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Peters G, Chatelut E, Larsen A, Zaffaroni N. EORTC-related new drug discovery and development activities: role of the Pharmacology and Molecular Mechanisms Group. EJC Suppl 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6349(12)70022-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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Padrón JM, Peters GJ. Cytotoxicity of sphingoid marine compound analogs in mono- and multilayered solid tumor cell cultures. Invest New Drugs 2005; 24:195-202. [PMID: 16193239 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-005-3691-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A subset of four synthetic sphingoid marine compound analogs was chosen from a preliminary in vitro cytotoxicity study for further analysis. The selected analogs were initially screened in monolayer cultures for their anticancer potential against a panel of eight human tumor cell lines, ovarian, colon and lung cancer, squamous cell carcinoma and leukemia producing IC50 values ranging from 1.5 to 6.9 microM. In a secondary screening, the sphingoid analogs were evaluated against multilayered postconfluent cultures of A2780 ovarian cancer and WiDr colon cancer cells. In this model, compounds 5 and 8 were the most active derivatives showing EC50 values in the range 25-32 microM. The performance of 5 and 8 against both cell lines was not dependent on the cell culture model as shown with resistance factor values in the range 8-12. Cell cycle studies in HL60 leukemia cells showed an arrest in G(0)/G1 at a low drug concentration (3 microM) but accumulation in S phase at a high drug concentration (9 microM). It can be concluded that the analogs showed a cell line independent activity, with an apparent selectivity against cells grown in more physiological three-dimensional condition compared to standard anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Padrón
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Giantonio BJ, Derry C, McAleer C, McPhillips JJ, O'Dwyer PJ. Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of the cytotoxic ether lipid ilmofosine administered by weekly two-hour infusion in patients with advanced solid tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2004; 10:1282-8. [PMID: 14977826 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-0837-02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE A Phase I trial was performed to determine the dose-limiting toxicity and maximum tolerated dose, and to describe the pharmacokinetics of the alkyl-lysophospholipid, ilmofosine, when administered as a weekly 2-h infusion in patients with solid tumors. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Thirty-nine patients were entered into a trial of ilmofosine administered weekly for 4 weeks followed by a 2-week rest period. Dose escalation occurred in 10 levels from 12 to 650 mg/m(2). RESULTS Thirty-six patients were evaluable for toxicity. The median number of cycles per patient was 1 (range, 1-4). Dose-limiting gastrointestinal toxicity occurred at 650 mg/m(2) with grade 3 nausea in two patients and grade 3 vomiting and diarrhea in one patient. Grade 2 diarrhea was observed in four of six patients treated at 550 mg/m(2). In addition, two patients treated at 550 mg/m(2) and two patients treated at 650 mg/m(2) experienced a decline in performance status of two or more levels that was determined to be due to treatment. There were no tumor responses. Stabilization of disease for at least 8 weeks occurred in six patients. Plasma concentrations of ilmofosine and its sulfoxide metabolite were evaluated by high-pressure liquid chromatography. The elimination of both compounds was biexponential with terminal half-lives of approximately 40 h for ilmofosine and 48 h for the sulfoxide. The area under the concentration-time curve was dose-proportional for each compound, and there was no evidence of saturable kinetics. CONCLUSIONS The dose-limiting toxicity of ilmofosine is gastrointestinal and the recommended dose for Phase II trials is 450 mg/m(2) as a 2-h weekly infusion. The relatively long half-life of ilmofosine and its active metabolite support the use of this intermittent schedule.
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Chen L, Burger RA, Zaunbrecher GM, Cheng H, Lincoln AJ, Mallarino MC, Monk BJ, Khan SA. Protein kinase C isoform expression and activity alter paclitaxel resistance in vitro. Gynecol Oncol 1999; 72:171-9. [PMID: 10021296 DOI: 10.1006/gyno.1998.5242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to assess the relationship of protein kinase C (PKC) isoform expression and functional activity to the development of multidrug resistance in gynecologic malignancies. METHODS Paclitaxel-resistant subclones (T30 and T30-Res) of the Mes-sa human uterine sarcoma cell line were selected through exposure to paclitaxel in vitro. Indices of relative drug resistance were determined by the MTT (3-[4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl]-2, 5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide) assay. Differences in the expression pattern of PKC isoforms were assessed by Western blot of cell lysates. Finally, the influence of PKC activity (i.e., translocation to the plasma membrane, confirmed by Western blot of plasma membrane bound protein) on resistance to paclitaxel was examined with the MTT assay in cells preincubated with PMA. RESULTS The indices of relative paclitaxel resistance of Mes-sa, Mes-sa-T30, and Mes-sa-T30-Res were 1-, 5-, and 11-fold, respectively. Five (alpha, gamma, iota, lambda, and mu) of the 11 known PKC isoforms were detected in all cell lysates. Only PKC-alpha and PKC-gamma expression increased with increasing indices of paclitaxel resistance. Interestingly, PMA induction of PKC activity reversed resistance to paclitaxel in all cell lines by 2- to 3-fold, and this reversal of drug resistance was associated with a time-dependent translocation of PKC-alpha and PKC-gamma to the plasma membrane compartment. CONCLUSIONS Increased expression of only the PKC-alpha and PKC-gamma isoforms correlates with increasing levels of paclitaxel resistance in Mes-sa cells in this in vitro experimental model. However, increased functional activity of these and other PKC isoforms leads to reversal in paclitaxel resistance. Therefore, PKC activating mechanisms normally present in primary tumor cells may be compromised in drug-resistant clones.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Chen
- Southwest Cancer Center at University Medical Center, Lubbock, Texas, USA
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Elgie AW, Sargent JM, Alton P, Peters GJ, Noordhuis P, Williamson CJ, Taylor CG. Modulation of resistance to ara-C by bryostatin in fresh blast cells from patients with AML. Leuk Res 1998; 22:373-8. [PMID: 9669842 DOI: 10.1016/s0145-2126(98)00011-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bryostatin has shown promise both as a cytotoxic agent and more recently as a modulator of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C) resistance. This compound is currently in phase I and II trials as a single agent. We have used the 3-4,5-dimethylthiazol-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay as a means of investigating the direct effects of bryostatin and the effects of co-incubating this agent with ara-C on fresh blast cells from 53 patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). Additional studies evaluated the levels of accumulation and retention of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine 5'-triphosphate (ara-CTP) in cells exposed to ara-C with and without bryostatin. Cells were exposed to bryostatin at a range of concentrations (0.1-100 nM) for 48 h and at 1 nM for both modulation studies and assessment of ara-CTP production. We found bryostatin to be cytotoxic in 18/58 (31%) tests whilst potentiation of formazan production in the MTT assay was seen in 21/58 (36%) patients. On co-incubation with bryostatin, 16/58 (27%) tests showed increased cytotoxicity to ara-C. Furthermore, there was a significant increase in the accumulation of ara-CTP on co-incubation with bryostatin (p = 0.0401). We found patients with in vitro resistance were more likely to become sensitised following exposure to bryostatin (p < 0.01). This study has emphasised the need to optimise treatment regimens for individual patients using this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- A W Elgie
- Haematology Research Department, Pembury Hospital, Kent, UK
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De Jonge MJ, Verweij J. Moving the Frontiers of Cancer Chemotherapy for Solid Tumors by Changing the Scope of Drug Development. Hematology 1996; 1:183-98. [PMID: 27406612 DOI: 10.1080/10245332.1996.11746304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Our increasing knowledge on the pathogenetic mechanisms involved in the growth of cancer cells and on the molecular basis of cancer has influenced the development of anticancer agents. The realization that new targets should be evaluated for anti-cancer drug treatment has a.o. led to the introduction of the taxoids and topoisomerase I inhibitors. Attacking the known targets in a more sophisticated way led to the development of drugs with increased target specificity like Tomudex and Gemcitabine. Finally, using old drugs more efficiently by using pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic ananlysis hold a promise for the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J De Jonge
- a Dept. of Medical Oncology, Rotterdam Cancer Institute (Daniel den Hoed Kliniek) and University Hospital , Rotterdam , The Netherlands
| | - J Verweij
- a Dept. of Medical Oncology, Rotterdam Cancer Institute (Daniel den Hoed Kliniek) and University Hospital , Rotterdam , The Netherlands
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Griniatsos J, Vassilopoulos PP, Kelessis N, Agelatou R, Apostolikas N. The prognostic significance of breast tumour microcalcifications. Eur J Surg Oncol 1995; 21:601-3. [PMID: 8631402 DOI: 10.1016/s0748-7983(95)95090-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The prognostic significance of breast tumour microcalcifications has shown, so far, contradictory results. We compared two groups of breast cancer patients: in the first group, the patients showed mammographic and histological microcalcifications, whereas the second group did not. The prognostic indices for both groups included the size of the primary tumour, the number of positive axillary nodes, the histological type, the grade, the hormone-receptor status and the menopausal status. An increased number of cases with both oestrogen and progesterone receptor-positive tumours was found in the group with microcalcifications, which is a favorable prognostic sign for these patients. For the remaining prognostic indices there was no difference between the two groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Griniatsos
- 3rd Surgical Department, Hellenic Anticancer Institute, Saint-Savas Hospital, Athens, Greece
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Potter BVL, Lampe D. Die Chemie der Inositlipid-vermittelten zellulären Signalübertragung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1995. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19951071804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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von Mehren M, Giantonio BJ, McAleer C, Schilder R, McPhillips J, O'Dwyer PJ. Phase I trial of ilmofosine as a 24 hour infusion weekly. Invest New Drugs 1995; 13:205-10. [PMID: 8729947 DOI: 10.1007/bf00873801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Ilmofosine, an ether lipid derivative of lysophosphatidylcholine has antineoplastic activity in vitro and in vivo. Maximum efficacy in preclinical models is associated with prolonged exposure to the drug. In a Phase I trial of a weekly 2 hour infusion schedule of ilmofosine, a syndrome of lethargy, diminished performance status, and mild hepatotoxicity was dose-limiting at 550 mg/m2. To avoid the higher drug concentrations associated with a brief infusion, a Phase I study of a weekly 24 hour infusional schedule was undertaken in an attempt to maximize dose-intensity. Doses were escalated from 550 to 800 mg/m2. Toxicities included nausea, anorexia, fatigue, and minor elevations of liver function tests. The dose limiting toxicity at 800 mg/m2 was a syndrome of severe abdominal pain. No neutropenia or thrombocytopenia was observed except in one patient who was found to have a myelodysplastic syndrome, thought not to be related to drug therapy. The more prolonged infusion schedule of ilmofosine did not result in a substantial increase in the tolerable dose.
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Lopez Lopez R, van Rijswijk RE, Wagstaff J, Pinedo HM, Peters GJ. The synergistic and antagonistic effects of cytotoxic and biological agents on the in vitro antitumour effects of suramin. Eur J Cancer 1994; 30A:1545-9. [PMID: 7833116 DOI: 10.1016/0959-8049(94)00285-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Suramin has shown antitumour activity in vitro and in vivo. At plasma levels higher than 200 microM there is, however, excessive toxicity. We have, therefore, attempted to improve the antitumour effects of suramin in vitro by combining it with several other antitumour agents. The MCF-7 mammary carcinoma and PC3 prostate cancer cell lines were exposed continuously to suramin and the other agents for 6 days. The sulphorhodamine B (SRB) assay was used for the assessment of growth inhibition. The dose-response interactions were evaluated using the median-effect analysis with the Chou and Talalay computer programme. In the MCF-7 cell line, the combination of suramin plus doxorubicin (DXR), cisplatin (CDDP), 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) or tumour necrosis factor (TNF) resulted in synergistic growth inhibition, whilst its combination with miltefosine (HPC) was antagonistic. In the PC-3 cell line, suramin plus CDDP or TNF was synergistic, whilst its combination with DXR, 5-FU and HPC was antagonistic. All tested combinations with interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha), interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and with the combination of both IFN-alpha+IFN-gamma were not synergistic. The synergistic effect of suramin with DXR was schedule dependent. Pretreatment (addition of DXR on day 1 and suramin on days 2-5) was additive at the IC50 level, in both cell lines. Addition of DXR at day 5 was more effective than simultaneous exposure. We found a synergistic effect for the combination of suramin with CDDP and TNF in both cell lines. In addition the combination with DXR and 5-FU was synergistic in MCF-7. Sequential administration of DXR-suramin or suramin-DXR increased the growth inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Lopez Lopez
- Department of Oncology, Free University Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Lohmeyer M, Workman P. The role of intracellular free calcium mobilization in the mechanism of action of antitumour ether lipids SRI 62-834 and ET18-OMe. Biochem Pharmacol 1993; 45:77-86. [PMID: 8424826 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(93)90379-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Membrane-active antitumour ether lipids such as ET18-OMe (1-O-octadecyl-2-O-methyl-rac-glycero-3-phosphocholine) and SRI 62-834 ((+-)-2-(Hydroxy[tetrahydro-2-(octadecyloxy) methylfuran-2-yl] methoxyl phosphinyloxy)-N,N,N-trimethylethaniminium hydroxide) are selectively cytotoxic to tumour cells in vitro. Their precise mechanisms of action are unclear, but they are known to have effects on cell membranes and cell signalling. A previous report suggested that ether lipids cause a biphasic sustained rise in intracellular free calcium [Lazenby et al., Cancer Res 50: 3327-3330, 1990]. We show here that the second phase is an experimental artefact due to cell membrane permeabilization by ether lipids in serum-free buffers. In serum-free medium, the membrane toxicity of antitumour ether lipids was increased 50-60 fold, when compared to medium containing 10% serum. Membrane disruption was neither dependent on extracellular calcium, nor modulated by preloading cells with the calcium chelators bis(o-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid or 2-[[2-[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]-5-methylphenoxy]methyl]-6- methoxy-8-[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]quinoline. This indicates that the mechanism of membrane damage by ether lipids does not involve changes in calcium homeostasis. Using indo-1 and fura-2 as calcium probes, we established that lower concentrations of antitumour ether lipids do elicit a genuine monophasic and transient rise in intracellular free calcium, predominantly mobilized from internal stores. This acute calcium agonist activity of ether lipids is distinct from the inhibitory effects on cell signalling reported previously after more prolonged exposure. It appears that the calcium elevation induced by antitumour ether lipids is unlikely to be instrumental in their selective and potent antitumour activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lohmeyer
- MRC Clinical Oncology and Radiotherapeutics Unit, MRC Centre, Cambridge, U.K
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Pizao PE, Peters GJ, Van Ark-Otte J, Smets LA, Smitskamp-Wilms E, Winograd B, Pinedo HM, Giaccone G. Cytotoxic effects of anticancer agents on subconfluent and multilayered postconfluent cultures. Eur J Cancer 1993; 29A:1566-73. [PMID: 8217364 DOI: 10.1016/0959-8049(93)90296-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The cytotoxic effects of conventional (doxorubicin, 5-fluorouracil, cisplatin) and investigational (2',2'-difluorodeoxycytidine, hexadecylphosphocholine, EO9, rhizoxin) anticancer drugs were studied in subconfluent and multilayered postconfluent cultures of human colon and ovarian carcinoma cell lines. Chemosensitivity was assessed 4 days after a 24-h drug exposure with the sulphorhodamine B assay. Except for rhizoxin, all drugs tested yielded an EC50 (drug concentration producing absorbance readings 50% lower than those of non-treated wells) in postconfluent cultures that were higher than an EC50 obtained with subconfluent cultures. Compared with subconfluent cultures, postconfluent cultures showed decreased cellular nucleotide concentrations and ATP/ADP ratios, in addition to an increased percentage of G0/G1 cells. The activity of DT-diaphorase, a reductase involved in the bioactivation of EO9, was similar in sub- and postconfluent cultures. These results indicate similarity of the postconfluent model presented with those obtained with in vivo models and more complex in vitro techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- P E Pizao
- Department of Oncology, Free University Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Schwartsmann G, Workman P. Anticancer drug screening and discovery in the 1990s: a European perspective. Eur J Cancer 1993; 29A:3-14. [PMID: 1445743 DOI: 10.1016/0959-8049(93)90567-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G Schwartsmann
- Department of Oncology, Free University Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Harguindey S, Cragoe EJ. The Na+/H+ antiporter in oncology in the light of the spontaneous regression of cancer and cell metabolism. Med Hypotheses 1992; 39:229-37. [PMID: 1335544 DOI: 10.1016/0306-9877(92)90114-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Multiple metabolic and biochemical interrelationships, as well as the most recent views on mechanisms of malignant cell growth, proliferation, and oncogen activity mediated by the Na+/H+ antiporter, can be integrated from the unitarian point of view of the dynamics of the hydrogen ion to parallel pH-related mechanisms involved in the Spontaneous Regression (SR) of some malignant tumors. Also, pH-related growth inhibitors of the amiloride series are considered as possible agents to be used in the adjuvant and co-adjuvant treatment of some human tumors as well as in the control of the metastatic process and in overcoming cancer multidrug resistance (MDR).
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Workman P. Emerging from a crisis in anticancer drug discovery? Screening versus design: confessions of an optimistic fence-sitter. Ann Oncol 1992; 3:699-705. [PMID: 1450058 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.annonc.a058320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- P Workman
- Cancer Research Campaign Beatson Laboratories, CRC Department of Medical Oncology, University of Glasgow, Scotland
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Affiliation(s)
- P Workman
- CRC Department of Medical Oncology, University of Glagow, Scotland
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Milano G, Cassuto-Viguier E, Fischel JL, Formento P, Renée N, Frenay M, Thyss A, Namer M. Doxorubicin weekly low dose administration: in vitro cytotoxicity generated by the typical pharmacokinetic profile. Eur J Cancer 1992; 28A:1881-5. [PMID: 1389531 DOI: 10.1016/0959-8049(92)90028-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The cytotoxic effects of prolonged exposure to low concentrations of doxorubicin or a doxorubicin bolus were examined in vitro on four human breast cancer cell lines to simulate the plasma concentration profile of weekly low-dose (WLD) doxorubicin in breast cancer patients. Cells were exposed to doxorubicin for various prolonged times (24, 72, 120 and 192 h) and with different drug concentrations (5, 10, 20, 50 and 80 nmol/l). In a series of parallel experiments, cell lines were placed in contact with the drug for short periods (1 h) before prolonged exposure to doxorubicin; the concentrations of these pulses were 150, 250 and 350 nmol/l. A constant decrease in tritiated thymidine incorporation was noted as a function of the drug concentration and the duration of the cell contact with the drug. Interestingly the lowest concentrations (5-10 nmol/l) produced marked cytotoxic effects. For equivalent concentration x time values, experiments including doxorubicin pulses resulted in greater cytotoxicity than continuous exposure alone, in a dose-related manner. This finding was related to differences in intracellular doxorubicin concentrations. Results suggest that the rather empirically designed WLD doxorubicin schedule can generate greater cytotoxic effects than continuous doxorubicin administration alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Milano
- Oncopharmacology Laboratory, Centre Antoine-Lacassagne, Nice, France
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Stevens MFG. Is there a future for the small molecule in developmental cancer chemotherapy? CANCER BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 1992. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-0385-2_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- H H Grunicke
- Institut für Medizinische Chemie und Biochemie, University of Innsbruck, Austria
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