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Li L, Zhang L, Luo L, Shen F, Zhao Y, Wu H, Huang Y, Hou R, Yue B, Zhang X. Adaptive Expression and ncRNA Regulation of Genes Related to Digestion and Metabolism in Stomach of Red Pandas during Suckling and Adult Periods. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1795. [PMID: 38929414 PMCID: PMC11200446 DOI: 10.3390/ani14121795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 06/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Red pandas evolved from carnivores to herbivores and are unique within Carnivora. Red pandas and carnivorous mammals consume milk during the suckling period, while they consume bamboo and meat during the adult period, respectively. Red pandas and carnivorous mammal ferrets have a close phylogenetic relationship. To further investigate the molecular mechanisms of dietary changes and nutrient utilization in red pandas from suckling to adult, comparative analysis of the whole transcriptome was performed on stomach tissues from red pandas and ferrets during the suckling and adult periods. The main results are as follows: (1) we identified ncRNAs for the first time in stomach tissues of both species, and found significant expression changes of 109 lncRNAs and 106 miRNAs in red pandas and 756 lncRNAs and 109 miRNAs in ferrets between the two periods; (2) up-regulated genes related to amino acid transport regulated by lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA networks may efficiently utilize limited bamboo amino acids in adult red pandas, while up-regulated genes related to amino acid degradation regulated by lncRNAs may maintain the balance of amino acid metabolism due to larger daily intakes in adult ferrets; and (3) some up-regulated genes related to lipid digestion may contribute to the utilization of rich nutrients in milk for the rapid growth and development of suckling red pandas, while up-regulated genes associated with linoleic acid metabolism regulated by lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA networks may promote cholesterol decomposition to reduce health risks for carnivorous adult ferrets. Collectively, our study offers evidence of gene expression adaptation and ncRNA regulation in response to specific dietary changes and nutrient utilization in red pandas during suckling and adult periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (L.L.); (L.L.); (Y.Z.); (B.Y.)
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- The Sichuan Key Laboratory for Conservation Biology of Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu 610081, China; (L.Z.); (F.S.); (R.H.)
| | - Lijun Luo
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (L.L.); (L.L.); (Y.Z.); (B.Y.)
| | - Fujun Shen
- The Sichuan Key Laboratory for Conservation Biology of Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu 610081, China; (L.Z.); (F.S.); (R.H.)
| | - Yanni Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (L.L.); (L.L.); (Y.Z.); (B.Y.)
| | - Honglin Wu
- China Conservation and Research Center for the Giant Panda, Dujiangyan 611800, China; (H.W.); (Y.H.)
| | - Yan Huang
- China Conservation and Research Center for the Giant Panda, Dujiangyan 611800, China; (H.W.); (Y.H.)
| | - Rong Hou
- The Sichuan Key Laboratory for Conservation Biology of Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu 610081, China; (L.Z.); (F.S.); (R.H.)
| | - Bisong Yue
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (L.L.); (L.L.); (Y.Z.); (B.Y.)
| | - Xiuyue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (L.L.); (L.L.); (Y.Z.); (B.Y.)
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Rao YF, Wang J, Cheng DN, Xu Y, Ren X, Yang W, Liu G, Xu W, Yan XH, Song Y, Zheng YB, An P, Zhong DL, He ZP, Ren JJ, Zhao Y. The Controversy of Pepsinogen A/Pepsin A in Detecting Extra-Gastroesophageal Reflux. J Voice 2023; 37:748-756. [PMID: 34090740 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2021.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pepsinogen A (PGA)/pepsin A is often used as a diagnostic marker of extra-gastroesophageal reflux. We aimed to explore whether its positivity in upper aerodigestive tract (UADT) was specific enough to diagnose reflux. METHODS PGA/pepsin A protein levels were examined in 10 types of tissues and 10 types of body fluid by immunological staining, western blot or Elisa, using three different commercially available brands simultaneously. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry parallel reaction monitoring (LC-MS/MS PRM) served as a gold reference for the detection of PGA/pepsin A proteins. PGA gene expression was analyzed by reverse transcriptase sequencing methods for tissue samples. Specifically, 24 hour pH monitoring technique was conducted for patients who donated saliva samples. RESULTS Eight out of ten types of human tissue samples (stomach, esophagus, lung, kidney, colon, parotid gland, nasal turbinate and nasal polyps) were confirmed positive for PGA/pepsin A gene and protein by genetic and PRM technique, respectively. Two out of ten types of body fluid samples (gastric fluid, urine) were confirmed positive for PGA/pepsin A protein by PRM technique. The consistence rates of PGA/pepsin A positivity among three commercial antibody brands and Elisa kit were poor, and Elisa results of salivary did not match with 24-hour pH monitoring. CONCLUSIONS Multiple tissues and body fluid could be detected baseline expression levels of PGA/pepsin A gene and protein. However, those commercially available PGA/pepsin A antibodies achieved poor sensitivity and specificity, therefore, relying on the detection of PGA/pepsin A in UADT by single antibodies to diagnose extra-gastroesophageal reflux without a specific positive cut-off value is unreliable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Fang Rao
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, and West China Biomedical Big Data Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, and West China Biomedical Big Data Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Dan-Ni Cheng
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, and West China Biomedical Big Data Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, and West China Biomedical Big Data Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xue Ren
- Institute of statistics and management, Shanghai University of Finance and Economics, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Yang
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, and West China Biomedical Big Data Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Geoffrey Liu
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Wei Xu
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Biostatistics, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Xiao-Hong Yan
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, and West China Biomedical Big Data Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yao Song
- Institute of statistics and management, Shanghai University of Finance and Economics, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong-Bo Zheng
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, and West China Biomedical Big Data Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Ping An
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, and West China Biomedical Big Data Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Da-Lin Zhong
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, and West China Biomedical Big Data Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Zhao-Ping He
- Department of Biomedical Research, Nemours/Alfred I.duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, Delaware, USA
| | - Jian-Jun Ren
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, and West China Biomedical Big Data Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China.; Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada..
| | - Yu Zhao
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, and West China Biomedical Big Data Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China..
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Grahame DSA, Dupuis JH, Bryksa BC, Tanaka T, Yada RY. Comparative bioinformatic and structural analyses of pepsin and renin. Enzyme Microb Technol 2020; 141:109632. [PMID: 33051007 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2020.109632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pepsin, the archetypal pepsin-like aspartic protease, is irreversibly denatured when exposed to neutral pH conditions whereas renin, a structural homologue of pepsin, is fully stable and optimally active in the same conditions despite sharing highly similar enzyme architecture. To gain insight into the structural determinants of differential aspartic protease pH stability, the present study used comparative bioinformatic and structural analyses. In pepsin, an abundance of polar and aspartic acid residues were identified, a common trait with other acid-stable enzymes. Conversely, renin was shown to have increased levels of basic amino acids. In both pepsin and renin, the solvent exposure of these charged groups was high. Having similar overall acidic residue content, the solvent-exposed basic residues may allow for extensive salt bridge formation in renin, whereas in pepsin, these residues are protonated and serve to form stabilizing hydrogen bonds at low pH. Relative differences in structure and sequence in the turn and joint regions of the β-barrel and ψ-loop in both the N- and C-terminal lobes were identified as regions of interest in defining divergent pH stability. Compared to the structural rigidity of renin, pepsin has more instability associated with the N-terminus, specifically the B/C connector. By contrast, renin exhibits greater C-terminal instability in turn and connector regions. Overall, flexibility differences in connector regions, and amino acid composition, particularly in turn and joint regions of the β-barrel and ψ-loops, likely play defining roles in determining pH stability for renin and pepsin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas S A Grahame
- Department of Food Science, Ontario Agricultural College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - John H Dupuis
- Food, Nutrition, and Health Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Brian C Bryksa
- Department of Food Science, Ontario Agricultural College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Takuji Tanaka
- Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A8 Canada
| | - Rickey Y Yada
- Department of Food Science, Ontario Agricultural College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada; Food, Nutrition, and Health Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4 Canada.
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4
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Investigation of a link between raised levels of pepsinogen in blood as a mediator of in-vitro clot lysis in acid and a cause of abnormal factor XIII screening tests. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2014; 25:340-8. [DOI: 10.1097/mbc.0000000000000037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Athauda SBP, Nishigai M, Arakawa H, Ikai A, Ukai M, Takahashi K. Inhibition of Human Pepsin and Gastricsin by α2-Macroglobulin. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2013; 18:219-24. [PMID: 14506912 DOI: 10.1080/1475636031000101246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The inhibitory effects of human alpha2-macroglobulin (alpha2-M), a major plasma proteinase inhibitor, on human pepsin and gastricsin were investigated. The activities of pepsin and gastricsin towards a protein substrate (reduced and carboxymethylated ribonuclease A) were significantly inhibited by alpha2-M at pH 5.5, whereas those towards a peptide substrate (oxidized insulin B-chain) were scarcely inhibited. Under these conditions at pH 5.5, pepsin and gastricsin cleaved alpha2-M mainly at the His694-Ala695 bond and Leu697-Val698 bond, respectively, in the bait regions sequence of alpha2-M. The conformation of alpha2-M was also shown to be markedly altered upon inhibition of these enzymes as examined by native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and electron microscopy. These results show the entrapment and concomitant inhibition of those proteinases by alpha2-M.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senarath B P Athauda
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry, School of Life Science, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
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Inokuchi T, Ikuzawa M, Yamazaki S, Watanabe Y, Shiota K, Katoh T, Kobayashi KI. Molecular cloning of pepsinogens A and C from adult newt (Cynops pyrrhogaster) stomach. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 165:226-35. [PMID: 23701991 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2013.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2012] [Revised: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The full-length cDNAs of three pepsinogens (Pgs) were cloned from the stomach of newt, Cynops pyrrhogaster, and nucleotide sequences of the full-length cDNAs were determined. Molecular phylogenetic analysis showed that two Pgs, named PgC1 and PgC2, belong to the pepsinogen C group, and one Pg, named PgA, belongs to the pepsinogen A group. The sequences contain an open reading frame (ORF) encoding 385 amino acid residues for PgC1, 383 amino acid residues for PgC2 and 377 amino acid residues for PgA. In addition, all of the three amino acid sequences conserve some unique characteristics such as six cysteine residues and putative active site two aspartic acid residues. All of the pepsinogen mRNAs were detected in the stomach by RT-PCR but not in other organs. Although a slight difference at the time of the start of expression was seen among the three pepsinogen genes, all of them were expressed in the larval stage after hatching. This is the first report on cloning of pepsinogens from urodele stomach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomofumi Inokuchi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Education, Utsunomiya University, 350 Mine, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, 321-8505, Japan.
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Narita Y, Oda SI, Takenaka O, Kageyama T. Lineage-specific duplication and loss of pepsinogen genes in hominoid evolution. J Mol Evol 2010; 70:313-24. [PMID: 20349055 DOI: 10.1007/s00239-010-9320-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2009] [Accepted: 01/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Fourteen different pepsinogen-A cDNAs and one pepsinogen-C cDNA have been cloned from gastric mucosa of the orangutan, Pongo pygmaeus. Encoded pepsinogens A were classified into two groups, i.e., types A1 and A2, which are different in acidic character. The occurrence of 9 and 5 alleles of A1 and A2 genes (at least 5 and 3 loci), respectively was anticipated. Respective orthologous genes are present in the chimpanzee genome although their copy numbers are much smaller than those of the orangutan genes. Only A1 genes are present in the human probably due to the loss of the A2 gene. Molecular phylogenetic analyses showed that A1 and A2 genes diverged before the speciation of great hominoids. Further reduplications of respective genes occurred several times in the orangutan lineage, with much higher frequencies than those occurred in the chimpanzee and human lineages. The rates of non-synonymous substitutions were higher than those of synonymous ones in the lineage of A2 genes, implying the contribution of the positive selection on the encoded enzymes. Several sites of pepsin moieties were indeed found to be under positive selection, and most of them locate on the surface of the molecule, being involved in the conformational flexibility. Deduced from the known genomic structures of pepsinogen-A genes of primates and other mammals, the duplication/loss were frequent during their evolution. The extreme multiplication in the orangutan might be advantageous for digestion of herbaceous foods due to the increase in the level of enzymes in stomach and the diversification of enzyme specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Narita
- Center for Human Evolution Modeling Research, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama 484-8506, Japan.
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Ito H, Hirono T, Morita Y, Nemoto Y, Kim YT, Takahashi K. Novel peptide-based pepsin inhibitors containing an epoxide group. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2008; 23:352-6. [DOI: 10.1080/14756360701611910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hisashi Ito
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Aoyama Gakuin University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 229-8558, Japan
| | - Tomoko Hirono
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Aoyama Gakuin University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 229-8558, Japan
| | - Yusuke Morita
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Aoyama Gakuin University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 229-8558, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Nemoto
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Aoyama Gakuin University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 229-8558, Japan
| | - Yong-Tae Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Aoyama Gakuin University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 229-8558, Japan
- Protein Research Group, RIKEN Genomic Sciences Center, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Kenji Takahashi
- Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
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Tanji M, Yakabe E, Kageyama T, Yokobori SI, Ichinose M, Miki K, Ito H, Takahashi K. Purification and characterization of pepsinogens from the gastric mucosa of African coelacanth, Latimeria chalumnae, and properties of the major pepsins. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2007; 146:412-20. [PMID: 17258488 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2006.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2006] [Revised: 11/27/2006] [Accepted: 11/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Two major pepsinogens, PG1 and PG2, and one minor pepsinogen, PG3, were purified from the gastric mucosa of African coelacanth, Latimeria chalumnae (Actinistia). PG1 and PG2 were much less acidic than PG3. Their molecular masses were estimated by SDS-PAGE to be 37.0, 37.0 and 39.3 kD, respectively. When incubated at pH 2.0, PG1 and PG2 were converted autocatalytically to the mature pepsins through an intermediate form, whereas PG3 was converted to an intermediate form, but not to the mature pepsin autocatalytically. The N-terminal sequencing indicated that the 42 residue sequences of the propeptides of PG1 and PG2 were essentially identical with each other, but different from that of PG3. A phylogenetic tree based on the N-terminal propeptide sequences indicates that PG1 and PG2 belong to the pepsinogen A group, and PG3 to the pepsinogen C group. From the phylogenetic comparison, coelacanth PG1 and PG2 appear to be evolutionally closer to tetrapod pepsinogens A than ray-finned fish pepsinogens A, consistent with the traditional systematics. Pepsins 1 and 2 were essentially identical with each other and rather similar to mammalian pepsins A in the pH optimum toward hemoglobin (pH 2-2.5), the cleavage specificity toward oxidized insulin B chain and strong inhibition by pepstatin, except that they possessed a significant level of activity in the higher pH range unlike mammalian pepsins A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masao Tanji
- Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan
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Athauda S, Yoshioka K, Shiba T, Takahashi K. Isolation and characterization of recombinant Drosophila Copia aspartic proteinase. Biochem J 2006; 399:535-42. [PMID: 16813567 PMCID: PMC1615899 DOI: 10.1042/bj20060800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2006] [Revised: 06/27/2006] [Accepted: 07/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The wild type Copia Gag precursor protein of Drosophila melanogaster expressed in Escherichia coli was shown to be processed autocatalytically to generate two daughter proteins with molecular masses of 33 and 23 kDa on SDS/PAGE. The active-site motif of aspartic proteinases, Asp-Ser-Gly, was present in the 23 kDa protein corresponding to the C-terminal half of the precursor protein. The coding region of this daughter protein (152 residues) in the copia gag gene was expressed in E. coli to produce the recombinant enzyme protein as inclusion bodies, which was then purified and refolded to create the active enzyme. Using the peptide substrate His-Gly-Ile-Ala-Phe-Met-Val-Lys-Glu-Val-Asn (cleavage site: Phe-Met) designed on the basis of the sequence of the cleavage-site region of the precursor protein, the enzymatic properties of the proteinase were investigated. The optimum pH and temperature of the proteinase toward the synthetic peptide were 4.0 and 70 degrees C respectively. The proteolytic activity was increased with increasing NaCl concentration in the reaction mixture, the optimum concentration being 2 M. Pepstatin A strongly inhibited the enzyme, with a Ki value of 15 nM at pH 4.0. On the other hand, the active-site residue mutant, in which the putative catalytic aspartic acid residue was mutated to an alanine residue, had no activity. These results show that the Copia proteinase belongs to the family of aspartic proteinases including HIV proteinase. The B-chain of oxidized bovine insulin was hydrolysed at the Leu15-Tyr16 bond fairly selectively. Thus the recombinant Copia proteinase partially resembles HIV proteinase, but is significantly different from it in certain aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senarath B. P. Athauda
- *Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- †Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry, School of Life Science, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
- ‡Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
- §Institute of Fundamental Studies, Kandy, Sri Lanka
| | - Katsuji Yoshioka
- ∥Division of Molecular Cell Signaling, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-0934, Japan
| | - Tadayoshi Shiba
- ¶Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Kitasato University, Kanagawa 228-8555, Japan
| | - Kenji Takahashi
- *Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- †Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry, School of Life Science, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
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11
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Athauda S, Matsumoto K, Rajapakshe S, Kuribayashi M, Kojima M, Kubomura-Yoshida N, Iwamatsu A, Shibata C, Inoue H, Takahashi K. Enzymic and structural characterization of nepenthesin, a unique member of a novel subfamily of aspartic proteinases. Biochem J 2004; 381:295-306. [PMID: 15035659 PMCID: PMC1133788 DOI: 10.1042/bj20031575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2003] [Revised: 03/22/2004] [Accepted: 03/22/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Carnivorous plants are known to secrete acid proteinases to digest prey, mainly insects, for nitrogen uptake. In the present study, we have purified, for the first time, to homogeneity two acid proteinases (nepenthesins I and II) from the pitcher fluid of Nepenthes distillatoria (a pitcher-plant known locally as badura) and investigated their enzymic and structural characteristics. Both enzymes were optimally active at pH approx. 2.6 towards acid-denatured haemoglobin; the specificity of nepenthesin I towards oxidized insulin B chain appears to be similar, but slightly wider than those of other APs (aspartic proteinases). Among the enzymic properties, however, the most notable is their unusual stability: both enzymes were remarkably stable at or below 50 degrees C, especially nepenthesin I was extremely stable over a wide range of pH from 3 to 10 for over 30 days. This suggests an evolutionary adaptation of the enzymes to their specific habitat. We have also cloned the cDNAs and deduced the complete amino acid sequences of the precursors of nepenthesins I and II (437 and 438 residues respectively) from the pitcher tissue of N. gracilis. Although the corresponding mature enzymes (each 359 residues) are homologous with ordinary pepsin-type APs, both enzymes had a high content of cysteine residues (12 residues/molecule), which are assumed to form six unique disulphide bonds as suggested by computer modelling and are supposed to contribute towards the remarkable stability of nepenthesins. Moreover, the amino acid sequence identity of nepenthesins with ordinary APs, including plant vacuolar APs, is remarkably low (approx. 20%), and phylogenetic comparison shows that nepenthesins are distantly related to them to form a novel subfamily of APs with a high content of cysteine residues and a characteristic insertion, named 'the nepenthesin-type AP-specific insertion', that includes a large number of novel, orthologous plant APs emerging in the gene/protein databases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senarath B. P. Athauda
- *Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry, School of Life Science, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
- †Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya and Institute of Fundamental Studies, Kandy, Sri Lanka
| | - Koji Matsumoto
- *Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry, School of Life Science, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Sanath Rajapakshe
- †Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya and Institute of Fundamental Studies, Kandy, Sri Lanka
| | - Masayuki Kuribayashi
- *Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry, School of Life Science, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Masaki Kojima
- *Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry, School of Life Science, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Nobuko Kubomura-Yoshida
- ‡Central Laboratories for Key Technology, Kirin Brewery Co., Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
| | - Akihiro Iwamatsu
- ‡Central Laboratories for Key Technology, Kirin Brewery Co., Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
| | - Chiaki Shibata
- §Department of Biology, Nippon Dental University, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8159, Japan
| | - Hideshi Inoue
- *Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry, School of Life Science, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Kenji Takahashi
- *Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry, School of Life Science, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (e-mail )
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12
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Tress U, Steiner JM, Ruaux CG, Suchodolski JS, Williams DA. Purification and partial characterization of feline pepsinogen. Am J Vet Res 2004; 65:1195-9. [PMID: 15478764 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2004.65.1195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To purify and partially characterize feline pepsinogen (fPG) from the gastric mucosa and compare fPG with PGs of other species. SAMPLE POPULATION Stomachs of 6 cats. PROCEDURE A crude protein extract was prepared from the gastric mucosa of feline stomachs. Feline PG A was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation, weak-anion-exchange chromatography, size-exclusion chromatography, and strong-anion exchange chromatography. Partial characterization consisted of estimation of molecular weights (MWs) and isoelectric points, N-terminal amino acid sequencing, and investigation of susceptibility to pepstatin inhibition. RESULTS Several fPG A-group isoforms were identified. The MWs of the isoforms ranged from 37,000 to 44,820. Isoelectric points were all < pH 3.0. The proteolytic activity of the activated PGs was inhibited completely by pepstatin in a range of equimolar to 10-fold molar excess. The specific absorbance of fPG A was 1.29. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of the first 25 residues of the predominant fPG A7 had 75%, 72%, 64%, and 56% homology with PG A of dogs, rabbits, cattle, and humans, respectively. Sequences of 4 other fPG A-group isoforms were similar to fPG A7. All isoforms were immunologically cross-reactive with sheep anti-fPG A7 antiserum. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE PG A is the only identified type of PG in cats and, similar to pg in other species, comprises multiple isoforms. The availability of fPG A may be used to facilitate the development of an immunoassay to quantify serum fPG A as a potential marker for gastric disorders in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Tress
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4474, USA
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13
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Narita Y, Oda S, Takenaka O, Kageyama T. Phylogenetic position of Eulipotyphla inferred from the cDNA sequences of pepsinogens A and C. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2001; 21:32-42. [PMID: 11603935 DOI: 10.1006/mpev.2001.0996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Although to date the phylogenetic position of the provisional order Eulipotyphla has been assessed by various molecular markers, it has not been conclusively clarified due to low statistical supporting values and inconsistent results. To clarify the phylogenetic position of Eulipotyphla, we cloned cDNAs for pepsinogens A and C from five mammalian species belonging to four different orders and determined their nucleotide sequences. Molecular phylogenetic analysis based on the 1st and 2nd codon positions of the protein-coding region of cDNA sequences strongly supported the close relationship between Eulipotyphla and Chiroptera. Carnivora was found to be a sister group to these two orders. The monophyly of the order Rodentia and that of the cohort Glires (Rodentia and Lagomorpha) was also shown by the present phylogenetic trees of pepsinogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Narita
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama 484-8506, Japan
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14
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Richter C, Tanaka T, Yada RY. Mechanism of activation of the gastric aspartic proteinases: pepsinogen, progastricsin and prochymosin. Biochem J 1998; 335 ( Pt 3):481-90. [PMID: 9794784 PMCID: PMC1219805 DOI: 10.1042/bj3350481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The gastric aspartic proteinases (pepsin A, pepsin B, gastricsin and chymosin) are synthesized in the gastric mucosa as inactive precursors, known as zymogens. The gastric zymogens each contain a prosegment (i.e. additional residues at the N-terminus of the active enzyme) that serves to stabilize the inactive form and prevent entry of the substrate to the active site. Upon ingestion of food, each of the zymogens is released into the gastric lumen and undergoes conversion into active enzyme in the acidic gastric juice. This activation reaction is initiated by the disruption of electrostatic interactions between the prosegment and the active enzyme moiety at acidic pH values. The conversion of the zymogen into its active form is a complex process, involving a series of conformational changes and bond cleavage steps that lead to the unveiling of the active site and ultimately the removal and dissociation of the prosegment from the active centre of the enzyme. During this activation reaction, both the prosegment and the active enzyme undergo changes in conformation, and the proteolytic cleavage of the prosegment can occur in one or more steps by either an intra- or inter-molecular reaction. This variability in the mechanism of proteolysis appears to be attributable in part to the structure of the prosegment. Because of the differences in the activation mechanisms among the four types of gastric zymogens and between species of the same zymogen type, no single model of activation can be proposed. The mechanism of activation of the gastric aspartic proteinases and the contribution of the prosegment to this mechanism are discussed, along with future directions for research.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Richter
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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15
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Minn I, Kim HS, Kim SC. Antimicrobial peptides derived from pepsinogens in the stomach of the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1998; 1407:31-9. [PMID: 9639668 DOI: 10.1016/s0925-4439(98)00023-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Three antimicrobial peptides, which had strong antimicrobial activity against a broad spectrum of microorganisms, were isolated from the stomach of the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana. Two of the antimicrobial peptides were found to be derived from the N-terminal sequences of pepsinogen A and C prosequences. The amino acid sequences of the new antimicrobial peptides, named bullfrog pepsinogen A-derived antimicrobial peptide (bPaAP) and bullfrog pepsinogen C-derived antimicrobial peptide (bPcAP), were Gly-Val-Val-Lys-Val-Ser-Arg-Leu-Lys-Gly-Glu-Ser-Leu-Arg-Ala-Arg-Leu (MW 1865.5) and Ile-Ile-Lys-Val-Pro-Leu-Lys-Lys-Phe-Lys-Ser-Met-Arg-Glu-Val-Met-Arg-A sp-His-Gly-Ile-Lys-Ala-Pro-Val-Val-Asp-Pro-Ala-Thr-Lys-Tyr (MW 3691.6), respectively. The bPaAP and bPcAP adopted 35% and 42% amphipathic alpha-helical structure in 50% trifluoroethanol, respectively, and were non-hemolytic up to a concentration of 200 microg/ml. Synthesized pepsinogen C prosequences of monkey and human, which had similar structural characteristics as bPaAP and bPcAP, also showed antimicrobial activity at concentrations of 10-200 microg/ml. The third peptide was buforin I, previously found in the stomach of the Asian toad, Bufo bufo gargarizans. These findings strongly suggest that peptides derived from the prosequences of pepsinogens, along with buforin I, may contribute to the antimicrobial function of the gastrointestinal mucosa of vertebrates, including human.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Minn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 373-1 Yusong-gu, Kusong-dong, Taejon 305-701, South Korea
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16
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Ishizuya-Oka A, Inokuchi T, Ueda S. Thyroid hormone-induced apoptosis of larval cells and differentiation of pepsinogen-producing cells in the stomach of Xenopus laevis in vitro. Differentiation 1998; 63:59-68. [PMID: 9674115 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-0436.1998.6320059.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
It is generally known that the anuran stomach begins to express pepsinogens (Pg) during metamorphosis. To clarify the mechanisms of differentiation of Pg-producing cells, we examined immunohistochemically the epithelial transformation from larval to adult form in Xenopus laevis stomach at the cellular level. At the beginning of metamorphic climax, concomitantly with the modification of the basement membrane, apoptotic cells labelled by TUNEL suddenly increased in number in the entire epithelium except for the primordia of adult epithelial cells in the basal region of larval glands. Subsequently, with the development of connective tissue, the adult epithelial cells actively proliferated and replaced the larval cells from the basal to the luminal region. Following the start of morphogenesis of adult glands, Pg-producing cells became differentiated in newly formed adult glands, but not in the adult surface epithelium. We then developed an organ culture system and examined effects of thyroid hormone (TH) on the differentiation of Pg-producing cells in X. laevis stomach in vitro. In the presence of TH, just as in spontaneous metamorphosis, Pg-producing cells differentiated from the adult epithelial primordia after the apoptosis of larval epithelial cells. In contrast, in the absence of TH, neither apoptotic larval cells no Pg-producing cells were detected. Therefore, we conclude that TH triggers organ-autonomously the entire process leading to the differentiation of Pg-producing cells in X. laevis stomach. In addition, the strict localization of Pg-producing cells in the adult glands both in vivo and in vitro suggests the correlation between the differentiation of Pg-producing cells and morphogenesis of the glands surrounded by the developed connective tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ishizuya-Oka
- Department of Histology and Neurobiology, Dokkyo University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan
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17
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Athauda SB, Inoue H, Iwamatsu A, Takahashi K. Acid proteinase from Nepenthes distillatoria (Badura). ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1998; 436:453-8. [PMID: 9561252 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-5373-1_62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S B Athauda
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry, Molecular Science Division, School of Life Science, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, Japan
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18
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Khan AR, Cherney MM, Tarasova NI, James MN. Structural characterization of activation 'intermediate 2' on the pathway to human gastricsin. NATURE STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 1997; 4:1010-5. [PMID: 9406551 DOI: 10.1038/nsb1297-1010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The crystal structure of an activation intermediate of human gastricsin has been determined at 2.4 A resolution. The human digestive enzyme gastricsin (pepsin C) is an aspartic proteinase that is synthesized as the inactive precursor (zymogen) progastricsin (pepsinogen C or hPGC). In the zymogen, a positively-charged N-terminal prosegment of 43 residues (Ala 1p-Leu 43p; the suffix 'p' refers to the prosegment) sterically prevents the approach of a substrate to the active site. Zymogen conversion occurs in an autocatalytic and stepwise fashion at low pH through the formation of intermediates. The structure of the non-covalent complex of a partially-cleaved peptide of the prosegment (Ala 1p-Phe 26p) with mature gastricsin (Ser 1-Ala 329) suggests an activation pathway that may be common to all gastric aspartic proteinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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19
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Abstract
It has previously been assumed that, in contrast to porcine pepsinogen, the human pepsinogens are not phosphorylated. The present investigations show that phosphorylation does contribute to the electrophoretic heterogeneity of the human pepsinogens. A new chromatographic method for analysis of phosphoamino acid was developed. Quantitative determinations of phosphoserine were carried out after hydrolysis in 6 mol l-1 HCl (4 h, 110 degrees C). The recovery value of an authentic sample of phosphoserine, treated in parallel with the unknown samples, was used for calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Jensen
- Department of Protein Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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20
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Pletschke BI, Naudé RJ, Oelofsen W. Ostrich pepsins I and II: a kinetic and thermodynamic investigation. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 1995; 27:1293-302. [PMID: 8581825 DOI: 10.1016/1357-2725(95)00092-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B I Pletschke
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Port Elizabeth, South Africa
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21
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Inokuchi T, Kobayashi K, Horiuchi S. Isolation of pepsinogen A from gastric mucosa of bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 1995; 111:111-7. [PMID: 7749631 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(94)00219-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Two pepsinogens, named pepsinogens II-2 and III, were purified from the gastric mucosa of the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana. The two pepsinogens were distinct from each other with respect to activation rate, sensitivity to pepstatin, amino acid composition, immunogenicity and NH2-terminal sequence. The analysis of NH2-terminal sequence showed that pepsinogen II-2 is identical to progastricsin from the bullfrog esophagus. Pepsinogen III was thought to be pepsinogen A, which has so far not been found in the bullfrog.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Inokuchi
- Life Science Institute, Sophia University, Tokyo, Japan
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22
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Roberts NB, Peek K, Keen JN, Taylor WH. Five human gastric aspartic proteinases: N-terminal amino acid sequences and amino acid composition. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 1995; 27:133-7. [PMID: 7767781 DOI: 10.1016/1357-2725(94)00085-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Human pepsin A consists of 4 or more isoenzymes (designated 1, 3a, 3b and 3c) one of which, pepsin 1, contains up to 50% carbohydrate moieties. The amino-acid composition and N-terminal sequence of pepsin 1 and the other isoforms have been determined and compared with data obtained for pepsin 3b and gastricsin (pepsin C or pepsin 5). Pepsins were isolated from penta-gastrin stimulated gastric juice using repetitive chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, or high performance ion-exchange chromatography. Sequencing was performed using automated solid-phase Edman degradation with a microsequence facility. The amino-acid compositions were similar for pepsins 1, 3a, b and c and the N-terminal sequences of pepsins 1, 3a and c, reported for the first time, were shown to be identical with that for pepsin 3b (the main component of pepsin A) although residue 28 was unassigned in pepsin 1. Residue 30 in all four isoenzymes is valine and we cannot confirm reports of major pepsins with leucine in this position. For gastricsin the sequence differed from the pepsin isoenzymes and in position 24 we find pro rather than ala as was first described. These observations suggest that pepsin 1 is identical to 3b or a mixture of 3a, 3b and 3c but not gastricsin. This data supports the hypotheses that the four pepsin isoenzymes are products of the same gene(s) but have undergone varying levels of post translational modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- N B Roberts
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, U.K
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23
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Athauda SB, Arakawa H, Takahashi T, Nishigai M, Ido E, Kyushiki H, Yoshinaka Y, Ikai A, Tang J, Ukai M. Inhibition and entrapment of aspartic proteinases by alpha 2-macroglobulin. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1995; 362:305-13. [PMID: 8540333 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-1871-6_37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S B Athauda
- Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tokyo, Japan
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24
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Tarasova N, Denslow ND, Parten BF, Tran N, Nhuyen HP, Jones A, Roberts NB, Dunn BM. A comparative study on amino acid sequences of three major isoforms of human pepsin A. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1995; 362:77-81. [PMID: 8540383 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-1871-6_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- N Tarasova
- ABL-Basic Research Program, NCI, FCRDC, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, USA
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25
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Osada T, Ookata K, Athauda SB, Takahashi K, Ikai A. The active site titration of proteinases by using alpha 2-macroglobulin and high-performance liquid chromatography. Anal Biochem 1992; 207:76-9. [PMID: 1283292 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(92)90503-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The active site titration for various proteinases relies on the development of optimal enzyme titrants for each proteinase, but these titrants are only available for a limited number of proteinases. We have described a new active site titration method applicable to various kinds of endoproteinases using small quantities of the enzymes. This method was carried out by using alpha 2-macroglobulin (alpha 2M) as a titrant and a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system. When the proteinase solution was treated with alpha 2M, the active proteinase was trapped by alpha 2M. In this reaction alpha 2M does not usually complex with inactive proteinase. After the reaction of proteinase with an excess of alpha 2M, the reaction mixture is applied to an HPLC gel column to separate the uncomplexed enzyme from the one complexed with alpha 2M. The active proteinase is complexed and eluted with alpha 2M, but the inactive proteinase is eluted at the original elution volume. The same amount of the enzyme was also applied to the column. From the decrease of the peak height at the elution position of the uncomplexed proteinase, we can estimate the ratio between enzymatically active proteinases and total proteinases. To test the usefulness of this method, we applied this method to chymotrypsin and trypsin whose activities were predetermined by conventional active site titration, and there was good agreement between both results. With this new method, we can estimate a proteinase activity with as little as 200 ng of the enzyme, a very small amount compared with those required in conventional methods.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- T Osada
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
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26
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Jones AT, Roberts NB. Peptide maps of five human pepsin isoenzymes and other aspartic proteinases. J Chromatogr A 1992; 599:179-84. [PMID: 1618988 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(92)85471-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Peptide maps of five individual human pepsins were developed using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography after protein digestion with either Staphylococcus aureus proteinase (V8) or alpha-chymotrypsin. Human pepsins 3a, 3b and 3c produced almost identical peptide maps suggestive of proteins with very similar amino acid sequences. The map for human pepsin 1 was similar to pepsin 3b (the most predominant human pepsin) but less than half the expected amount of each equivalent peptide fragment was generated, indicating that the actual mass of digested protein used was less than the dry weight measurement would suggest, probably as a result of carbohydrate attached to pepsin 1. Comparison of human pepsin 3b maps with other aspartic proteinases confirmed a significant homology with swine pepsin A but not with endothiapepsin. The alpha-chymotrypsin digests compared with V8 gave more complex peptide maps as a result of its broader bond cleavage specificities.
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Affiliation(s)
- A T Jones
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, UK
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27
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Bank RA, Eriksson AW, Pals G. High-performance liquid chromatography: purification and chromatographic behaviour of molecular variants of pepsinogen A from human urine. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1991; 571:47-59. [PMID: 1810967 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(91)80433-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
By combining conventional DEAE chromatography with high-performance liquid chromatography on Sephacryl S-200 HR and Mono-Q columns, we have been able to isolate and fractionate human pepsinogen A (PGA) isozymogens from large amounts of urine. This method of fractionation is simple and allows one to obtain pepsinogen in a native non-denatured conformation. The isozymogens are homogeneous by electrophoretic and chromatographic criteria; this was confirmed by N-terminal amino acid sequencing. Purified PGA-3 and PGA-5 can be converted into an additional, more anionic, isoform on incubation at 37 degrees C. This isoform exists not only in vitro but also in vivo. The net negative charge of the PGA isozymogens is in the order PGA-5 less than deamidated PGA-5 less than PGA-3 less than deamidated PGA-3. Surprisingly, the elution order on the Mono-Q column was PGA-5/PGA-3/deamidated PGA-5/deamidated PGA-3. We have performed molecular modelling on PGA to investigate this phenomenon in terms of surface charge (not net charge) of the proteins. The model provides evidence that (1) only a fraction of the protein surface interacts with the support and (2) regions of localized charge at the protein surface may allow portions of the external surface to dominate chromatographic behaviour, resulting in a steering of the proteins with respect to the oppositely charged matrix. Pepsinogens may serve as model proteins for elucidating some of the variables that determine the chromatographic behaviour of proteins on ion-exchange columns.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Bank
- Institute of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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28
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Yakabe E, Tanji M, Ichinose M, Goto S, Miki K, Kurokawa K, Ito H, Kageyama T, Takahashi K. Purification, characterization, and amino acid sequences of pepsinogens and pepsins from the esophageal mucosa of bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana). J Biol Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)54591-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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29
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Autocatalytic processing of procathepsin E to cathepsin E and their structural differences. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1991; 175:152-8. [PMID: 1998500 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(05)81213-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The processing of human gastric procathepsin E to its mature form, cathepsin E, was studied at pH 3.5. The results revealed the autocatalytic and apparently one-step conversion of procathepsin E to cathepsin E within 10 min of incubation at 14 degrees C under the conditions used. Analyses of the amino acid sequences of both procathepsin E and cathepsin E showed that cleavage occurred at the Met36-Ile37 bond to produce the mature form, cathepsin E. The NH2-terminal amino acid sequence of procathepsin E thus determined was identical with that predicted from the cDNA sequence by Azuma et al. except that the NH2-terminal glutamine residue in the latter was converted into a pyroglutamic acid residue in the former and that the glycine residue at position 2 in the latter sequence was deleted in the former. On the other hand, the NH2-terminal amino acid sequence of cathepsin E was identical with that reported previously by us.
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30
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Bank RA, Russell RB, Pals G, James MN. Consequences of intramolecular ionic interactions for the activation rate of human pepsinogens A and C as revealed by molecular modelling. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1991; 306:101-5. [PMID: 1812695 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-6012-4_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R A Bank
- Institute of Human Genetics, Free University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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