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Alugupalli KR. Characterization of Turbo, a TLR Ligand-based Adjuvant for Glycoconjugate Vaccines. Immunohorizons 2024; 8:527-537. [PMID: 39093309 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2400040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Many bacterial polysaccharide vaccines, including the typhoid Vi polysaccharide (ViPS) and tetravalent meningococcal polysaccharide conjugate (MCV4) vaccines, do not incorporate adjuvants and are not highly immunogenic, particularly in infants. I found that endotoxin, a TLR4 ligand in ViPS, contributes to the immunogenicity of typhoid vaccines. Because endotoxin is pyrogenic, and its levels are highly variable in vaccines, I developed monophosphoryl lipid A, a nontoxic TLR4 ligand-based adjuvant named Turbo. Admixing Turbo with ViPS and MCV4 vaccines improved their immunogenicity across all ages and eliminated booster requirement. To understand the characteristics of this adjuvanticity, I compared Turbo with alum. Unlike alum, which polarizes the response toward the IgG1 isotype, Turbo promoted Ab class switching to all IgG isotypes with affinity maturation; the magnitude of this IgG response is durable and accompanied by the presence of long-lived plasma cells in the mouse bone marrow. In striking contrast with the pathways employed by alum, Turbo adjuvanticity is independent of NLPR3, pyroptotic cell death effector Gasdermin D, and canonical and noncanonical inflammasome activation mediated by Caspase-1 and Caspase-11, respectively. Turbo adjuvanticity is primarily dependent on the MyD88 axis and is lost in mice deficient in costimulatory molecules CD86 and CD40, indicating that Turbo adjuvanticity includes activation of these pathways. Because Turbo formulations containing either monophosphoryl lipid A or TLR2 ligands, Pam2CysSerLys4, and Pam3CysSerLys4 help generate Ab response of all IgG isotypes, as an adjuvant Turbo can improve the immunogenicity of glycoconjugate vaccines against a wide range of bacterial pathogens whose elimination requires appropriate IgG isotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishore R Alugupalli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
- TurboVax Inc., Philadelphia, PA
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2
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Kim S, Kang H, Excler JL, Kim JH, Lee JS. The Economic Burden of Non-Typhoidal Salmonella and Invasive Non-Typhoidal Salmonella Infection: A Systematic Literature Review. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:758. [PMID: 39066396 PMCID: PMC11281589 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12070758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) infection and invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella (iNTS) infection cause a significant global health and economic burden. This systematic review aims to investigate the reported economic burden of NTS and iNTS infection, identify research gaps, and suggest future research directions. Data from PubMed and Embase databases up to April 2022 were reviewed, and articles were screened based on predefined criteria. Cost data were extracted, categorized into direct medical costs (DMCs), direct non-medical costs (DNMCs), and indirect costs (ICs), and converted into US dollars (year 2022). Data primarily originated from high-income countries (37 out of 38), with limited representation from Africa and resource-limited settings. For inpatients, DMCs were the primary cost driver for both NTS and iNTS illnesses, with estimates ranging from USD 545.9 (Taiwan, a region of China) to USD 21,179.8 (Türkiye) for NTS and from USD 1973.1 (Taiwan, a region of China) to USD 32,507.5 (United States of America) for iNTS per case. DNMCs and ICs varied widely across studies. Although study quality improved over time, methodological differences persisted. This review underscores the lack of economic data on NTS and iNTS in resource-limited settings. It also highlights the need for economic burden data in resource-limited settings and a standardized approach to generate global datasets, which is critical for informing policy decisions, especially regarding future vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sol Kim
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; (S.K.); (H.K.); (J.-L.E.); (J.H.K.)
| | - Hyolim Kang
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; (S.K.); (H.K.); (J.-L.E.); (J.H.K.)
| | - Jean-Louis Excler
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; (S.K.); (H.K.); (J.-L.E.); (J.H.K.)
| | - Jerome H. Kim
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; (S.K.); (H.K.); (J.-L.E.); (J.H.K.)
- College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Seok Lee
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; (S.K.); (H.K.); (J.-L.E.); (J.H.K.)
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3
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Hausdorff WP, Madhi SA, Kang G, Kaboré L, Tufet Bayona M, Giersing BK. Facilitating the development of urgently required combination vaccines. Lancet Glob Health 2024; 12:e1059-e1067. [PMID: 38636529 PMCID: PMC11099297 DOI: 10.1016/s2214-109x(24)00092-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
The essence of a vaccine lies in its ability to elicit a set of immune responses specifically directed at a particular pathogen. Accordingly, vaccines were historically designed, developed, registered, recommended, procured, and administered as monopathogen formulations. Nonetheless, the control and elimination of an astonishing number of diseases was realised only after several once-separate vaccines were provided as combinations. Unfortunately, the current superabundance of recommended and pipeline vaccines is now at odds with the number of acceptable vaccine administrations and feasible health-care visits for vaccine recipients and health-care providers. Yet, few new combinations are in development because, in addition to the scientific and manufacturing hurdles intrinsic to coformulation, developers face a gauntlet of regulatory, policy, and commercialisation obstacles in a milieu still largely designed for monopathogen vaccines. We argue here that national policy makers and public health agencies should prospectively identify and advocate for the development of new multipathogen combination vaccines, and suggest ways to accelerate the regulatory pathways to licensure of combinations and other concrete, innovative steps to mitigate current obstacles.
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Affiliation(s)
- William P Hausdorff
- Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, PATH, Washington, DC, USA; Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Shabir A Madhi
- South African Medical Research Council Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Lassané Kaboré
- PATH, Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, Dakar, Senegal; Gavi, The Vaccine Alliance, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Birgitte K Giersing
- WHO Department of Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals, Geneva, Switzerland
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4
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La Guidara C, Adamo R, Sala C, Micoli F. Vaccines and Monoclonal Antibodies as Alternative Strategies to Antibiotics to Fight Antimicrobial Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5487. [PMID: 38791526 PMCID: PMC11122364 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the most critical threats to global public health in the 21st century, causing a large number of deaths every year in both high-income and low- and middle-income countries. Vaccines and monoclonal antibodies can be exploited to prevent and treat diseases caused by AMR pathogens, thereby reducing antibiotic use and decreasing selective pressure that favors the emergence of resistant strains. Here, differences in the mechanism of action and resistance of vaccines and monoclonal antibodies compared to antibiotics are discussed. The state of the art for vaccine technologies and monoclonal antibodies are reviewed, with a particular focus on approaches validated in clinical studies. By underscoring the scope and limitations of the different emerging technologies, this review points out the complementary of vaccines and monoclonal antibodies in fighting AMR. Gaps in antigen discovery for some pathogens, as well as challenges associated with the clinical development of these therapies against AMR pathogens, are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara La Guidara
- Magnetic Resonance Center CERM, University of Florence, 50019 Florence, Italy
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, 50019 Florence, Italy
| | | | - Claudia Sala
- Monoclonal Antibody Discovery Laboratory, Fondazione Toscana Life Sciences, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Francesca Micoli
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health S.R.L. (GVGH), 53100 Siena, Italy
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5
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Raqib R. Bivalent conjugate vaccines for typhoid and paratyphoid fever. Lancet 2024; 403:1516-1517. [PMID: 38555929 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(24)00461-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Rubhana Raqib
- Nutrition Research Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka-1212, Bangladesh.
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6
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Alugupalli KR. Monophosphoryl Lipid A-based Adjuvant to Promote the Immunogenicity of Multivalent Meningococcal Polysaccharide Conjugate Vaccines. Immunohorizons 2024; 8:317-325. [PMID: 38625118 PMCID: PMC11066721 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2400013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Activation of the adaptive immune system requires the engagement of costimulatory pathways in addition to B and T cell Ag receptor signaling, and adjuvants play a central role in this process. Many Gram-negative bacterial polysaccharide vaccines, including the tetravalent meningococcal conjugate vaccines (MCV4) and typhoid Vi polysaccharide vaccines, do not incorporate adjuvants. The immunogenicity of typhoid vaccines is due to the presence of associated TLR4 ligands in these vaccines. Because the immunogenicity of MCV4 is poor and requires boosters, I hypothesized that TLR4 ligands are absent in MCV4 and that incorporation of a TLR4 ligand-based adjuvant would improve their immunogenicity. Consistent with this hypothesis, two Food and Drug Administration-approved MCV4 vaccines, MENVEO and MenQuadfi, lack TLR4 ligands. Admixing monophosphoryl lipid A, a TLR4 ligand-based adjuvant formulation named "Turbo" with MCV4 induced significantly improved IgM and IgG responses to all four meningococcal serogroup polysaccharides in adult and aged mice after a single immunization. Furthermore, in infant mice, a single booster was sufficient to promote a robust IgG response and 100% seroconversion when MCV4 was adjuvanted with Turbo. Turbo upregulated the expression of the costimulatory molecules CD40 and CD86 on B cells, and Turbo-driven adjuvanticity is lost in mice deficient in CD40 and CD86. These data suggest that Turbo induces the required costimulatory molecules for its adjuvant activity and that incorporation of Turbo could make bacterial polysaccharide vaccines more immunogenic, minimize booster requirements, and be cost-effective, particularly for those individuals in low- and middle-income and disease-endemic countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishore R. Alugupalli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA; and TurboVax Inc., Philadelphia, PA
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7
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Haldar R, Dhar A, Ganguli D, Chakraborty S, Pal A, Banik G, Miyoshi SI, Das S. A candidate glycoconjugate vaccine induces protective antibodies in the serum and intestinal secretions, antibody recall response and memory T cells and protects against both typhoidal and non-typhoidal Salmonella serovars. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1304170. [PMID: 38264668 PMCID: PMC10804610 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1304170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Human Salmonella infections pose significant public health challenges globally, primarily due to low diagnostic yield of systemic infections, emerging and expanding antibiotic resistance of both the typhoidal and non-typhoidal Salmonella strains and the development of asymptomatic carrier state that functions as a reservoir of infection in the community. The limited long-term efficacy of the currently licensed typhoid vaccines, especially in smaller children and non-availability of vaccines against other Salmonella serovars necessitate active research towards developing a multivalent vaccine with wider coverage of protection against pathogenic Salmonella serovars. We had earlier reported immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a subunit vaccine containing a recombinant outer membrane protein (T2544) of Salmonella Typhi in a mouse model. This was achieved through the robust induction of serum IgG, mucosal secretory IgA and Salmonella-specific cytotoxic T cells as well as memory B and T cell response. Here, we report the development of a glycoconjugate vaccine, containing high molecular weight complexes of Salmonella Typhimurium O-specific polysaccharide (OSP) and recombinant T2544 that conferred simultaneous protection against S. Typhi, S. Paratyphi, S. Typhimurium and cross-protection against S. enteritidis in mice. Our findings corroborate with the published studies that suggested the potential of Salmonella OSP as a vaccine antigen. The role of serum antibodies in vaccine-mediated protection is suggested by rapid seroconversion with high titers of serum IgG and IgA, persistently elevated titers after primary immunization along with a strong antibody recall response with higher avidity serum IgG against both OSP and T2544 and significantly raised SBA titers of both primary and secondary antibodies against different Salmonella serovars. Elevated intestinal secretory IgA and bacterial motility inhibition by the secretory antibodies supported their role as well in vaccine-induced protection. Finally, robust induction of T effector memory response indicates long term efficacy of the candidate vaccine. The above findings coupled with protection of vaccinated animals against multiple clinical isolates confirm the suitability of OSP-rT2544 as a broad-spectrum candidate subunit vaccine against human infection due to typhoidal and non-typhoidal Salmonella serovars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risha Haldar
- Division of Clinical Medicine, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Amlanjyoti Dhar
- Division of Molecular Biology and Genomics, International Institute of Innovation and Technology (I3T), Kolkata, India
| | - Debayan Ganguli
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine at St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Suparna Chakraborty
- Division of Clinical Medicine, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Ananda Pal
- Division of Clinical Medicine, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | | | - Shin-ichi Miyoshi
- Division of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Santasabuj Das
- Division of Clinical Medicine, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
- Division of Biological Science, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Occupational Health, Ahmedabad, India
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8
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Meiring JE, Khanam F, Basnyat B, Charles RC, Crump JA, Debellut F, Holt KE, Kariuki S, Mugisha E, Neuzil KM, Parry CM, Pitzer VE, Pollard AJ, Qadri F, Gordon MA. Typhoid fever. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2023; 9:71. [PMID: 38097589 DOI: 10.1038/s41572-023-00480-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Typhoid fever is an invasive bacterial disease associated with bloodstream infection that causes a high burden of disease in Africa and Asia. Typhoid primarily affects individuals ranging from infants through to young adults. The causative organism, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhi is transmitted via the faecal-oral route, crossing the intestinal epithelium and disseminating to systemic and intracellular sites, causing an undifferentiated febrile illness. Blood culture remains the practical reference standard for diagnosis of typhoid fever, where culture testing is available, but novel diagnostic modalities are an important priority under investigation. Since 2017, remarkable progress has been made in defining the global burden of both typhoid fever and antimicrobial resistance; in understanding disease pathogenesis and immunological protection through the use of controlled human infection; and in advancing effective vaccination programmes through strategic multipartner collaboration and targeted clinical trials in multiple high-incidence priority settings. This Primer thus offers a timely update of progress and perspective on future priorities for the global scientific community.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Meiring
- Division of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine and Population Health, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Farhana Khanam
- International Centre for Diarrhoel Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Buddha Basnyat
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Richelle C Charles
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John A Crump
- Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | - Kathryn E Holt
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Samuel Kariuki
- Centre for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Emmanuel Mugisha
- Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, PATH, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kathleen M Neuzil
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Christopher M Parry
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Education, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, UK
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Virginia E Pitzer
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases and Public Health Modelling Unit, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Andrew J Pollard
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Firdausi Qadri
- International Centre for Diarrhoel Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Melita A Gordon
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Programme, Blantyre, Malawi.
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
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Boerth EM, Gong J, Roffler B, Thompson CM, Song B, Malley SF, Hirsch A, MacLennan CA, Zhang F, Malley R, Lu YJ. Induction of Broad Immunity against Invasive Salmonella Disease by a Quadrivalent Combination Salmonella MAPS Vaccine Targeting Salmonella Enterica Serovars Typhimurium, Enteritidis, Typhi, and Paratyphi A. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1671. [PMID: 38006003 PMCID: PMC10675568 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11111671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Bloodstream infections in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are most frequently attributed to invasive Salmonella disease caused by four primary serovars of Salmonella enterica: Typhi, Paratyphi A, Typhimurium, and Enteritidis. We showed previously that a bivalent vaccine targeting S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi A using a Multiple Antigen-Presenting System (MAPS) induced functional antibodies against S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi. In the current study, we describe the preclinical development of a first candidate quadrivalent combination Salmonella vaccine with the potential to cover all four leading invasive Salmonella serotypes. We showed that the quadrivalent Salmonella MAPS vaccine, containing Vi from S. Typhi, O-specific Polysaccharide (OSP) from S. Paratyphi A, S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium, combined with the Salmonella-specific protein SseB, elicits robust and functional antibody responses to each of the components of the vaccine. Our data indicates that the application of MAPS technology to the development of vaccines targeting invasive forms of Salmonella is practical and merits additional consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M. Boerth
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Joyce Gong
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Becky Roffler
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Claudette M. Thompson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Boni Song
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sasha F. Malley
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Angelika Hirsch
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Calman A. MacLennan
- Enteric & Diarrheal Diseases, Global Health, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, 500 5th Ave. N, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Fan Zhang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Richard Malley
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ying-Jie Lu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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10
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Hagedoorn NN, Murthy S, Birkhold M, Marchello CS, Crump JA. Prevalence and distribution of non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica serogroups and serovars isolated from normally sterile sites: A global systematic review. Epidemiol Infect 2023; 152:e4. [PMID: 37850326 PMCID: PMC10789991 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268823001693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
To inform coverage by potential vaccines, we aimed to systematically review evidence on the prevalence and distribution of non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica serogroups and serovars. We searched four databases from inception through 4 June 2021. Articles were included that reported at least one non-typhoidal S. enterica strain by serogroup or serovar isolated from a normally sterile site. Of serogrouped isolates, we pooled the prevalence of serogroup O:4, serogroup O:9, and other serogroups using random-effects meta-analyses. Of serotyped isolates, we pooled the prevalence of Salmonella Typhimurium (member of serogroup O:4), Salmonella Enteritidis (member of serogroup O:9), and other serovars. Of 82 studies yielding 24,253 serogrouped isolates, the pooled prevalence (95% CI) was 44.6% (36.2%-48.2%) for serogroup O:4, 45.5% (37.0%-49.1%) for serogroup O:9, and 9.9% (6.1%-13.3%) for other serogroups. Of serotyped isolates, the pooled prevalence (95%CI) was 36.8% (29.9%-44.0%) for Salmonella Typhimurium, 37.8% (33.2%-42.4%) for Salmonella Enteritidis, and 18.4% (11.4%-22.9%) for other serovars. Of global serogrouped non-typhoidal Salmonella isolates from normally sterile sites, serogroup O:4 and O:9 together accounted for 90%, and among serotyped isolates, serovars Typhimurium and Enteritidis together accounted for 75%. Vaccine development strategies covering serogroups O:4 and O:9, or serovars Typhimurium and Enteritidis, have the potential to prevent the majority of non-typhoidal Salmonella invasive disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shruti Murthy
- Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Megan Birkhold
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - John A. Crump
- Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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11
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Aruta MG, Lari E, De Simone D, Semplici B, Semplici C, Dale H, Chirwa E, Kadwala I, Mbewe M, Banda H, Iturriza-Gomara M, Gordon M, Nyirenda T, Piu P, Pizza M, Berlanda Scorza F, Grappi S, Canals R, Rossi O. Characterization of Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) for Quantification of Antibodies against Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Enteritidis O-Antigens in Human Sera. BIOTECH 2023; 12:54. [PMID: 37606441 PMCID: PMC10443281 DOI: 10.3390/biotech12030054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality caused by enteric pathogens worldwide in both children and adults, and vaccines are not yet available. The measurement of antigen-specific antibodies in the sera of vaccinated or convalescent individuals is crucial to understand the incidence of disease and the immunogenicity of vaccine candidates. A solid and standardized assay used to determine the level of specific anti-antigens IgG is therefore of paramount importance. In this work, we presented the characterization of a customized enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with continuous readouts and a standardized definition of EU/mL. We assessed various performance parameters: standard curve accuracy, dilutional linearity, intermediate precision, specificity, limits of blanks, and quantification. The simplicity of the assay, its high sensitivity and specificity coupled with its low cost and the use of basic consumables and instruments without the need of high automation makes it suitable for transfer and application to different laboratories, including resource-limiting settings where the disease is endemic. This ELISA is, therefore, fit for purpose to be used for quantification of antibodies against Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Enteritidis O-antigens in human samples, both for vaccine clinical trials and large sero-epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Grazia Aruta
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH) S.r.l., 53100 Siena, Italy; (M.G.A.); (D.D.S.); (M.I.-G.); (M.P.); (F.B.S.)
| | - Elisa Lari
- VisMederi S.r.l., 53100 Siena, Italy; (E.L.); (B.S.); (C.S.); (P.P.); (S.G.)
| | - Daniele De Simone
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH) S.r.l., 53100 Siena, Italy; (M.G.A.); (D.D.S.); (M.I.-G.); (M.P.); (F.B.S.)
| | - Bianca Semplici
- VisMederi S.r.l., 53100 Siena, Italy; (E.L.); (B.S.); (C.S.); (P.P.); (S.G.)
| | - Claudia Semplici
- VisMederi S.r.l., 53100 Siena, Italy; (E.L.); (B.S.); (C.S.); (P.P.); (S.G.)
| | - Helen Dale
- Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Trust Programme, Blantyre 30096, Malawi; (H.D.); (E.C.); (I.K.); (M.M.); (H.B.); (M.G.)
- Pathology Department, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre 312225, Malawi;
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
| | - Esmelda Chirwa
- Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Trust Programme, Blantyre 30096, Malawi; (H.D.); (E.C.); (I.K.); (M.M.); (H.B.); (M.G.)
- Pathology Department, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre 312225, Malawi;
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
| | - Innocent Kadwala
- Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Trust Programme, Blantyre 30096, Malawi; (H.D.); (E.C.); (I.K.); (M.M.); (H.B.); (M.G.)
- Pathology Department, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre 312225, Malawi;
| | - Maurice Mbewe
- Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Trust Programme, Blantyre 30096, Malawi; (H.D.); (E.C.); (I.K.); (M.M.); (H.B.); (M.G.)
- Pathology Department, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre 312225, Malawi;
| | - Happy Banda
- Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Trust Programme, Blantyre 30096, Malawi; (H.D.); (E.C.); (I.K.); (M.M.); (H.B.); (M.G.)
- Pathology Department, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre 312225, Malawi;
| | - Miren Iturriza-Gomara
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH) S.r.l., 53100 Siena, Italy; (M.G.A.); (D.D.S.); (M.I.-G.); (M.P.); (F.B.S.)
| | - Melita Gordon
- Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Trust Programme, Blantyre 30096, Malawi; (H.D.); (E.C.); (I.K.); (M.M.); (H.B.); (M.G.)
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
| | - Tonney Nyirenda
- Pathology Department, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre 312225, Malawi;
| | - Pietro Piu
- VisMederi S.r.l., 53100 Siena, Italy; (E.L.); (B.S.); (C.S.); (P.P.); (S.G.)
| | - Mariagrazia Pizza
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH) S.r.l., 53100 Siena, Italy; (M.G.A.); (D.D.S.); (M.I.-G.); (M.P.); (F.B.S.)
- Imperial College South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Francesco Berlanda Scorza
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH) S.r.l., 53100 Siena, Italy; (M.G.A.); (D.D.S.); (M.I.-G.); (M.P.); (F.B.S.)
| | - Silvia Grappi
- VisMederi S.r.l., 53100 Siena, Italy; (E.L.); (B.S.); (C.S.); (P.P.); (S.G.)
| | - Rocío Canals
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH) S.r.l., 53100 Siena, Italy; (M.G.A.); (D.D.S.); (M.I.-G.); (M.P.); (F.B.S.)
| | - Omar Rossi
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH) S.r.l., 53100 Siena, Italy; (M.G.A.); (D.D.S.); (M.I.-G.); (M.P.); (F.B.S.)
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