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Denninger P. RHO OF PLANTS signalling and the activating ROP GUANINE NUCLEOTIDE EXCHANGE FACTORS: specificity in cellular signal transduction in plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:3685-3699. [PMID: 38683617 PMCID: PMC11194304 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Every cell constantly receives signals from its neighbours or the environment. In plants, most signals are perceived by RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASEs (RLKs) and then transmitted into the cell. The molecular switches RHO OF PLANTS (ROP) are critical proteins for polar signal transduction and regulate multiple cell polarity processes downstream of RLKs. Many ROP-regulating proteins and scaffold proteins of the ROP complex are known. However, the spatiotemporal ROP signalling complex composition is not yet understood. Moreover, how specificity is achieved in different ROP signalling pathways within one cell still needs to be determined. This review gives an overview of recent advances in ROP signalling and how specificity by downstream scaffold proteins can be achieved. The composition of the ROP signalling complexes is discussed, focusing on the possibility of the simultaneous presence of ROP activators and inactivators within the same complex to balance ROP activity. Furthermore, this review highlights the function of plant-specific ROP GUANINE NUCLEOTIDE EXCHANGE FACTORS polarizing ROP signalling and defining the specificity of the initiated ROP signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Denninger
- Plant Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Emil-Ramann-Strasse 8, 85354 Freising, Germany
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Higa T, Kijima ST, Sasaki T, Takatani S, Asano R, Kondo Y, Wakazaki M, Sato M, Toyooka K, Demura T, Fukuda H, Oda Y. Microtubule-associated phase separation of MIDD1 tunes cell wall spacing in xylem vessels in Arabidopsis thaliana. NATURE PLANTS 2024; 10:100-117. [PMID: 38172572 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-023-01593-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Properly patterned cell walls specify cellular functions in plants. Differentiating protoxylem and metaxylem vessel cells exhibit thick secondary cell walls in striped and pitted patterns, respectively. Cortical microtubules are arranged in distinct patterns to direct cell wall deposition. The scaffold protein MIDD1 promotes microtubule depletion by interacting with ROP GTPases and KINESIN-13A in metaxylem vessels. Here we show that the phase separation of MIDD1 fine-tunes cell wall spacing in protoxylem vessels in Arabidopsis thaliana. Compared with wild-type, midd1 mutants exhibited narrower gaps and smaller pits in the secondary cell walls of protoxylem and metaxylem vessel cells, respectively. Live imaging of ectopically induced protoxylem vessels revealed that MIDD1 forms condensations along the depolymerizing microtubules, which in turn caused massive catastrophe of microtubules. The MIDD1 condensates exhibited rapid turnover and were susceptible to 1,6-hexanediol. Loss of ROP abolished the condensation of MIDD1 and resulted in narrow cell wall gaps in protoxylem vessels. These results suggest that the microtubule-associated phase separation of MIDD1 facilitates microtubule arrangement to regulate the size of gaps in secondary cell walls. This study reveals a new biological role of phase separation in the fine-tuning of cell wall patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Higa
- Department of Gene Function and Phenomics, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Meguro, Japan
| | - Saku T Kijima
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Plant Gene Regulation Research Group, Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takema Sasaki
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shogo Takatani
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Asano
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yohei Kondo
- Quantitative Biology Research Group, Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
- Division of Quantitative Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Japan
| | - Mayumi Wakazaki
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Mayuko Sato
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
| | | | - Taku Demura
- Center for Digital Green-innovation, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
| | - Hiroo Fukuda
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyoto University of Advanced Science, Kameoka, Japan
- Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Oda
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.
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Müller S. Update: on selected ROP cell polarity mechanisms in plant cell morphogenesis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 193:26-41. [PMID: 37070572 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The unequal (asymmetric) distribution of cell structures and proteins within a cell is designated as cell polarity. Cell polarity is a crucial prerequisite for morphogenetic processes such as oriented cell division and directed cell expansion. Rho-related GTPase from plants (ROPs) are required for cellular morphogenesis through the reorganization of the cytoskeleton and vesicle transport in various tissues. Here, I review recent advances in ROP-dependent tip growth, vesicle transport, and tip architecture. I report on the regulatory mechanisms of ROP upstream regulators found in different cell types. It appears that these regulators assemble in nanodomains with specific lipid compositions and recruit ROPs for activation in a stimulus-dependent manner. Current models link mechanosensing/mechanotransduction to ROP polarity signaling involved in feedback mechanisms via the cytoskeleton. Finally, I discuss ROP signaling components that are upregulated by tissue-specific transcription factors and exhibit specific localization patterns during cell division, clearly suggesting ROP signaling in division plane alignment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Müller
- Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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Uyehara AN, Rasmussen CG. Redundant mechanisms in division plane positioning. Eur J Cell Biol 2023; 102:151308. [PMID: 36921356 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2023.151308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Redundancies in plant cell division contribute to the maintenance of proper division plane orientation. Here we highlight three types of redundancy: 1) Temporal redundancy, or correction of earlier defects that results in proper final positioning, 2) Genetic redundancy, or functional compensation by homologous genes, and 3) Synthetic redundancy, or redundancy within or between pathways that contribute to proper division plane orientation. Understanding the types of redundant mechanisms involved provides insight into current models of division plane orientation and opens up new avenues for exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimee N Uyehara
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, USA
| | - Carolyn G Rasmussen
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, USA.
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