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Zhou N, Chen J, Tian N, Tian K, Huang J, Wu P. Calibration of Discrete Element Method Parameters for a High-Fidelity Lunar Regolith Simulant Considering the Effects of Realistic Particle Shape. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:4789. [PMID: 39410359 PMCID: PMC11478538 DOI: 10.3390/ma17194789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2024] [Revised: 09/23/2024] [Accepted: 09/25/2024] [Indexed: 10/20/2024]
Abstract
The Discrete Element Method (DEM) is an important tool for investigating the geotechnical properties of lunar regolith. The accuracy of DEM simulations largely depends on precise particle modeling and the appropriate selection of mesoscopic parameters. To enhance the reliability and accuracy of the DEM in lunar regolith studies, this paper utilized the high-fidelity IRSM-1 lunar regolith simulant to construct a DEM model with realistic particle shapes and conducted an angle of repose (AoR) simulation test. The optimal DEM parameters were calibrated using a combination of the Plackett-Burman test, steepest ascent test, and Box-Behnken design. The results indicate that the sliding friction coefficient, rolling friction coefficient, and surface energy significantly influence the simulation AoR. By optimizing against the measured AoR using a second-order regression model, the optimal parameter values were determined to be 0.633, 0.401, and 0.2, respectively. Under these optimal parameters, the error between the simulation and experimental AoR was 2.1%. Finally, the calibrated mesoscopic parameters were validated through a lifting cylinder test, showing an error of 6.3% between the simulation and experimental results. The high similarity in the shape of the AoR further confirms the accuracy and reliability of the parameter calibration method. This study provides a valuable reference for future DEM-based research on the mechanical and engineering properties of lunar regolith.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningxi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; (N.Z.); (N.T.); (K.T.); (J.H.); (P.W.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; (N.Z.); (N.T.); (K.T.); (J.H.); (P.W.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Geo-Environmental Engineering, Wuhan 430071, China
- China-Pakistan Joint Research Center on Earth Sciences, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Ning Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; (N.Z.); (N.T.); (K.T.); (J.H.); (P.W.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kaiwei Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; (N.Z.); (N.T.); (K.T.); (J.H.); (P.W.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Juehao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; (N.Z.); (N.T.); (K.T.); (J.H.); (P.W.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Peng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; (N.Z.); (N.T.); (K.T.); (J.H.); (P.W.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Zhang H, Yang W, Zhang D, Tian H, Ruan R, Hu S, Chen Y, Hui H, Lin Y, Mitchell RN, Zhang D, Wu S, Jia L, Gu L, Lin Y, Li X, Wu F. Long-term reduced lunar mantle revealed by Chang'e-5 basalt. Nat Commun 2024; 15:8328. [PMID: 39333517 PMCID: PMC11437062 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-52710-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 09/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The redox state of a planetary mantle affects its thermal evolution. The redox evolution of lunar mantle, however, remains unclear due to limited oxygen fugacity (fO2) constraints from young lunar samples. Here, we report vanadium (V) oxybarometers on olivine and spinel conducted on 27 Chang'e-5 basalt fragments from 2.0 billion years ago. These fragments yield an average fO2 of ΔIW -0.84 ± 0.65 (2σ), which closely aligns with the Apollo samples from 3.6-3.0 billion years ago. This temporal uniformity indicates the lunar mantle remained reduced. This observation reveals that the processes responsible for oxidizing mantles of Earth and Mars either did not occur or had negligible oxidizing effects on the Moon. The long-term reduced mantle may lead to a distinctive volatile degassing pathway for the Moon. It could also make the lunar mantle more difficult to melt, preventing internal heat dissipation and consequently resulting in a slow cooling rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
- East China University of Technology, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, 330013, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Di Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Hengci Tian
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Renhao Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Sen Hu
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Hejiu Hui
- School of the Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yanhao Lin
- Center for High Pressure Science &Technology Advanced Research, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ross N Mitchell
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
- College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Di Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Shitou Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Lihui Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Lixin Gu
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yangting Lin
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - XianHua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Fuyuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
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Zhang X, Liu Y, Zhao S, Song J, Yao W, Wang W, Zou Z, Yang M. Melting and Rapid Solidification of Lunar Regolith Particles Returned by Chang'E-5 Mission. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2024; 7:0486. [PMID: 39315053 PMCID: PMC11417502 DOI: 10.34133/research.0486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 09/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
Melting and solidification of lunar regolith are pivotal for comprehending the evolutionary dynamics of lunar volcanism, geology, and impact history. Additionally, insights gained from these processes can contribute to the advancement of in situ resource utilization technologies, for instance additive manufacturing and resource extraction systems. Herein, we conduct the direct observation of the melting and rapid solidification of lunar particles returned by the Chang'E 5 mission. The melting temperature and melting sequence were obtained. Bubble generation, growth, and release were clearly observed, with a maximum bubble diameter of 5 µm, which is supposed to be according to the release of volatiles that embedded in the particles. During the solidification process, evident crystallization occurred with incremental crystal growth rate approximately of 27 nm/s. Scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy results verified that the Fe-rich mineral crystalizes first. These results would improve the understanding of the evolution of lunar volcanism, geology, and impact history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Zhang
- Qian Xuesen Laboratory of Space Technology,
China Academy of Space Technology (CAST), Beijing 100094, China
| | - Yiwei Liu
- Qian Xuesen Laboratory of Space Technology,
China Academy of Space Technology (CAST), Beijing 100094, China
| | - Shaofan Zhao
- Qian Xuesen Laboratory of Space Technology,
China Academy of Space Technology (CAST), Beijing 100094, China
| | - Jian Song
- Qian Xuesen Laboratory of Space Technology,
China Academy of Space Technology (CAST), Beijing 100094, China
| | - Wei Yao
- Qian Xuesen Laboratory of Space Technology,
China Academy of Space Technology (CAST), Beijing 100094, China
| | - Weihua Wang
- Qian Xuesen Laboratory of Space Technology,
China Academy of Space Technology (CAST), Beijing 100094, China
- Institute of Physics,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zhigang Zou
- Qian Xuesen Laboratory of Space Technology,
China Academy of Space Technology (CAST), Beijing 100094, China
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences,
Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Mengfei Yang
- Qian Xuesen Laboratory of Space Technology,
China Academy of Space Technology (CAST), Beijing 100094, China
- China Academy of Space Technology (CAST), Beijing 100094, China
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4
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Chen X, Yang S, Chen G, Xu W, Song L, Li A, Yin H, Xia W, Gao M, Li M, Wu H, Cui J, Zhang L, Miao L, Shui X, Xie W, Ke P, Huang Y, Sun J, Yao B, Ji M, Xiang M, Zhang Y, Zhao S, Yao W, Zou Z, Yang M, Wang W, Huo J, Wang JQ, Bai H. Massive water production from lunar ilmenite through reaction with endogenous hydrogen. Innovation (N Y) 2024; 5:100690. [PMID: 39301119 PMCID: PMC11411434 DOI: 10.1016/j.xinn.2024.100690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 08/17/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Finding water resources is a crucial objective of lunar missions. However, both hydroxyl (OH) and natural water (H2O) have been reported to be scarce on the Moon. We propose a potential method for obtaining water on the Moon through H2O formation via endogenous reactions in lunar regolith (LR), specifically through the reaction FeO/Fe2O3 + H → Fe + H2O. This process is demonstrated using LR samples brought back by the Chang'E-5 mission. FeO and Fe2O3 are lunar minerals containing Fe oxides. Hydrogen (H) retained in lunar minerals from the solar wind can be used to produce water. The results of this study reveal that 51-76 mg of H2O can be generated from 1 g of LR after melting at temperatures above 1,200 K. This amount is ∼10,000 times the naturally occurring OH and H2O on the Moon. Among the five primary minerals in LR returned by the Chang'E-5 mission, FeTiO3 ilmenite contains the highest amount of H, owing to its unique lattice structure with sub-nanometer tunnels. For the first time, in situ heating experiments using a transmission electron microscope reveal the concurrent formation of Fe crystals and H2O bubbles. Electron irradiation promotes the endogenous redox reaction, which is helpful for understanding the distribution of OH on the Moon. Our findings suggest that the hydrogen retained in LR is a significant resource for obtaining H2O on the Moon, which is helpful for establishing a scientific research station on the Moon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shiyu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guoxin Chen
- Center of Test and Analysis, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Lijian Song
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Ao Li
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Hangboce Yin
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Weixing Xia
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Meng Gao
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Ming Li
- Center of Test and Analysis, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Haichen Wu
- Center of Test and Analysis, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Junfeng Cui
- Center of Test and Analysis, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Center of Test and Analysis, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Lijing Miao
- Center of Test and Analysis, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Xiaoxue Shui
- Center of Test and Analysis, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Weiping Xie
- Center of Test and Analysis, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Peiling Ke
- Center of Test and Analysis, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Yongjiang Huang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Jianfei Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Bingnan Yao
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Min Ji
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Mingliang Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shaofan Zhao
- Qian Xuesen Laboratory of Space Technology, China Academy of Space Technology (CAST), Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei Yao
- Qian Xuesen Laboratory of Space Technology, China Academy of Space Technology (CAST), Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhigang Zou
- Qian Xuesen Laboratory of Space Technology, China Academy of Space Technology (CAST), Beijing 100049, China
- College of Engineering and Applied Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Mengfei Yang
- Qian Xuesen Laboratory of Space Technology, China Academy of Space Technology (CAST), Beijing 100049, China
| | - Weihua Wang
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Qian Xuesen Laboratory of Space Technology, China Academy of Space Technology (CAST), Beijing 100049, China
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan 523830, China
| | - Juntao Huo
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jun-Qiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Haiyang Bai
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Qian Xuesen Laboratory of Space Technology, China Academy of Space Technology (CAST), Beijing 100049, China
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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5
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Wang BW, Zhang QWL, Chen Y, Zhao W, Liu Y, Tang GQ, Ma HX, Su B, Hui H, Delano JW, Wu FY, Li XH, He Y, Li QL. Returned samples indicate volcanism on the Moon 120 million years ago. Science 2024; 385:1077-1080. [PMID: 39236185 DOI: 10.1126/science.adk6635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
There is extensive geologic evidence of ancient volcanic activity on the Moon, but it is unclear how long that volcanism persisted. Magma fountains produce volcanic glasses, which have previously been found in samples of the Moon's surface. We investigated ~3000 glass beads in lunar soil samples collected by the Chang'e-5 mission and identified three as having a volcanic origin on the basis of their textures, chemical compositions, and sulfur isotopes. Uranium-lead dating of the three volcanic glass beads shows that they formed 123 ± 15 million years ago. We measured high abundances of rare earth elements and thorium in these volcanic glass beads, which could indicate that such recent volcanism was related to local enrichment of heat-generating elements in the mantle sources of the magma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bi-Wen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric and Environmental Coevolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
- College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qian W L Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric and Environmental Coevolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric and Environmental Coevolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Wenhao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric and Environmental Coevolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
- College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric and Environmental Coevolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Guo-Qiang Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric and Environmental Coevolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Hong-Xia Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric and Environmental Coevolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Bin Su
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric and Environmental Coevolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Hejiu Hui
- School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - John W Delano
- Department of Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Fu-Yuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric and Environmental Coevolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
- College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xian-Hua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric and Environmental Coevolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
- College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuyang He
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Qiu-Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric and Environmental Coevolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
- College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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6
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Zheng X, Zhao C, Sun X, Dong W. Lunar Regolith Geopolymer Concrete for In-Situ Construction of Lunar Bases: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1582. [PMID: 38891528 PMCID: PMC11174982 DOI: 10.3390/polym16111582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The construction of lunar bases represents a fundamental challenge for deep space exploration, lunar research, and the exploitation of lunar resources. In-situ resource utilization (ISRU) technology constitutes a pivotal tool for constructing lunar bases. Using lunar regolith to create geopolymers as construction materials offers multiple advantages as an ISRU technique. This paper discusses the principle of geopolymer for lunar regolith, focusing on the reaction principle of geopolymer. It also analyzes the applicability of geopolymer under the effects of the lunar surface environment and the differences between the highland and mare lunar regolith. This paper summarizes the characteristics of existing lunar regolith simulants and the research on the mechanical properties of lunar regolith geopolymers using lunar regolith simulants. Highland lunar regolith samples contain approximately 36% amorphous substances, the content of silicon is approximately 28%, and the ratios of Si/Al and Si/Ca are approximately 1.5 and 2.6, respectively. They are more suitable as precursor materials for geopolymers than mare samples. The compressive strength of lunar regolith geopolymer is mainly in the range of 18~30 MPa. Sodium silicate is the most commonly utilized activator for lunar regolith geopolymers; alkalinity in the range of 7% to 10% and modulus in the range of 0.8 to 2.0 are suitable. A vacuum environment and multiple temperature cycles reduce the mechanical properties of geopolymers by 8% to 70%. Future research should be concentrated on the precision control of the lunar regolith's chemical properties and the alkali activation efficacy of geopolymers in the lunar environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Zheng
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (X.Z.); (C.Z.)
| | - Cong Zhao
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (X.Z.); (C.Z.)
| | - Xiaoyan Sun
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (X.Z.); (C.Z.)
- Shanxi-Zheda Institute of New Materials and Chemical Engineering, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Weiwei Dong
- Centre for Balance Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310063, China
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Zhou C, Mo B, Tang H, Gu Y, Li X, Zhu D, Yu W, Liu J. Multiple sources of water preserved in impact glasses from Chang'e-5 lunar soil. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadl2413. [PMID: 38728402 PMCID: PMC11086615 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adl2413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
The existence of molecular H2O and evolution of solar wind-derived water on the lunar surface remain controversial. We report that large amounts of OH and molecular H2O related to solar wind and other multiple sources are preserved in impact glasses from Chang'e-5 (CE5) lunar soil based on reflectance infrared spectroscopy and nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry analyses. The estimated water content contributed by impact glasses to CE5 lunar soil was ~72 ppm, including molecular H2O of up to 15 to 25 ppm. Our studies revealed that impact glasses are the main carrier of molecular H2O in lunar soils. Moreover, water in CE5 impact glasses provides a record of complex formation processes and multiple water sources, including water derived from solar wind, deposited by water-bearing meteorites/micrometeorites, and inherited from lunar indigenous water. Our study provides a better understanding of the evolution of surficial water on airless bodies and identifies potential source and storage pathways for water in the terrestrial planets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanjiao Zhou
- Center for Lunar and Planetary Sciences, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China
- College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bing Mo
- Center for Lunar and Planetary Sciences, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China
- Center for Excellence in Comparative Planetology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Hong Tang
- Center for Lunar and Planetary Sciences, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China
- Center for Excellence in Comparative Planetology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yaya Gu
- Center for Lunar and Planetary Sciences, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China
- College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiongyao Li
- Center for Lunar and Planetary Sciences, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China
- Center for Excellence in Comparative Planetology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Dan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Ore Deposit Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China
| | - Wen Yu
- Center for Lunar and Planetary Sciences, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China
- Center for Excellence in Comparative Planetology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jianzhong Liu
- Center for Lunar and Planetary Sciences, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China
- Center for Excellence in Comparative Planetology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230026, China
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8
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Zhao R, Shen L, Xiao D, Chang C, Huang Y, Yu J, Zhang H, Liu M, Zhao S, Yao W, Lu Z, Sun B, Bai H, Zou Z, Yang M, Wang W. Diverse glasses revealed from Chang'E-5 lunar regolith. Natl Sci Rev 2023; 10:nwad079. [PMID: 37954203 PMCID: PMC10632798 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwad079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Lunar glasses with different origins act as snapshots of their formation processes, providing a rich archive of the Moon's formation and evolution. Here, we reveal diverse glasses from Chang'E-5 (CE-5) lunar regolith, and clarify their physical origins of liquid quenching, vapor deposition and irradiation damage respectively. The series of quenched glasses, including rotation-featured particles, vesicular agglutinates and adhered melts, record multiple-scale impact events. Abundant micro-impact products, like micron- to nano-scale glass droplets or craters, highlight that the regolith is heavily reworked by frequent micrometeorite bombardment. Distinct from Apollo samples, the indigenous ultra-elongated glass fibers drawn from viscous melts and the widespread ultra-thin deposited amorphous rims without nanophase iron particles both indicate a relatively gentle impact environment at the CE-5 landing site. The clarification of multitype CE-5 glasses also provides a catalogue of diverse lunar glasses, meaning that more of the Moon's mysteries, recorded in glasses, could be deciphered in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhao
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Laiquan Shen
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Dongdong Xiao
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Chao Chang
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yao Huang
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jihao Yu
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huaping Zhang
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Qian Xuesen Laboratory of Space Technology, China Academy of Space Technology, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Shaofan Zhao
- Qian Xuesen Laboratory of Space Technology, China Academy of Space Technology, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Wei Yao
- Qian Xuesen Laboratory of Space Technology, China Academy of Space Technology, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Zhen Lu
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Baoan Sun
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Haiyang Bai
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Zhigang Zou
- Qian Xuesen Laboratory of Space Technology, China Academy of Space Technology, Beijing 100094, China
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Mengfei Yang
- Qian Xuesen Laboratory of Space Technology, China Academy of Space Technology, Beijing 100094, China
- China Academy of Space Technology, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Weihua Wang
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan 523808, China
- Qian Xuesen Laboratory of Space Technology, China Academy of Space Technology, Beijing 100094, China
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9
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Chen Z, Zhao Y, Chi X, Yan Y, Shen J, Zou M, Zhao S, Liu M, Yao W, Zhang B, Ke H, Ma XL, Bai H, Yang M, Zou Z, Wang WH. Geological timescales' aging effects of lunar glasses. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadi6086. [PMID: 37939180 PMCID: PMC10631726 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi6086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Physical aging is a long-lasting research hot spot in the glass community, yet its long-term effects remain unclear because of the limited experimental time. In this study, we discover the extraordinary aging effects in five typical lunar glassy particles with diameters ranging from about 20 to 53 micrometers selected from Chang'e-5 lunar regolith. It is found that geological time scales' aging can lead to unusually huge modulus enhancements larger than 73.5% while much weaker effects on hardness (i.e., varies decoupling evolutions of Young's modulus and hardness during aging) in these lunar glassy samples. Such extraordinary aging effects are primarily attributed to the natural selected complex glassy compositions and structures, consistent with high entropy and minor element doping criteria, prevailing under the special lunar conditions and the extensive aging time for the lunar glasses. This study offers valuable insights for developing high-performance and stable glassy materials for radiation protection and advanced space explorations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqiang Chen
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Yong Zhao
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Xiang Chi
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Yuqiang Yan
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Jie Shen
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Minjie Zou
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Shaofan Zhao
- Qian Xuesen Laboratory of Space Technology, China Academy of Space Technology (CAST), Beijing 100094, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Qian Xuesen Laboratory of Space Technology, China Academy of Space Technology (CAST), Beijing 100094, China
| | - Wei Yao
- Qian Xuesen Laboratory of Space Technology, China Academy of Space Technology (CAST), Beijing 100094, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Haibo Ke
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Xiu-Liang Ma
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan 523808, China
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Haiyang Bai
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan 523808, China
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Qian Xuesen Laboratory of Space Technology, China Academy of Space Technology (CAST), Beijing 100094, China
| | - Mengfei Yang
- Qian Xuesen Laboratory of Space Technology, China Academy of Space Technology (CAST), Beijing 100094, China
| | - Zhigang Zou
- Qian Xuesen Laboratory of Space Technology, China Academy of Space Technology (CAST), Beijing 100094, China
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Wei-Hua Wang
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan 523808, China
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Qian Xuesen Laboratory of Space Technology, China Academy of Space Technology (CAST), Beijing 100094, China
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10
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Leone G, Ahrens C, Korteniemi J, Gasparri D, Kereszturi A, Martynov A, Schmidt GW, Calabrese G, Joutsenvaara J. Sverdrup-Henson crater: A candidate location for the first lunar South Pole settlement. iScience 2023; 26:107853. [PMID: 37752949 PMCID: PMC10518707 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Robotic and manned exploration of the Moon is the next target in Solar System exploration. The availability of in situ resources such as water ice, iron oxides, helium-3, and rare earth elements, combined with permanently sunlit areas, provides the opportunity for the first settlement, either human or robotic, on the Moon. We used several selection criteria (abundance of water ice, the slope of terrain, usable energy sources, communications, and base expandability) to identify a suitable area for a future base in the southern polar crater Sverdrup-Henson. Due to the higher abundance of water ice, we found that the Sverdrup-Henson site is better suited to host a base than the nearby craters de Gerlache and Shackleton. The crater floor is partly in permanent shadow and exhibits numerous signatures of water ice. Since water ice is essential for rocket fuel production and human survival, its presence is necessary for a first settlement. Sverdrup-Henson has a flat floor ideal for building and safe traversing, is accessible from the surrounding intercrater plains, and has nearby locations suitable for communications and solar power production. Thus, the Sverdrup-Henson site holds great potential for future missions. We propose further exploration of this area through in situ measurements to better constrain available resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Leone
- Instituto de Investigación en Astronomía y Ciencias Planetarias, Universidad de Atacama, Copiapó 153000, Chile
| | | | | | - Daniele Gasparri
- Instituto de Investigación en Astronomía y Ciencias Planetarias, Universidad de Atacama, Copiapó 153000, Chile
| | - Akos Kereszturi
- Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Konkoly Thege Miklos Astronomical Institute, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | | | - Giuseppe Calabrese
- International Research School of Planetary Sciences (IRSPS), Universitá“D’Annunzio”di Chieti e Pescara, Chieti, Pescara, Italy
| | - Jari Joutsenvaara
- Arctic Planetary Science Institute (APSI), Rovaniemi, Finland
- Kerttu Saalasti Institute, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Underground Science, Research & Development Centre Callio Lab, Pyhäjärvi, Finland
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11
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Mukundan A, Patel A, Saraswat KD, Tomar A, Wang H.. Spriallift Mechanism Based Drill for Deep Subsurface Lunar Exploration. AIAA AVIATION 2023 FORUM 2023. [DOI: 10.2514/6.2023-4123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ankit Tomar
- Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology
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12
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Ren C, Ni W, Li H. Recent Progress in Electrocatalytic Reduction of CO2. Catalysts 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/catal13040644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A stable life support system in the spacecraft can greatly promote long-duration, far-distance, and multicrew manned space flight. Therefore, controlling the concentration of CO2 in the spacecraft is the main task in the regeneration system. The electrocatalytic CO2 reduction can effectively treat the CO2 generated by human metabolism. This technology has potential application value and good development prospect in the utilization of CO2 in the space station. In this paper, recent research progress for the electrocatalytic reduction of CO2 was reviewed. Although numerous promising accomplishments have been achieved in this field, substantial advances in electrocatalyst, electrolyte, and reactor design are yet needed for CO2 utilization via an electrochemical conversion route. Here, we summarize the related works in the fields to address the challenge technology that can help to promote the electrocatalytic CO2 reduction. Finally, we present the prospective opinions in the areas of the electrocatalytic CO2 reduction, especially for the space station and spacecraft life support system.
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13
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Guo Z, Li C, Li Y, Wu Y, Zhu C, Wen Y, Fa W, Li X, Liu J, Ouyang Z. Vapor-deposited digenite in Chang'e-5 lunar soil. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2023; 68:723-729. [PMID: 36964089 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2023.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
Abstract
Frequent impacts on the Moon have changed the physical and chemical properties of the lunar regolith, with new materials deposited from the impact-induced vapor phase. Here, we combined nanoscale chemical and structural analysis to identify the mineral digenite (4Cu2S·CuS) in Chang'e-5 lunar soil. This is the first report of digenite in a lunar sample. The surface-correlated digenite phase is undifferentiated in distribution and compositionally distinct from its hosts, suggesting that it originated from vapor-phase deposition. The presence of an Al-rich impact glass bead suggests that a thermal effect provided by impact ejecta is the main heat source for the evaporation of Cu-S components from a cupriferous troilite precursor, and the digenite condensed from these Cu-S vapors. A large pure metallic iron (Fe0) particle and high Cu content within the studied Cu-Fe-S grain suggest that this grain was most likely derived from a highly differentiated and reduced melt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuang Guo
- Institute of Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System, School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Center for Lunar and Planetary Sciences, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China
| | - Chen Li
- Center for Lunar and Planetary Sciences, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China; Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
| | - Yang Li
- Center for Lunar and Planetary Sciences, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China; Center for Excellence in Comparative Planetology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Yanxue Wu
- Analysis and Test Center, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Chenxi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructures, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Yuanyun Wen
- Center for Lunar and Planetary Sciences, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China
| | - Wenzhe Fa
- Institute of Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System, School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Center for Excellence in Comparative Planetology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xiongyao Li
- Center for Lunar and Planetary Sciences, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China; Center for Excellence in Comparative Planetology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jianzhong Liu
- Center for Lunar and Planetary Sciences, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China; Center for Excellence in Comparative Planetology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Ziyuan Ouyang
- Center for Lunar and Planetary Sciences, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China
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14
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Nie J, Cui Y, Senetakis K, Guo D, Wang Y, Wang G, Feng P, He H, Zhang X, Zhang X, Li C, Zheng H, Hu W, Niu F, Liu Q, Li A. Predicting residual friction angle of lunar regolith based on Chang'e-5 lunar samples. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2023; 68:730-739. [PMID: 36964088 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2023.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
With the rapid development of human lunar exploration projects, the lunar base establishment and resource utilization are on the way, and hence it is urgent and significant to reasonably predict engineering properties of the lunar regolith, which remains to be unclear due to limited lunar samples currently accessible for geotechnical tests. In this contribution, we aim to address this outstanding challenge from the perspective of granular material mechanics. To this end, the 3D multi-aspect geometrical characteristics and mechanical properties of Chang'e-5 lunar samples are for the first time evaluated with a series of non-destructive microscopic tests. Based on the measured particle surface roughness and Young's modulus, the interparticle friction coefficients of lunar regolith particles are well predicted through an experimental fitting approach using previously published data on terrestrial geomaterials or engineering materials. Then the residual friction angle of the lunar regolith under low confining pressure is predicted as 53° to 56° according to the particle overall regularity and interparticle coefficient of Chang'e-5 lunar samples. The presented results provide a novel cross-scale method to predict engineering properties of lunar regolith from particle scale information to serve for the future lunar surface engineering construction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayan Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; School of Civil Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yifei Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Kostas Senetakis
- Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Dan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Hazards and Surface Process, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Guodong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Peng Feng
- Department of Civil Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Huaiyu He
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xuhang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiaoping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Lunar and Planetary Sciences, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China
| | - Cunhui Li
- Science and Technology on Vacuum Technology and Physics Laboratory, Lanzhou Institute of Physics, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Hu Zheng
- Department of Geotechnical Engineering, College of Civil Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Wei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
| | - Fujun Niu
- South China Institute of Geotechnical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Quanxing Liu
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Anyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Rock Mechanics and Geohazards of Zhejiang Province, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, China
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15
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Xu R, Xiao Z, Luo F, Wang Y, Cui J. Untrackable distal ejecta on planetary surfaces. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1173. [PMID: 36859491 PMCID: PMC9977847 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36771-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Impact ejecta are important references to establish regional and global stratigraphy of planetary bodies. Canonical views advocate radial distributions of distal ejecta with respect to the source crater, and their trajectories are significantly deflected on fast-rotating bodies. The Hokusai crater on Mercury formed a peculiar ray that features a hyperbola shape, and the sharp swerve of orientation was interpreted as a sign of a faster planetary rotation in the near past. Here, we show that this ray was not caused by a hypothesized larger Coriolis force, but due to abruptly-steepened ejection angles. Heterogeneous shock impedances of pre-impact impactor and/or target, such as topographic undulations, affect local propagation paths of shock and rarefaction waves, causing sudden changes of ejection angles. Distal ejecta with non-radial distributions are an inherent product of planetary impacts, and their unobvious provenances could mislead stratigraphic interpretations and hamper age estimations based on spatial densities of impact craters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Xu
- Planetary Environmental and Astrobiological Research Laboratory, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Zhiyong Xiao
- Planetary Environmental and Astrobiological Research Laboratory, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Comparative Planetology, Hefei, China.
| | - Fanglu Luo
- Planetary Environmental and Astrobiological Research Laboratory, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Yichen Wang
- Planetary Environmental and Astrobiological Research Laboratory, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Jun Cui
- Planetary Environmental and Astrobiological Research Laboratory, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Comparative Planetology, Hefei, China
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16
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High abundance of solar wind-derived water in lunar soils from the middle latitude. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2214395119. [PMID: 36508675 PMCID: PMC9907113 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2214395119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Remote sensing data revealed that the presence of water (OH/H2O) on the Moon is latitude-dependent and probably time-of-day variation, suggesting a solar wind (SW)-originated water with a high degassing loss rate on the lunar surface. However, it is unknown whether or not the SW-derived water in lunar soil grains can be preserved beneath the surface. We report ion microprobe analyses of hydrogen abundances, and deuterium/hydrogen ratios of the lunar soil grains returned by the Chang'e-5 mission from a higher latitude than previous missions. Most of the grain rims (topmost ~100 nm) show high abundances of hydrogen (1,116 to 2,516 ppm) with extremely low δD values (-908 to -992‰), implying nearly exclusively a SW origin. The hydrogen-content depth distribution in the grain rims is phase-dependent, either bell-shaped for glass or monotonic decrease for mineral grains. This reveals the dynamic equilibrium between implantation and outgassing of SW-hydrogen in soil grains on the lunar surface. Heating experiments on a subset of the grains further demonstrate that the SW-implanted hydrogen could be preserved after burial. By comparing with the Apollo data, both observations and simulations provide constraints on the governing role of temperature (latitude) on hydrogen implantation/migration in lunar soils. We predict an even higher abundance of hydrogen in the grain rims in the lunar polar regions (average ~9,500 ppm), which corresponds to an estimation of the bulk water content of ~560 ppm in the polar soils assuming the same grain size distribution as Apollo soils, consistent with the orbit remote sensing result.
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17
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Guo Z, Li C, Li Y, Wen Y, Wu Y, Jia B, Tai K, Zeng X, Li X, Liu J, Ouyang Z. Sub-microscopic magnetite and metallic iron particles formed by eutectic reaction in Chang’E-5 lunar soil. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7177. [PMID: 36418346 PMCID: PMC9684415 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35009-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferric iron as well as magnetite are rarely found in lunar samples, and their distribution and formation mechanisms on the Moon have not been well studied. Here, we discover sub-microscopic magnetite particles in Chang’E-5 lunar soil. Magnetite and pure metallic iron particles are embedded in oxygen-dissolved iron-sulfide grains from the Chang’E-5 samples. This mineral assemblage indicates a FeO eutectoid reaction (4FeO = Fe3O4 + Fe) for formation of magnetite. The iron-sulfide grains’ morphology features and the oxygen’s distribution suggest that a gas–melt phase reaction occurred during large-impact events. This could provide an effective method to form ubiquitous sub-microscopic magnetite in fine lunar soils and be a contributor to the presentation of ferric iron on the surface of the Moon. Additionally, the formation of sub-microscopic magnetite and metallic iron by eutectoid reaction may provide an alternative way for the formation of magnetic anomalies observed on the Moon. Magnetite is rarely present on the Moon. Here the authors report the magnetite formed by eutectic reaction during the impact process in Chang’E-5 lunar soil, and the potential contribution of this magnetite formation to magnetic anomalies on the Moon.
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18
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Xiao X, Yu S, Huang J, Zhang H, Zhang Y, Xiao L. Thermophysical properties of the regolith on the lunar far side revealed by the in situ temperature probing of the Chang'E-4 mission. Natl Sci Rev 2022; 9:nwac175. [PMID: 36381216 PMCID: PMC9646997 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwac175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 09/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Temperature probes onboard the Chang'E-4 (CE-4) spacecraft provide the first in situ regolith temperature measurements from the far side of the Moon. We present these temperature measurements with a customized thermal model and reveal the particle size of the lunar regolith at the CE-4 landing site to be ∼15 μm on average over depth, which indicates an immature regolith below the surface. In addition, the conductive component of thermal conductivity is measured as ∼1.53 × 10-3 W m-1 K-1 on the surface and ∼8.48 × 10-3 W m-1 K-1 at a depth of 1 m. The average bulk density is ∼471 kg m-3 on the surface and ∼824 kg m-3 in the upper 30 cm of the lunar regolith. These thermophysical properties provide important additional 'ground truth' at the lunar far side, which is critical for the future analysis and interpretation of global temperature observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, School of Earth Sciences, Planetary Science Institute, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Shuoran Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Lunar and Planetary Sciences, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China
| | - Jun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, School of Earth Sciences, Planetary Science Institute, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Comparative Planetology, Hefei 230026, China
| | - He Zhang
- ChinaAcademy of Space Technology, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Youwei Zhang
- ChinaAcademy of Space Technology, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Long Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, School of Earth Sciences, Planetary Science Institute, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
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19
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Su B, Yuan J, Chen Y, Yang W, Mitchell RN, Hui H, Wang H, Tian H, Li XH, Wu FY. Fusible mantle cumulates trigger young mare volcanism on the cooling Moon. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabn2103. [PMID: 36269823 PMCID: PMC9586486 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn2103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The Chang'E-5 (CE5) mission has demonstrated that lunar volcanism was still active until two billion years ago, much younger than the previous isotopically dated lunar basalts. How the small Moon retained enough heat to drive such late volcanism is unknown, particularly as the CE5 mantle source was anhydrous and depleted in heat-producing elements. We conduct fractional crystallization and mantle melting simulations that show that mantle melting point depression by the presence of fusible, easily melted components could trigger young volcanism. Enriched in calcium oxide and titanium dioxide compared to older Apollo magmas, the young CE5 magma was, thus, sourced from the overturn of the late-stage fusible cumulates of the lunar magma ocean. Mantle melting point depression is the first mechanism to account for young volcanism on the Moon that is consistent with the newly returned CE5 basalts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Su
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jiangyan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ross N. Mitchell
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Hejiu Hui
- State Key Laboratory of Mineral Deposits Research and Lunar and Planetary Science Institute, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Comparative Planetology, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Hao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Hengci Tian
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xian-Hua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Fu-Yuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
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20
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Spectral interpretation of late-stage mare basalt mineralogy unveiled by Chang'E-5 samples. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5965. [PMID: 36216953 PMCID: PMC9550791 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33670-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The western maria of lunar near-side are widely covered with late-stage mare basalts. Due to the lack of returned samples, the mineralogy of the late-stage basalts was previously speculated as having high abundance of olivine based on remote sensing observation. However, here we show that Chang'E-5 (CE-5) lunar soil samples, the ground truth from past unsampled lunar late-stage mare region, give a different interpretation. Our laboratory spectroscopic and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses of the CE-5 soil samples demonstrate that their special spectral signatures are representative of iron-rich high-Ca pyroxene rather than olivine. Considering the spectral and compositional similarities between CE-5 soil samples and lunar late-stage basalts, the mineralogy and petrology of CE-5 samples may be able to be generalized to entire lunar late-stage basalts. Our study would provide a constraint on the thermal evolution of the Moon, especially the young lunar volcanism.
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21
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Long T, Qian Y, Norman MD, Miljkovic K, Crow C, Head JW, Che X, Tartèse R, Zellner N, Yu X, Xie S, Whitehouse M, Joy KH, Neal CR, Snape JF, Zhou G, Liu S, Yang C, Yang Z, Wang C, Xiao L, Liu D, Nemchin A. Constraining the formation and transport of lunar impact glasses using the ages and chemical compositions of Chang'e-5 glass beads. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabq2542. [PMID: 36170359 PMCID: PMC9519047 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq2542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Impact glasses found in lunar soils provide a possible window into the impact history of the inner solar system. However, their use for precise reconstruction of this history is limited by an incomplete understanding of the physical mechanisms responsible for their origin and distribution and possible relationships to local and regional geology. Here, we report U-Pb isotopic dates and chemical compositions of impact glasses from the Chang'e-5 soil and quantitative models of impact melt formation and ejection that account for the compositions of these glasses. The predominantly local provenance indicated by their compositions, which constrains transport distances to <~150 kilometers, and the age-frequency distribution are consistent with formation mainly in impact craters 1 to 5 kilometers in diameter. Based on geological mapping and impact cratering theory, we tentatively identify specific craters on the basaltic unit sampled by Chang'e-5 that may have produced these glasses and compare their ages with the impact record of the asteroid belt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Long
- Beijing SHRIMP Center, Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Yuqi Qian
- Planetary Science Institute, School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Marc D. Norman
- Research School of Earth Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Katarina Miljkovic
- School of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
| | - Carolyn Crow
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - James W. Head
- Department of Earth, Environmental, and Planetary Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Xiaochao Che
- Beijing SHRIMP Center, Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Romain Tartèse
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Nicolle Zellner
- Department of Physics, Albion College, Albion, MI 49224, USA
| | - Xuefeng Yu
- Shandong Institute of Geological Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250013, China
| | - Shiwen Xie
- Beijing SHRIMP Center, Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Martin Whitehouse
- Department of Geosciences, Swedish Museum of Natural History, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Katherine H. Joy
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Clive R. Neal
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Joshua F. Snape
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Guisheng Zhou
- Beijing SHRIMP Center, Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Shoujie Liu
- Beijing SHRIMP Center, Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Chun Yang
- Beijing SHRIMP Center, Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Zhiqing Yang
- Beijing SHRIMP Center, Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Beijing SHRIMP Center, Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Long Xiao
- Planetary Science Institute, School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Dunyi Liu
- Beijing SHRIMP Center, Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China
- Shandong Institute of Geological Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250013, China
| | - Alexander Nemchin
- Beijing SHRIMP Center, Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China
- School of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
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22
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Zhong Y, Low J, Zhu Q, Jiang Y, Yu X, Wang X, Zhang F, Shang W, Long R, Yao Y, Yao W, Jiang J, Luo Y, Wang W, Yang J, Zou Z, Xiong Y. In situ resource utilization of lunar soil for highly efficient extraterrestrial fuel and oxygen supply. Natl Sci Rev 2022; 10:nwac200. [PMID: 36817839 PMCID: PMC9935986 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwac200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Building up a lunar settlement is the ultimate aim of lunar exploitation. Yet, limited fuel and oxygen supplies restrict human survival on the Moon. Herein, we demonstrate the in situ resource utilization of lunar soil for extraterrestrial fuel and oxygen production, which may power up our solely natural satellite and supply respiratory gas. Specifically, the lunar soil is loaded with Cu species and employed for electrocatalytic CO2 conversion, demonstrating significant production of methane. In addition, the selected component in lunar soil (i.e. MgSiO3) loaded with Cu can reach a CH4 Faradaic efficiency of 72.05% with a CH4 production rate of 0.8 mL/min at 600 mA/cm2. Simultaneously, an O2 production rate of 2.3 mL/min can be achieved. Furthermore, we demonstrate that our developed process starting from catalyst preparation to electrocatalytic CO2 conversion is so accessible that it can be operated in an unmmaned manner via a robotic system. Such a highly efficient extraterrestrial fuel and oxygen production system is expected to push forward the development of mankind's civilization toward an extraterrestrial settlement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yawen Jiang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, School of Information Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xiwen Yu
- Eco-Materials and Renewable Energy Research Center (ERERC), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Nano Technology, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, School of Information Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Fei Zhang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, School of Information Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Weiwei Shang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, School of Information Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | | | | | - Wei Yao
- Qian Xuesen Laboratory of Space Technology, China Academy of Space Technology, Beijing 100094, China
| | | | - Yi Luo
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, School of Information Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Weihua Wang
- Qian Xuesen Laboratory of Space Technology, China Academy of Space Technology, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Jinlong Yang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, School of Information Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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23
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Chang’E-5 samples reveal high water content in lunar minerals. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5336. [PMID: 36088436 PMCID: PMC9464205 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33095-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation and distribution of lunar surficial water remains ambiguous. Here, we show the prominence of water (OH/H2O) attributed to solar wind implantation on the uppermost surface of olivine, plagioclase, and pyroxene grains from Chang’E-5 samples. The results of spectral and microstructural analyses indicate that solar wind-derived water is affected by exposure time, crystal structure, and mineral composition. Our estimate of a minimum of 170 ppm water content in lunar soils in the Chang’E-5 region is consistent with that reported by the Moon Minerology Mapper and Chang’E-5 lander. By comparing with remote sensing data and through lunar soil maturity analysis, the amount of water in Chang’E-5 provides a reference for the distribution of surficial water in middle latitude of the Moon. We conclude that minerals in lunar soils are important reservoirs of water, and formation and retention of water originating from solar wind occurs on airless bodies. Lunar soils returned by China’s Chang’E−5 (CE5) mission record the unique information of solar wind essential to understanding the preservation and distribution of lunar surficial water. Here the authors report abundant water formed by solar wind implantation in minerals of CE5 lunar soils; the water content in CE5 lunar soils is estimated to be ~ 170 ppm.
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24
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Guo JG, Ying T, Gao H, Chen X, Song Y, Lin T, Zhang Q, Zheng Q, Li C, Xu Y, Chen X. Surface microstructures of lunar soil returned by Chang'e-5 mission reveal an intermediate stage in space weathering process. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2022; 67:1696-1701. [PMID: 36546049 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2022.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The lunar soils evolution over time is mainly caused by space weathering that includes the impacts of varying-sized meteoroids and charged particles implantation of solar/cosmic winds as well. It has long been established that space weathering leads to the formation of outmost amorphous layers (50-200 nm in thickness) embedded nanophase iron (npFe0) around the mineral fragments, albeit the origin of the npFe0 remains controversial . The Chang'e-5 (CE-5) mission returned samples feature the youngest mare basalt and the highest latitude sampling site , providing an opportunity to seek the critical clues for understanding the evolution of soils under space weathering. Here, we report the surface microstructures of the major minerals including olivine, pyroxene, anorthite, and glassy beads in the lunar soil of CE-5. Unlike the previous observations, only olivine in all crystals is surrounded by a thinner outmost amorphous SiO2 layer (∼10 nm thick) and embedded wüstite nanoparticles FeO (np-FeO, 3-12 nm in size) instead of npFe0. No foreign volatile elements deposition layer and solar flare tracks can be found on the surface or inside the olivine and other minerals. This unique rim structure has not been reported for any other lunar, terrestrial, Martian, or meteorite samples so far. The observation of wüstite FeO and the microstructures support the existence of an intermediate stage in space weathering for lunar minerals by thermal decomposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Gang Guo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, China; Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Tianping Ying
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, China
| | - Hanbin Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Centre for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xu Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yanpeng Song
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, China
| | - Ting Lin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, China
| | - Qiang Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Centre for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Chunlai Li
- Key Laboratory of Lunar and Deep Space Exploration, National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yigang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Isotope Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaolong Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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25
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The Investigation of Plume-Regolith Interaction and Dust Dispersal during Chang’E-5 Descent Stage. AEROSPACE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/aerospace9070358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The plume-surface interaction that occurs as a result of a variable-thrust engine exhaust plume impinging on soil during landings is critical for future lunar mission design. Unique lunar environmental properties, such as low gravity, high vacuum, and the regolith layer, make this study complex and challenging. In this paper, we build a reliable simulation model, with constraints based on landing photos, to characterize the erosion properties induced by a low-thrust engine plume. We focus on the low-thrust plume-surface erosion process and erosion properties during the Chang’E-5 mission, aiming to determine the erosion difference between high- and low-thrust conditions; this is a major concern, as the erosion process for a low-thrust lunar mission is rarely studied. First, to identify the entire erosion process and its relative effect on the flat lunar surface, a one-to-one rocket nozzle simulation model is built; ground experimental results are utilized to verify the simulated inlet parameters of the vacuum plume flow field. Following that, plume flow is considered using the finite volume method, and the Roberts erosion model, based on excess shear stress, is adopted to describe plume-surface interaction properties. Finally, a Lagrangian framework using the discrete phase model is selected to investigate the dynamic properties of lunar dust particles. Results show that erosion depth, total ejected mass, and the maximum particle incline angle during the Chang’E-5 landing period are approximately 0.2 cm, 335.95 kg, and 4.16°, respectively. These results are not only useful for the Chang’E-5 lunar sample analysis, but also for future lunar mission design.
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26
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Evidence of water on the lunar surface from Chang'E-5 in-situ spectra and returned samples. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3119. [PMID: 35701397 PMCID: PMC9198042 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30807-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The distribution range, time-varying characteristics, and sources of lunar water are still controversial. Here we show the Chang’E-5 in-situ spectral observations of lunar water under Earth’s magnetosphere shielding and relatively high temperatures. Our results show the hydroxyl contents of lunar soils in Chang’E-5 landing site are with a mean value of 28.5 ppm, which is on the weak end of lunar hydration features. This is consistent with the predictions from remote sensing and ground-based telescopic data. Laboratory analysis of the Chang’E-5 returned samples also provide critical clues to the possible sources of these hydroxyl contents. Much less agglutinate glass contents suggest a weak contribution of solar wind implantation. Besides, the apatite present in the samples can provide hydroxyl contents in the range of 0 to 179 ± 13 ppm, which shows compelling evidence that, the hydroxyl-containing apatite may be an important source for the excess hydroxyl observed at this young mare region. Laboratory analysis of returned Chang’E-5 samples from the lunar surface show their hydroxyl contents to be on the weak end of lunar hydration features.
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27
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Yao Y, Xiao C. 中子活化分析揭秘嫦娥五号月壤成分. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2022. [DOI: 10.1360/tb-2022-0429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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28
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Yao Y, Xiao C, Wang P, Li C, Zhou Q. Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis of Chang'E-5 Lunar Regolith Samples. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:5478-5484. [PMID: 35298150 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c13604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The Chang'E-5 (CE-5) lunar samples were analyzed nondestructively for more than 40 elements by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) with a strict quality assurance and quality control. Based on the INAA results, some new observations and discoveries were made. Major, minor, and trace elements in CE-5 are very different from those of the Earth and Apollo lunar samples. The rare earth element (REE) pattern indicated that the CE-5 lunar samples are mare basalts with a clear negative anomaly in Eu. Element correlations are a very interesting discovery; for example, the ratios of Ba/La and FeO/MnO in CE-5 are almost identical to those of the Apollo lunar samples. These observations and discoveries will enrich the understanding of the formation and evolution of the Moon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonggang Yao
- Department of Nuclear Physics, China Institute of Atomic Energy, Beijing 102413, China
| | - Caijin Xiao
- Department of Nuclear Physics, China Institute of Atomic Energy, Beijing 102413, China
| | - Pingsheng Wang
- Department of Nuclear Physics, China Institute of Atomic Energy, Beijing 102413, China
| | - Chunlai Li
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Qin Zhou
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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29
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Lunar Mare Fecunditatis: A Science-Rich Region and a Concept Mission for Long-Distance Exploration. REMOTE SENSING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/rs14051062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Mare Fecunditatis is a ~310,000 km2 flat basalt plain located in the low-latitude area of the Moon. Plenty of volcanic features (multiple episodes of mare basalts, sinuous rilles, lava tubes, pyroclastic deposits, domes, irregular mare patches (IMP), ring-moat dome structures (RMDS), floor-fractured craters), tectonic features (grabens and wrinkle ridges), impact-related features, and other features (swirls, pit craters) are identified in Mare Fecunditatis. An in-situ mission to Mare Fecunditatis is scientifically significant to better understand the lunar thermal histories and other questions. All previous in-situ and human missions (Apollo, Luna, Chang’E) were limited to small areas, and no traverse longer than 40 km has been made yet. With the development of technology, long-distance movement will be possible in the future on the lunar surface, providing opportunities to explore multiple sites at one mission with complete documentation of the regional geology. Eight high-value targets (pit crater, IMPs, RMDSs, young basalts, high-Al basalts, pyroclastic deposits, swirls, and fresh craters) were found in Mare Fecunditatis, and a ~1400 km-traverse in 5 years is proposed to explore them to solve the most fundamental lunar questions.
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30
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Gu Y, Yang R, Geng H, Wang Q, Hui H. Geological processes and products recorded in lunar soils: A review. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2022. [DOI: 10.1360/tb-2021-1039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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31
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Lin H, Li S, Xu R, Liu Y, Wu X, Yang W, Wei Y, Lin Y, He Z, Hui H, He H, Hu S, Zhang C, Li C, Lv G, Yuan L, Zou Y, Wang C. In situ detection of water on the Moon by the Chang'E-5 lander. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabl9174. [PMID: 34995111 PMCID: PMC8741181 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abl9174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We report analysis results of the reflectance spectra (0.48 to 3.2 μm) acquired by the Chang’E-5 lander, which provides vital context of the returned samples from the Northern Oceanus Procellarum of the Moon. We estimate up to 120 parts per million (ppm) of water (OH + H2O) in the lunar regolith, which is mostly attributed to solar wind implantation. A light-colored and surface-pitted rock (named as CE5-Rock) is evident near the lander. The reflectance spectra suggest that CE5-Rock could be transported from an older basalt unit. CE5-Rock exhibits a stronger absorption, near 2.85 μm, than the surrounding regolith, with estimation of ~180 ppm of water if the model for estimating water content of regolith is applicable to rock samples, which may suggest an additional source from the lunar interior. The low water content of the regolith may suggest the degassing of mantle reservoir beneath the Chang’E-5 landing site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honglei Lin
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Shuai Li
- Hawaii Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Rui Xu
- Key Laboratory of Space Active Opto-Electronics Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, PR China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Space Weather, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
- Center for Excellence in Comparative Planetology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 200083, PR China
| | - Xing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Space Weather, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Wei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Yong Wei
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Yangting Lin
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Zhiping He
- Key Laboratory of Space Active Opto-Electronics Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, PR China
| | - Hejiu Hui
- Center for Excellence in Comparative Planetology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 200083, PR China
- State Key Laboratory for Mineral Deposits Research and Lunar and Planetary Science Institute, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Huaiyu He
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Sen Hu
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Chunlai Li
- Key Laboratory of Space Active Opto-Electronics Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, PR China
| | - Gang Lv
- Key Laboratory of Space Active Opto-Electronics Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, PR China
| | - Liyin Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Space Active Opto-Electronics Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, PR China
| | - Yongliao Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Space Weather, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Chi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Space Weather, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
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