterations may play a critical role in the pHGG epigenetic landscape and contribute to tumorigenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Tina Yi-Ting Huang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Ye Hou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Elizabeth Bartom
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Xinyan Lu
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Ali Shilatifard
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Feng Yue
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Amanda Saratsis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Sesen J, Driscoll J, Shah N, Moses-Gardner A, Luiselli G, Alexandrescu S, Zurakowski D, Baxter PA, Su JM, Pricola Fehnel K, Smith ER. Neogenin is highly expressed in diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma and influences tumor invasion. Brain Res 2021; 1762:147348. [PMID: 33571520 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Sesen
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 02115 Boston, MA, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 02115 Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jessica Driscoll
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 02115 Boston, MA, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 02115 Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nishali Shah
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 02115 Boston, MA, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 02115 Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexander Moses-Gardner
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 02115 Boston, MA, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 02115 Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gabrielle Luiselli
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 02115 Boston, MA, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 02115 Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sanda Alexandrescu
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 02115 Boston, MA, USA
| | - David Zurakowski
- Department of Surgery, Department of Anesthesiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 02115 Boston, MA, USA
| | - Patricia A Baxter
- Texas Children's Hospital/Baylor College of Medicine, 77030 Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jack M Su
- Texas Children's Hospital/Baylor College of Medicine, 77030 Houston, TX, USA
| | - Katie Pricola Fehnel
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 02115 Boston, MA, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 02115 Boston, MA, USA
| | - Edward R Smith
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 02115 Boston, MA, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 02115 Boston, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Balakrishnan I, Danis E, Pierce A, Madhavan K, Wang D, Dahl N, Sanford B, Birks DK, Davidson N, Metselaar DS, Meel MH, Lemma R, Donson A, Vijmasi T, Katagi H, Sola I, Fosmire S, Alimova I, Steiner J, Gilani A, Hulleman E, Serkova NJ, Hashizume R, Hawkins C, Carcaboso AM, Gupta N, Monje M, Jabado N, Jones K, Foreman N, Green A, Vibhakar R, Venkataraman S. Senescence Induced by BMI1 Inhibition Is a Therapeutic Vulnerability in H3K27M-Mutant DIPG. Cell Rep 2020; 33:108286. [PMID: 33086074 PMCID: PMC7574900 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) is an incurable brain tumor of childhood characterized by histone mutations at lysine 27, which results in epigenomic dysregulation. There has been a failure to develop effective treatment for this tumor. Using a combined RNAi and chemical screen targeting epigenomic regulators, we identify the polycomb repressive complex 1 (PRC1) component BMI1 as a critical factor for DIPG tumor maintenance in vivo. BMI1 chromatin occupancy is enriched at genes associated with differentiation and tumor suppressors in DIPG cells. Inhibition of BMI1 decreases cell self-renewal and attenuates tumor growth due to induction of senescence. Prolonged BMI1 inhibition induces a senescence-associated secretory phenotype, which promotes tumor recurrence. Clearance of senescent cells using BH3 protein mimetics co-operates with BMI1 inhibition to enhance tumor cell killing in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilango Balakrishnan
- Department of Pediatrics and Section of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/BMT, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA; The Morgan Adams Foundation Pediatric Brain Tumor Research Program, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Etienne Danis
- Department of Pediatrics and Section of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/BMT, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA; The Morgan Adams Foundation Pediatric Brain Tumor Research Program, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Angela Pierce
- Department of Pediatrics and Section of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/BMT, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Krishna Madhavan
- Department of Pediatrics and Section of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/BMT, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA; The Morgan Adams Foundation Pediatric Brain Tumor Research Program, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Pediatrics and Section of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/BMT, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Nathan Dahl
- Department of Pediatrics and Section of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/BMT, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA; The Morgan Adams Foundation Pediatric Brain Tumor Research Program, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Bridget Sanford
- Department of Pediatrics and Section of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/BMT, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Diane K Birks
- Department of Pediatrics and Section of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/BMT, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Nate Davidson
- Department of Pediatrics and Section of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/BMT, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Dennis S Metselaar
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht and Departments of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Michaël Hananja Meel
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht and Departments of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rakeb Lemma
- Department of Pediatrics and Section of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/BMT, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Andrew Donson
- Department of Pediatrics and Section of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/BMT, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA; The Morgan Adams Foundation Pediatric Brain Tumor Research Program, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Trinka Vijmasi
- Department of Pediatrics and Section of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/BMT, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA; The Morgan Adams Foundation Pediatric Brain Tumor Research Program, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Hiroaki Katagi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Ismail Sola
- Department of Pediatrics and Section of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/BMT, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Susan Fosmire
- Department of Pediatrics and Section of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/BMT, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Irina Alimova
- Department of Pediatrics and Section of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/BMT, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jenna Steiner
- Departments of Radiology, Radiation Oncology, and Anesthesiology, Colorado Animal Imaging Shared Resource (AISR), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Ahmed Gilani
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Esther Hulleman
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht and Departments of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Natalie J Serkova
- Departments of Radiology, Radiation Oncology, and Anesthesiology, Colorado Animal Imaging Shared Resource (AISR), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Rintaro Hashizume
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Cynthia Hawkins
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Angel M Carcaboso
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hospital Sant Joan de Deu, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Deu, Barcelona 08950, Spain
| | - Nalin Gupta
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michelle Monje
- Departments of Neurology, Neurosurgery, Pediatrics, and Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Nada Jabado
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1B1, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, and The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Kenneth Jones
- Department of Pediatrics and Section of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/BMT, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Nicholas Foreman
- Department of Pediatrics and Section of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/BMT, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA; The Morgan Adams Foundation Pediatric Brain Tumor Research Program, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Adam Green
- Department of Pediatrics and Section of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/BMT, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA; The Morgan Adams Foundation Pediatric Brain Tumor Research Program, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Rajeev Vibhakar
- Department of Pediatrics and Section of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/BMT, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA; The Morgan Adams Foundation Pediatric Brain Tumor Research Program, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - Sujatha Venkataraman
- Department of Pediatrics and Section of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/BMT, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA; The Morgan Adams Foundation Pediatric Brain Tumor Research Program, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Felker J, Broniscer A. Improving long-term survival in diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma. Expert Rev Neurother 2020; 20:647-658. [PMID: 32543245 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2020.1775584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) is an almost universally fatal pediatric brain cancer. There has been no improvement in event-free survival (EFS) or overall survival (OS) despite immense effort through a multitude of clinical trials to find a cure. Recently, there has been a surge in the knowledge of DIPG biology, including the discovery of a recurrent H3F3A mutation in over 80% of these tumors. AREAS COVERED The authors review the most recent approaches to diagnosis and treatment of DIPG including chemotherapy, biologics, surgical approaches, and immunotherapy. EXPERT OPINION The authors propose four main opportunities to improve long-term survival. First, patients should be enrolled in scientifically sound clinical trials that include molecularly profiling either via stereotactic biopsy or liquid biopsy. Second, clinical trials should include more innovative endpoints other than traditional EFS and OS such as MRI/PET imaging findings combined with surrogates of activity (e.g. serial liquid biopsies) to better ascertain biologically active treatments. Third, innovative clinical trial approaches are needed to help allow for the rapid development of combination therapies to be tested. Finally, effort should be concentrated on reversing the effects of the histone mutation, as this malfunctioning development program seems to be key to DIPG relentlessness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James Felker
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Pediatric Neuro-Oncology, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Alberto Broniscer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Pediatric Neuro-Oncology, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Mendez F, Kadiyala P, Nunez FJ, Carney S, Nunez FM, Gauss JC, Ravindran R, Pawar S, Edwards M, Garcia-Fabiani MB, Haase S, Lowenstein PR, Castro MG. Therapeutic Efficacy of Immune Stimulatory Thymidine Kinase and fms-like Tyrosine Kinase 3 Ligand (TK/Flt3L) Gene Therapy in a Mouse Model of High-Grade Brainstem Glioma. Clin Cancer Res 2020; 26:4080-4092. [PMID: 32332014 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-19-3714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) bears a dismal prognosis. A genetically engineered brainstem glioma model harboring the recurrent DIPG mutation, Activin A receptor type I (ACVR1)-G328V (mACVR1), was developed for testing an immune-stimulatory gene therapy. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We utilized the Sleeping Beauty transposase system to generate an endogenous mouse model of mACVR1 brainstem glioma. Histology was used to characterize and validate the model. We performed RNA-sequencing analysis on neurospheres harboring mACVR1. mACVR1 neurospheres were implanted into the pons of immune-competent mice to test the therapeutic efficacy and toxicity of immune-stimulatory gene therapy using adenoviruses expressing thymidine kinase (TK) and fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (Flt3L). mACVR1 neurospheres expressing the surrogate tumor antigen ovalbumin were generated to investigate whether TK/Flt3L treatment induces the recruitment of tumor antigen-specific T cells. RESULTS Histologic analysis of mACVR1 tumors indicates that they are localized in the brainstem and have increased downstream signaling of bone morphogenetic pathway as demonstrated by increased phospho-smad1/5 and Id1 levels. Transcriptome analysis of mACVR1 neurosphere identified an increase in the TGFβ signaling pathway and the regulation of cell differentiation. Adenoviral delivery of TK/Flt3L in mice bearing brainstem gliomas resulted in antitumor immunity, recruitment of antitumor-specific T cells, and increased median survival (MS). CONCLUSIONS This study provides insights into the phenotype and function of the tumor immune microenvironment in a mouse model of brainstem glioma harboring mACVR1. Immune-stimulatory gene therapy targeting the hosts' antitumor immune response inhibits tumor progression and increases MS of mice bearing mACVR1 tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Flor Mendez
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Padma Kadiyala
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Felipe J Nunez
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Stephen Carney
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Fernando M Nunez
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jessica C Gauss
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Ramya Ravindran
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Sheeba Pawar
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | - Maria Belen Garcia-Fabiani
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Santiago Haase
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Pedro R Lowenstein
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Maria G Castro
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan. .,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Behling F, Barrantes-Freer A, Behnes CL, Stockhammer F, Rohde V, Adel-Horowski A, Rodríguez-Villagra OA, Barboza MA, Brück W, Lehmann U, Stadelmann C, Hartmann C. Expression of Olig2, Nestin, NogoA and AQP4 have no impact on overall survival in IDH-wildtype glioblastoma. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229274. [PMID: 32160197 PMCID: PMC7065747 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite many years of research efforts and clinical trials the prognosis of patients diagnosed with glioblastoma remains very poor. The oligodendrocyte transcription factor 2 (Olig2) was identified as a marker for glioma stem cells, which are believed to be responsible for glioma recurrence and therapy resistance. In this retrospective analysis we assessed the prognostic value of oligodendroglial and glioma stem cell markers in 113 IDH-wildtype glioblastomas. Immunohistochemical staining for Olig2, NogoA, AQP4 and Nestin was performed in combination with sequencing of IDH1 and IDH2 as well as promotor methylation analysis of the MGMT gene. Even though differences in overall survival according to Olig2 expression were observed, univariate and multivariate survival analysis did not reveal a firm significant prognostic impact of Olig2, NogoA, AQP4 or Nestin expression. Additionally, no differences in the expression of these markers depending on clinical status, age or gender were found. The established independent prognostic factors age<65, Karnofsky Performance Status> = 70 and methylated MGMT gene promoter were significant in the multivariate analysis. In conclusion expression of oligodendroglial and glioma stem cell markers do not have an independent prognostic effect in IDH-wildtype glioblastoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felix Behling
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- Center for CNS Tumors, Comprehensive Cancer Center Tuebingen-Stuttgart, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Alonso Barrantes-Freer
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
- Department of Neuropathology, Leipzig University Medicine, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Carl Ludwig Behnes
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Florian Stockhammer
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Veit Rohde
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Antonia Adel-Horowski
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Odir Antonio Rodríguez-Villagra
- Neuroscience Research Center, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
- Institute for Psychological Research, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Miguel Angel Barboza
- Neurosciences Department, Hospital Dr. Rafael A. Calderón Guardia, CCSS, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Wolfgang Brück
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Lehmann
- Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christine Stadelmann
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Christian Hartmann
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Patent highlights, August-September 2019. Pharm Pat Anal 2020; 9:9-16. [PMID: 32008423 DOI: 10.4155/ppa-2019-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A snapshot of recent noteworthy developments in the patent literature of relevance to pharmaceutical and medical research and development.
Collapse
|
20
|
Hermans E, Hulleman E. Patient-Derived Orthotopic Xenograft Models of Pediatric Brain Tumors: In a Mature Phase or Still in Its Infancy? Front Oncol 2020; 9:1418. [PMID: 31970083 PMCID: PMC6960099 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, molecular profiling has led to the discovery of an increasing number of brain tumor subtypes, and associated therapeutic targets. These molecular features have been incorporated in the 2016 new World Health Organization (WHO) Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System (CNS), which now distinguishes tumor subgroups not only histologically, but also based on molecular characteristics. Despite an improved diagnosis of (pediatric) tumors in the CNS however, the survival of children with malignant brain tumors still is far worse than for those suffering from other types of malignancies. Therefore, new treatments need to be developed, based on subgroup-specific genetic aberrations. Here, we provide an overview of the currently available orthotopic xenograft models for pediatric brain tumor subtypes as defined by the 2016 WHO classification, to facilitate the choice of appropriate animal models for the preclinical testing of novel treatment strategies, and to provide insight into the current gaps and challenges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Hermans
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Esther Hulleman
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Departments of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Intersection of Brain Development and Paediatric Diffuse Midline Gliomas: Potential Role of Microenvironment in Tumour Growth. Brain Sci 2018; 8:brainsci8110200. [PMID: 30453529 PMCID: PMC6266894 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci8110200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) is a devastating and incurable paediatric brain tumour with a median overall survival of 9 months. Until recently, DIPGs were treated similarly to adult gliomas, but due to the advancement in molecular and imaging technologies, our understanding of these tumours has increased dramatically. While extensive research is being undertaken to determine the function of the molecular aberrations in DIPG, there are significant gaps in understanding the biology and the influence of the tumour microenvironment on DIPG growth, specifically in regards to the developing pons. The precise orchestration and co-ordination of the development of the brain, the most complex organ in the body, is still not fully understood. Herein, we present a brief overview of brainstem development, discuss the developing microenvironment in terms of DIPG growth, and provide a basis for the need for studies focused on bridging pontine development and DIPG microenvironment. Conducting investigations in the context of a developing brain will lead to a better understanding of the role of the tumour microenvironment and will help lead to identification of drivers of tumour growth and therapeutic resistance.
Collapse
|
22
|
Han HJ, Jain P, Resnick AC. Shared ACVR1 mutations in FOP and DIPG: Opportunities and challenges in extending biological and clinical implications across rare diseases. Bone 2018; 109:91-100. [PMID: 28780023 PMCID: PMC7888549 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Gain-of-function mutations in the Type I Bone Morphogenic Protein (BMP) receptor ACVR1 have been identified in two diseases: Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva (FOP), a rare autosomal dominant disorder characterized by genetically driven heterotopic ossification, and in 20-25% of Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Gliomas (DIPGs), a pediatric brain tumor with no effective therapies and dismal median survival. While the ACVR1 mutation is causal for FOP, its role in DIPG tumor biology remains under active investigation. Here, we discuss cross-fertilization between the FOP and DIPG fields, focusing on the biological mechanisms and principles gleaned from FOP that can be applied to DIPG biology. We highlight our current knowledge of ACVR1 in both diseases, and then describe the growing opportunities and barriers to effectively investigate ACVR1 in DIPG. Importantly, learning from other seemingly unrelated diseases harboring similar mutations may uncover novel mechanisms or processes for future investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harry J Han
- Division of Neurosurgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Colket Translational Research Building Room 4052, 3501 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia 19104, PA, United States; Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3501 Civic Center Blvd, Room 4052, Philadelphia 19104, PA, United States
| | - Payal Jain
- Division of Neurosurgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Colket Translational Research Building Room 4052, 3501 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia 19104, PA, United States; Center for Data Driven Discovery in Biomedicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Colket Translational Research Building Room 4052, 3501 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia 19104, PA, United States; Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3501 Civic Center Blvd, Room 4052, Philadelphia 19104, PA, United States
| | - Adam C Resnick
- Division of Neurosurgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Colket Translational Research Building Room 4052, 3501 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia 19104, PA, United States; Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Colket Translational Research Building Room 4052, 3501 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia 19104, PA, United States; Center for Data Driven Discovery in Biomedicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Colket Translational Research Building Room 4052, 3501 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia 19104, PA, United States; Center for Childhood Cancer Research, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Colket Translational Research Building Room 4052, 3501 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia 19104, PA, United States; Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3501 Civic Center Blvd, Room 4052, Philadelphia 19104, PA, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Kalluri HS, Kuo JS, Dempsey RJ. Chronic D609 treatment interferes with cell cycle and targets the expression of Olig2 in Glioma Stem like Cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 814:81-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
|