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Chen S, Wang Y, She R. Prevalence and gender disparity of those who screen positive for depression in China by the classification of the employer and industry: a cross-sectional, population-based study. BMC Psychiatry 2023; 23:62. [PMID: 36694143 PMCID: PMC9872324 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-023-04557-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The important role of mental health in sustainable economic development is gradually being recognized. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and gender disparity of those who screen positive for depression in China by the employer and industrial classification. METHODS We used data from a nationally representative survey, the China Family Panel Studies. Depression was judged by the Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Employer classifications were categorized according to the local characteristics of Mainland China. Industrial classifications were defined using level-1 of the China version of the International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities. Weighted logistic regressions were fitted to estimate the gender disparities, controlling for confounders. RESULTS Forty eight thousand six hundred twenty eight adults were included. 18.7% (95%CI 18.1-19.4) of sampled adults were screened positive for depression symptoms, with 16.6% (95%CI 15.8-17.5) in males vs 21.0% (95%CI 20.1-22.0) in females. By classification of the employer, the prevalence was lowest among those employed by Government/party organisations (11.8%, 95%CI 8.9-15.4), and highest in those self-employed (21.8%, 95%CI 20.8-22.9); the gender disparity was mainly found in those employed by Sole proprietorship (Adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.95, 95%CI 1.19-3.19) and Private enterprise (AOR = 1.34, 95%CI 1.13-1.59), as well as those self-employed (AOR = 1.49, 95%CI 1.3-1.17). By industrial classification, the prevalence was lowest among those who worked in the industry of Real estate (7.2%, 95%CI 4.8-10.6), and highest among those who worked in the industry of Agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishing (22.9%, 95%CI 15.5-32.4); the gender disparity was mainly found in those who worked in the industry of Agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishing (AOR = 3.29, 95%CI 1.18-9.15), Manufacturing (AOR = 1.41, 95% CI 1.09-1.82), Wholesale and retail trade (AOR = 1.48, 95% CI 1.07-2.06), and Accommodation and food service (AOR = 1.91, 95% CI 1.15-3.18). CONCLUSION The prevalence of depression in China had a wide variation by classifications of the employer and industry. Gender disparities were identified among workers from Sole proprietorship, Private enterprise, and self-employed, or workers from the industry of Agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishing, Manufacturing, Wholesale and retail trade, and Accommodation and food service.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanquan Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ, UK.
| | - Yuqi Wang
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Department of Computer Science, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT UK
| | - Rui She
- grid.16890.360000 0004 1764 6123Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
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Weir P, Jones L, Sheeran N, Kebbell M. A diary study of Australian lawyers working with traumatic material. PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY, AND LAW : AN INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF THE AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND ASSOCIATION OF PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY AND LAW 2021; 29:610-630. [PMID: 35903501 PMCID: PMC9318299 DOI: 10.1080/13218719.2021.1956384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Many lawyers experience regular exposure to traumatic material yet little is known about its effects. This study examines what traumatic material affects lawyers, how they respond in the moment and how they recover. The participants (n = 18 lawyers) completed a five-day diary study and a semi-structured interview regarding their experiences. The analysis identified clients' negative emotions and experiences, domestic violence and child abuse as most impactful. The participants reported experiencing sadness, anger, frustration, disgust and/or compassion; some reported not being overly distressed or not experiencing emotions. Most participants reported using social support and emotion-focused coping strategies, drawing on their identities as lawyers to suppress or conceal emotions. At the end of a working day many participants reported coping by working longer hours but also through physical activity and social interactions. We discuss the implications for lawyers' well-being and the role of organisations and education in managing the impacts of traumatic material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Weir
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Liz Jones
- Department of Psychology, Monash University Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nicola Sheeran
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Mark Kebbell
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
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Willeke K, Janson P, Zink K, Stupp C, Kittel-Schneider S, Berghöfer A, Ewert T, King R, Heuschmann PU, Zapf A, Wildner M, Keil T. Occurrence of Mental Illness and Mental Health Risks among the Self-Employed: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:8617. [PMID: 34444369 PMCID: PMC8393630 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18168617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to systematically identify and evaluate all studies of good quality that compared the occurrence of mental disorders in the self-employed versus employees. Adhering to the Cochrane guidelines, we conducted a systematic review and searched three major medical databases (MEDLINE, Web of Science, Embase), complemented by hand search. We included 26 (three longitudinal and 23 cross-sectional) population-based studies of good quality (using a validated quality assessment tool), with data from 3,128,877 participants in total. The longest of these studies, a Swedish national register evaluation with 25 years follow-up, showed a higher incidence of mental illness among the self-employed compared to white-collar workers, but a lower incidence compared to blue-collar workers. In the second longitudinal study from Sweden the self-employed had a lower incidence of mental illness compared to both blue- and white-collar workers over 15 years, whereas the third longitudinal study (South Korea) did not find a difference regarding the incidence of depressive symptoms over 6 years. Results from the cross-sectional studies showed associations between self-employment and poor general mental health and stress, but were inconsistent regarding other mental outcomes. Most studies from South Korea found a higher prevalence of mental disorders among the self-employed compared to employees, whereas the results of cross-sectional studies from outside Asia were less consistent. In conclusion, we found evidence from population-based studies for a link between self-employment and increased risk of mental illness. Further longitudinal studies are needed examining the potential risk for the development of mental disorders in specific subtypes of the self-employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Willeke
- State Institute of Health, Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (P.J.); (K.Z.); (C.S.); (T.E.); (M.W.); (T.K.)
- Institute of Clinical Epidemiology and Biometry, University of Würzburg, 97070 Würzburg, Germany;
| | - Patrick Janson
- State Institute of Health, Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (P.J.); (K.Z.); (C.S.); (T.E.); (M.W.); (T.K.)
- Institute of Clinical Epidemiology and Biometry, University of Würzburg, 97070 Würzburg, Germany;
| | - Katharina Zink
- State Institute of Health, Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (P.J.); (K.Z.); (C.S.); (T.E.); (M.W.); (T.K.)
| | - Carolin Stupp
- State Institute of Health, Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (P.J.); (K.Z.); (C.S.); (T.E.); (M.W.); (T.K.)
- Institute of Clinical Epidemiology and Biometry, University of Würzburg, 97070 Würzburg, Germany;
| | - Sarah Kittel-Schneider
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany;
| | - Anne Berghöfer
- Institute of Social Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Economics, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (A.B.); (R.K.)
| | - Thomas Ewert
- State Institute of Health, Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (P.J.); (K.Z.); (C.S.); (T.E.); (M.W.); (T.K.)
| | - Ryan King
- Institute of Social Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Economics, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (A.B.); (R.K.)
| | - Peter U. Heuschmann
- Institute of Clinical Epidemiology and Biometry, University of Würzburg, 97070 Würzburg, Germany;
- Clinical Trial Center Würzburg, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Zapf
- Bavarian State Ministry of the Environment and Consumer Protection, 81925 Munich, Germany;
- Pettenkofer School of Public Health, University of Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Manfred Wildner
- State Institute of Health, Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (P.J.); (K.Z.); (C.S.); (T.E.); (M.W.); (T.K.)
- Pettenkofer School of Public Health, University of Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Keil
- State Institute of Health, Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (P.J.); (K.Z.); (C.S.); (T.E.); (M.W.); (T.K.)
- Institute of Clinical Epidemiology and Biometry, University of Würzburg, 97070 Würzburg, Germany;
- Institute of Social Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Economics, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (A.B.); (R.K.)
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Instruments measuring community pharmacist role stress and strain measures: A systematic review. Res Social Adm Pharm 2021; 17:1029-1058. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2020.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Weir P, Jones L, Sheeran N. Australian lawyers' experience of exposure to traumatic material: a qualitative study. PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY, AND LAW : AN INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF THE AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND ASSOCIATION OF PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY AND LAW 2020; 28:363-381. [PMID: 35530124 PMCID: PMC9067992 DOI: 10.1080/13218719.2020.1776650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Lawyers experience significant levels of psychological distress. We argue that one reason, which has received insufficient attention from researchers, is their exposure to traumatic material. Our study examined the lived experience of lawyers who are exposed to traumatic material, including the role their organisation and profession play in shaping their experiences. Thirty-five lawyers or barristers, from both the public and the private sector, participated in in-depth interviews about how their exposure to traumatic material affected them, and how their organisation shaped their experiences. Our analysis identified six themes: when material becomes traumatic, fear of stigma, everyday recovery, boundaries through denial and distancing, using social support normatively and making meaning. Our findings identify that lawyers can experience strong emotional reactions to traumatic material, and their experience is influenced by the professional norms and training in law. Moreover, their organisation has an important role in either ameliorating or exacerbating their responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Weir
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Liz Jones
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Nicola Sheeran
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Azevedo DSDSD, Lima EDP, Assunção AÁ. Fatores associados ao uso de medicamentos ansiolíticos entre bombeiros militares. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE EPIDEMIOLOGIA 2019; 22:e190021. [DOI: 10.1590/1980-549720190021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
RESUMO: Introdução: O uso de ansiolíticos é uma opção no tratamento de sintomas psíquicos. Contudo, ainda que o uso seja controlado há riscos de dependência, intoxicação e alterações cognitivas. O uso não controlado entre trabalhadores agrava tais problemas. Objetivos: Identificar a prevalência do uso de ansiolíticos e conhecer os fatores associados ao consumo em bombeiros militares. Método: Pesquisa transversal de base censitária investigou 711 bombeiros de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, por meio de autorrelato. Regressão logística multinomial foi utilizada para verificar associação entre características sociodemográficas, condições de vida, trabalho e saúde e consumo de ansiolíticos de modo controlado ou não. Resultados: A prevalência do uso de ansiolíticos foi 9,9%. Para 7,5% dos bombeiros o consumo ocorreu sem indicação e/ou controle terapêutico especializado. O uso controlado foi associado ao relato compatível com Transtorno Mental Comum (OR = 23,6; IC95% 6,54 - 85,11). O uso não controlado foi associado ao tempo de serviço (OR = 2,57; IC95% 1,03 - 6,40), ao tabagismo (OR = 3,22; IC95% 1,50 - 6,91) e ao Transtorno Mental Comum (OR = 4,02; IC95% 2,17 - 7,45). Conclusão: A alta prevalência de consumo indica alerta para as ações dos programas de saúde ocupacional.
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Kiepek N, Baron JL. Use of substances among professionals and students of professional programs: a review of the literature. DRUGS: EDUCATION, PREVENTION AND POLICY 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/09687637.2017.1375080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Niki Kiepek
- School of Occupational Therapy, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - Jonnie-Lyn Baron
- School of Occupational Therapy, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
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Sato F, Hayakawa K, Kamide K. Investigation of mental health in Indonesian health workers immigrating to Japan under the Economic Partnership Agreement. Nurs Health Sci 2016; 18:342-9. [DOI: 10.1111/nhs.12275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fumiko Sato
- Faculty of Nursing; Senri Kinran University; Osaka Japan
| | | | - Kei Kamide
- Division of Health Sciences; Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine; Suita-city Osaka Japan
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Noone P. In this issue of Occupational Medicine. Occup Med (Lond) 2015; 64:145. [PMID: 24706464 DOI: 10.1093/occmed/kqu050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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