1
|
Adler L, Lau CS, Shaikh KM, van Maldegem KA, Payne-Dwyer AL, Lefoulon C, Girr P, Atkinson N, Barrett J, Emrich-Mills TZ, Dukic E, Blatt MR, Leake MC, Peltier G, Spetea C, Burlacot A, McCormick AJ, Mackinder LCM, Walker CE. The role of BST4 in the pyrenoid of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.15.545204. [PMID: 38014171 PMCID: PMC10680556 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.15.545204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
In many eukaryotic algae, CO2 fixation by Rubisco is enhanced by a CO2-concentrating mechanism, which utilizes a Rubisco-rich organelle called the pyrenoid. The pyrenoid is traversed by a network of thylakoid-membranes called pyrenoid tubules, proposed to deliver CO2. In the model alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (Chlamydomonas), the pyrenoid tubules have been proposed to be tethered to the Rubisco matrix by a bestrophin-like transmembrane protein, BST4. Here, we show that BST4 forms a complex that localizes to the pyrenoid tubules. A Chlamydomonas mutant impaired in the accumulation of BST4 (bst4) formed normal pyrenoid tubules and heterologous expression of BST4 in Arabidopsis thaliana did not lead to the incorporation of thylakoids into a reconstituted Rubisco condensate. Chlamydomonas bst4 mutant did not show impaired growth at air level CO2. By quantifying the non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) of chlorophyll fluorescence, we show that bst4 displays a transiently lower thylakoid lumenal pH during dark to light transition compared to control strains. When acclimated to high light, bst4 had sustained higher NPQ and elevated levels of light-induced H2O2 production. We conclude that BST4 is not a tethering protein, but rather is an ion channel involved in lumenal pH regulation possibly by mediating bicarbonate transport across the pyrenoid tubules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liat Adler
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, United Kingdom
- Centre for Engineering Biology, University of Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, United Kingdom
- Department of Plant Biology, The Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, 94305 USA
| | - Chun Sing Lau
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products (CNAP), Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Kashif M Shaikh
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 40530, Sweden
| | - Kim A van Maldegem
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 40530, Sweden
| | - Alex L Payne-Dwyer
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products (CNAP), Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
- School of Physics, Engineering and Technology, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Cecile Lefoulon
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Philipp Girr
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products (CNAP), Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Nicky Atkinson
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, United Kingdom
- Centre for Engineering Biology, University of Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, United Kingdom
| | - James Barrett
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products (CNAP), Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Z Emrich-Mills
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products (CNAP), Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Emilija Dukic
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 40530, Sweden
| | - Michael R Blatt
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Mark C Leake
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products (CNAP), Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
- School of Physics, Engineering and Technology, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Gilles Peltier
- Aix-Marseille Université, CEA, CNRS, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies Aix-Marseille, CEA Cadarache, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - Cornelia Spetea
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 40530, Sweden
| | - Adrien Burlacot
- Department of Plant Biology, The Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, 94305 USA
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Alistair J McCormick
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, United Kingdom
- Centre for Engineering Biology, University of Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, United Kingdom
| | - Luke C M Mackinder
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products (CNAP), Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte E Walker
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products (CNAP), Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Fujita Y, Zhang X, Mohamed A, Ye S, Shibata Y. Accumulation of quenched LHCII around PSI in Chlamydomonas cells in state2 revealed by cryo-fluorescence lifetime imaging. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2022; 236:112584. [PMID: 36272337 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2022.112584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence-spectral microscope observations of photosynthetic organisms at cryogenic temperatures have the ability to spectrally resolve the two photosystems (PSs) and thus provide a powerful tool to elucidate the functional analysis of photosynthesis in vivo. In the present study, a measurement channel of the fluorescence lifetime at 680 nm was added to the cryo-microscope system previously developed by the authors. This provides access to information on the functional state of the light-harvesting system in living cells during regulation by a mechanism called state transitions. The observations of state1-locked and state2-locked Chlamydomonas cells at 80 K enabled us to identify a component showing rapidly decaying fluorescence with a lifetime of ca. 3 ps and emitting at around 676 nm. The component was assigned to the light-harvesting complex II (LHCII) that is isolated from both PSs and in a quenched state, probably due to the formation of aggregates. Simultaneous spectral observations revealed the accumulation of this free LHCII in the photosystem I (PSI)-enriched region within each state2-locked cell. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first in-vivo observation which suggests the localization of the quenched LHCII aggregates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Fujita
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Sciences, Tohoku University, 980-8578 Sendai, Japan
| | - XianJun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Sciences, Tohoku University, 980-8578 Sendai, Japan; Division for Interdisciplinary Advanced Research and Education, Tohoku University, 980-8578 Sendai, Japan
| | - Ahmed Mohamed
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Sciences, Tohoku University, 980-8578 Sendai, Japan
| | - Shen Ye
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Sciences, Tohoku University, 980-8578 Sendai, Japan
| | - Yutaka Shibata
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Sciences, Tohoku University, 980-8578 Sendai, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Nozue H, Shigarami T, Fukuda S, Chino T, Saruta R, Shirai K, Nozue M, Kumazaki S. Growth-phase dependent morphological alteration in higher plant thylakoid is accompanied by changes in both photodamage and repair rates. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 172:1983-1996. [PMID: 33786842 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Thylakoid membranes of young leaves consist of grana and stroma lamellae (stroma-grana [SG] structure). The SG thylakoid is gradually converted into isolated grana (IG), almost lacking the stroma lamellae during growth. This morphological alteration was found to cause a reduction in maximum photosynthetic rate and an enhancement of photoinhibition in photosystem II (PSII). In situ microspectrometric measurements of chlorophyll fluorescence in individual chloroplasts suggested an increase of the PSII/PSI ratio in IG thylakoids of mature leaves. Western blot analysis of isolated IG thylakoids showed relative increases in some PSII components, including the core protein (D1) and light-harvesting components CP24 and Lhcb2. Notably, a nonphotochemical quenching-related factor in the PSII supercomplex, PsbS, decreased by 40%. Changes in the high light response of PSII were detected through parameters of pulse-amplitude modulation fluorometry. Chlorophyll fluorescence lifetime indicated an increase of fluorescence quantum yield in IG. A minimal photodamage-repair rate analysis on a lincomycin treatment of the leaves indicated that repair rate constant of IG is slower than that of SG, while photodamage rate of IG is higher than that of SG. These results suggest that IG thylakoids are relatively sensitive to high light, which is not only due to a higher photodamage rate caused by some rearrangements of PS complexes, but also to the retarded PSII repair that may result from the lack of stroma lamellae. The IG thylakoids found among many plant species thus seem to be an adaptive form to low light environments, although their physiological roles still remain unclear.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hatsumi Nozue
- Research Center for Advanced Plant Factory (SU-PLAF), Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
| | - Takashi Shigarami
- Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
| | - Shinji Fukuda
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takayuki Chino
- Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
| | - Ryouta Saruta
- Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
| | - Kana Shirai
- Research Center for Advanced Plant Factory (SU-PLAF), Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
| | - Masayuki Nozue
- Research Center for Advanced Plant Factory (SU-PLAF), Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
- Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
| | - Shigeichi Kumazaki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chiba T, Shibata Y. Identification of assembly precursors to photosystems emitting fluorescence at 683 nm and 687 nm by cryogenic fluorescence microspectroscopy. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2019; 1860:148090. [PMID: 31669492 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2019.148090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Photosystem I (PSI) and photosystem II (PSII) play key roles in photoinduced electron-transfer reaction in oxygenic photosynthesis. Assemblies of these PSs can be initiated by illumination of the etiolated seedlings (greening). The study aimed to identify specific fluorescence spectral components relevant to PSI and PSII assembly intermediates emerging in greening seedlings of Zea mays, a typical C4 plant. The different PSII contents between the bundle sheath (BS) and mesophyll (M) cells were utilized to spectrally isolate the precursors to PSI and PSII. The greening Zea mays leaf thin sections were observed with the cryogenic microscope combined with a spectrometer. With the aid of the singular-value decomposition analysis, we could identify four independent fluorescent species, SAS677, SAS685, SAS683, and SAS687, named after their fluorescence peak wavelengths. SAS677 and SAS685 are the dominant components after the 30-minute greening, and the distributions of these components showed no clear differences between M and BS cells, indicating immature cell differentiation in this developing stage. On the other hand, the 1-hour greening resulted in reduced distributions of SAS683 in BS cells leading us to assign this species to PSII precursors. The 2-hour greening induced the enrichment of SAS687 in BS cells suggesting its PSI relevance. Similarity in the peak wavelengths of SAS683 and the reported reaction center of PSII implied their connection. SAS687 showed an intense sub-band at around 740 nm, which can be assigned to the emission from the red chlorophylls specific to the mature PSI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomofumi Chiba
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Yutaka Shibata
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tamamizu K, Kumazaki S. Spectral microscopic imaging of heterocysts and vegetative cells in two filamentous cyanobacteria based on spontaneous Raman scattering and photoluminescence by 976 nm excitation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2018; 1860:78-88. [PMID: 30414930 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2018.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Photosynthetic pigment-protein complexes are highly concentrated in thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts and cyanobacteria that emit strong autofluorescence (mainly 600-800 nm). In Raman scattering microscopy that enables imaging of pigment concentrations of thylakoid membranes, near infrared laser excitation at 1064 nm or visible laser excitation at 488-532 nm has been often employed in order to avoid the autofluorescence. Here we explored a new approach to Raman imaging of thylakoid membranes by using excitation wavelength of 976 nm. Two types of differentiated cells, heterocysts and vegetative cells, in two diazotrophic filamentous cyanobacteria, Anabaena variabilis, and Rivularia M-261, were characterized. Relative Raman scattering intensities of phycobilisomes of the heterocyst in comparison with the nearest vegetative cells of Rivularia remained at a significantly higher level than those of A. variabilis. It was also found that the 976 nm excitation induces photoluminescence around 1017-1175 nm from the two cyanobacteria, green alga (Parachlorella kessleri) and plant (Arabidopsis thaliana). We propose that this photoluminescence can be used as an index of concentration of chlorophyll a that has relatively small Raman scattering cross-sections. The Rivularia heterocysts that we analyzed were clearly classified into at least two subgroups based on the Chla-associated photoluminescence and carotenoid Raman bands, indicating two physiologically distinct states in the development or aging of the terminal heterocyst.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kouto Tamamizu
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Shigeichi Kumazaki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Fujita Y, Ito W, Washiyama K, Shibata Y. Imaging of intracellular rearrangement of photosynthetic proteins in Chlamydomonas cells upon state transition. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2018; 185:111-116. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2018.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
7
|
Magney TS, Frankenberg C, Fisher JB, Sun Y, North GB, Davis TS, Kornfeld A, Siebke K. Connecting active to passive fluorescence with photosynthesis: a method for evaluating remote sensing measurements of Chl fluorescence. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 215:1594-1608. [PMID: 28664542 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in the retrieval of Chl fluorescence from space using passive methods (solar-induced Chl fluorescence, SIF) promise improved mapping of plant photosynthesis globally. However, unresolved issues related to the spatial, spectral, and temporal dynamics of vegetation fluorescence complicate our ability to interpret SIF measurements. We developed an instrument to measure leaf-level gas exchange simultaneously with pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM) and spectrally resolved fluorescence over the same field of view - allowing us to investigate the relationships between active and passive fluorescence with photosynthesis. Strongly correlated, slope-dependent relationships were observed between measured spectra across all wavelengths (Fλ , 670-850 nm) and PAM fluorescence parameters under a range of actinic light intensities (steady-state fluorescence yields, Ft ) and saturation pulses (maximal fluorescence yields, Fm ). Our results suggest that this method can accurately reproduce the full Chl emission spectra - capturing the spectral dynamics associated with changes in the yields of fluorescence, photochemical (ΦPSII), and nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ). We discuss how this method may establish a link between photosynthetic capacity and the mechanistic drivers of wavelength-specific fluorescence emission during changes in environmental conditions (light, temperature, humidity). Our emphasis is on future research directions linking spectral fluorescence to photosynthesis, ΦPSII, and NPQ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Troy S Magney
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA
| | - Christian Frankenberg
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Joshua B Fisher
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA
| | - Ying Sun
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Soil and Crop Sciences Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Gretchen B North
- Biology Department, Occidental College, Los Angeles, CA, 90041, USA
| | - Thomas S Davis
- Forest and Rangeland Stewardship, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Ari Kornfeld
- Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Nozue S, Katayama M, Terazima M, Kumazaki S. Comparative study of thylakoid membranes in terminal heterocysts and vegetative cells from two cyanobacteria, Rivularia M-261 and Anabaena variabilis, by fluorescence and absorption spectral microscopy. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2017; 1858:742-749. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
9
|
Lei R, Jiang H, Hu F, Yan J, Zhu S. Chlorophyll fluorescence lifetime imaging provides new insight into the chlorosis induced by plant virus infection. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2017; 36:327-341. [PMID: 27904946 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-016-2083-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Leaf chlorosis induced by plant virus infection has a short fluorescence lifetime, which reflects damaged photosynthetic complexes and degraded chloroplasts. Plant viruses often induce chlorosis and necrosis, which are intimately related to photosynthetic functions. Chlorophyll fluorescence lifetime measurement is a valuable noninvasive tool for analyzing photosynthetic processes and is a sensitive indicator of the environment surrounding the fluorescent molecules. In this study, our central goal was to explore the effect of viral infection on photosynthesis by employing chlorophyll fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM), steady-state fluorescence, non-photochemical quenching (NPQ), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and pigment analysis. The data indicated that the chlorophyll fluorescence lifetime of chlorotic leaves was significantly shorter than that of healthy control leaves, and the fitted short lifetime component of chlorophyll fluorescence of chlorotic leaves was dominant. This dominant short lifetime component may result from damage to the structure of thylakoid, which was confirmed by TEM. The NPQ value of chlorotic leaves was slightly higher than that of healthy green leaves, which can be explained by increased neoxanthin, lutein and violaxanthin content relative to chlorophyll a. The difference in NPQ is slight, but FLIM can provide simple and direct characterization of PSII structure and photosynthetic function. Therefore, this technique shows great potential as a simple and rapid method for studying mechanisms of plant virus infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rong Lei
- Institute of Plant Quarantine of China, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, 100762, China
| | - Hongshan Jiang
- Institute of Plant Quarantine of China, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, 100762, China
| | - Fan Hu
- Institute of Plant Quarantine of China, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, 100762, China
| | - Jin Yan
- Institute of Plant Quarantine of China, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, 100762, China
| | - Shuifang Zhu
- Institute of Plant Quarantine of China, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, 100762, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ruban AV, Johnson MP. Visualizing the dynamic structure of the plant photosynthetic membrane. NATURE PLANTS 2015; 1:15161. [PMID: 27251532 DOI: 10.1038/nplants.2015.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The chloroplast thylakoid membrane is the site for the initial steps of photosynthesis that convert solar energy into chemical energy, ultimately powering almost all life on earth. The heterogeneous distribution of protein complexes within the membrane gives rise to an intricate three-dimensional structure that is nonetheless extremely dynamic on a timescale of seconds to minutes. These dynamics form the basis for the regulation of photosynthesis, and therefore the adaptability of plants to different environments. High-resolution microscopy has in recent years begun to provide new insights into the structural dynamics underlying a number of regulatory processes such as membrane stacking, photosystem II repair, photoprotective energy dissipation, state transitions and alternative electron transfer. Here we provide an overview of the essentials of thylakoid membrane structure in plants, and consider how recent advances, using a range of microscopies, have substantially increased our knowledge of the thylakoid dynamic structure. We discuss both the successes and limitations of the currently available techniques and highlight newly emerging microscopic methods that promise to move the field beyond the current 'static' view of membrane organization based on frozen snapshots to a 'live' view of functional membranes imaged under native aqueous conditions at ambient temperature and responding dynamically to external stimuli.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V Ruban
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary, University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Matthew P Johnson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Steinbach G, Schubert F, Kaňa R. Cryo-imaging of photosystems and phycobilisomes in Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 cells. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2015; 152:395-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
|
12
|
Nozue S, Mukuno A, Tsuda Y, Shiina T, Terazima M, Kumazaki S. Characterization of thylakoid membrane in a heterocystous cyanobacterium and green alga with dual-detector fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy with a systematic change of incident laser power. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2015; 1857:46-59. [PMID: 26474523 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy (FLIM) has been applied to plants, algae and cyanobacteria, in which excitation laser conditions affect the chlorophyll fluorescence lifetime due to several mechanisms. However, the dependence of FLIM data on input laser power has not been quantitatively explained by absolute excitation probabilities under actual imaging conditions. In an effort to distinguish between photosystem I and photosystem II (PSI and PSII) in microscopic images, we have obtained dependence of FLIM data on input laser power from a filamentous cyanobacterium Anabaena variabilis and single cellular green alga Parachlorella kessleri. Nitrogen-fixing cells in A. variabilis, heterocysts, are mostly visualized as cells in which short-lived fluorescence (≤0.1 ns) characteristic of PSI is predominant. The other cells in A. variabilis (vegetative cells) and P. kessleri cells show a transition in the status of PSII from an open state with the maximal charge separation rate at a weak excitation limit to a closed state in which charge separation is temporarily prohibited by previous excitation(s) at a relatively high laser power. This transition is successfully reproduced by a computer simulation with a high fidelity to the actual imaging conditions. More details in the fluorescence from heterocysts were examined to assess possible functions of PSII in the anaerobic environment inside the heterocysts for the nitrogen-fixing enzyme, nitrogenase. Photochemically active PSII:PSI ratio in heterocysts is tentatively estimated to be typically below our detection limit or at most about 5% in limited heterocysts in comparison with that in vegetative cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuho Nozue
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Akira Mukuno
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Yumi Tsuda
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Takashi Shiina
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8522, Japan
| | - Masahide Terazima
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Shigeichi Kumazaki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kim E, Ahn TK, Kumazaki S. Changes in Antenna Sizes of Photosystems during State Transitions in Granal and Stroma-Exposed Thylakoid Membrane of Intact Chloroplasts in Arabidopsis Mesophyll Protoplasts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 56:759-68. [DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcv004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
14
|
Chen MY, Zhuo GY, Chen KC, Wu PC, Hsieh TY, Liu TM, Chu SW. Multiphoton imaging to identify grana, stroma thylakoid, and starch inside an intact leaf. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:175. [PMID: 24969621 PMCID: PMC4104400 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-14-175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Grana and starch are major functional structures for photosynthesis and energy storage of plant, respectively. Both exhibit highly ordered molecular structures and appear as micrometer-sized granules inside chloroplasts. In order to distinguish grana and starch, we used multiphoton microscopy, with simultaneous acquisition of two-photon fluorescence (2PF) and second harmonic generation (SHG) signals. SHG is sensitive to crystallized structures while 2PF selectively reveals the distribution of chlorophyll. RESULT Three distinct microstructures with different contrasts were observed, i.e. "SHG dominates", "2PF dominates", and "SHG collocated with 2PF". It is known that starch and grana both emit SHG due to their highly crystallized structures, and no autofluorescence is emitted from starch, so the "SHG dominates" contrast should correspond to starch. The contrast of "SHG collocated with 2PF" is assigned to be grana, which exhibit crystallized structure with autofluorescent chlorophyll. The "2PF dominates" contrast should correspond to stroma thylakoid, which is a non-packed membrane structure with chrolophyll. The contrast assignment is further supported by fluorescence lifetime measurement. CONCLUSION We have demonstrated a straightforward and noninvasive method to identify the distribution of grana and starch within an intact leaf. By merging the 2PF and SHG images, grana, starch and stroma thylakoid can be visually distinguished. This approach can be extended to the observation of 3D grana distribution and their dynamics in living plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Shi-Wei Chu
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Plasmon-enhanced light harvesting of chlorophylls on near-percolating silver films via one-photon anti-Stokes upconversion. Sci Rep 2013; 3:1861. [PMID: 23689426 PMCID: PMC3659322 DOI: 10.1038/srep01861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There exists a wealth of means of efficient utilization of solar energy in nature, with photosynthesis of chlorophylls as a prime example. Separately, artificially structured plasmonic materials are versatile in light harvesting and energy conversion. Using a simple and scalable design of near-percolating silver nanostructures, we demonstrate that the light-harvesting efficiency of chlorophylls can be drastically enhanced by tuning the plasmon frequency of the constituent silver nanoparticles to coincide with the maximal photon flux of sunlight. In particular, we show that the photon upconversion efficiency can be readily enhanced by over 20 folds, with the room-temperature fluorescence quantum yield increased by a factor of 2.63. The underlying mechanism for the upconversion enhancement is attributed to a one-electron-per-photon anti-Stokes process, involving absorption of a characteristic phonon mode of the chlorophylls. These findings suggest that chlorophylls can serve as molecular building blocks for high-efficiency light harvesting and solar energy conversion.
Collapse
|
16
|
Breunig HG, Tümer F, König K. Multiphoton imaging of freezing and heating effects in plant leaves. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2013; 6:622-630. [PMID: 22987831 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201200093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Revised: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Thermally-induced changes in Arabidopsis thaliana leaves were investigated with a novel cryo microscope by multiphoton, fluorescence lifetime and spectral imaging as well as micro spectroscopy. Samples were excited with fs pulses in the near-infrared range and cooled/heated in a cryogenic chamber. The results show morphological changes in the chloroplast distribution as well as a shift from chlorophyll to cell-wall fluorescence with decreasing temperature. At temperatures below -40 °C, also second harmonic generation was observed. The measurements illustrate the suitability of multiphoton imaging to investigate thermally-induced changes at temperatures used for cryopreservation as well as for basic investigations of thermal effects on plant tissue in general.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hans Georg Breunig
- JenLab GmbH, Science Park 2, Campus D 1.2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany and Schillerstr. 1, 07745 Jena, Germany.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kumazaki S. Anti-Stokes fluorescence of oxazine 1 in solution with continuous wave laser excitation at 785nm. Chem Phys 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2013.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
18
|
Shibata Y, Katoh W, Tahara Y. Study of cell-differentiation and assembly of photosynthetic proteins during greening of etiolated Zea mays leaves using confocal fluorescence microspectroscopy at liquid-nitrogen temperature. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2013; 1827:520-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2013.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Revised: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
19
|
Kumazaki S, Akari M, Hasegawa M. Transformation of thylakoid membranes during differentiation from vegetative cell into heterocyst visualized by microscopic spectral imaging. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 161:1321-33. [PMID: 23274239 PMCID: PMC3585599 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.206680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Some filamentous cyanobacteria carry out oxygenic photosynthesis in vegetative cells and nitrogen fixation in specialized cells known as heterocysts. Thylakoid membranes in vegetative cells contain photosystem I (PSI) and PSII, while those in heterocysts contain predominantly PSI. Therefore, the thylakoid membranes change drastically when differentiating from a vegetative cell into a heterocyst. The dynamics of these changes have not been sufficiently characterized in situ. Here, we used time-lapse fluorescence microspectroscopy to analyze cells of Anabaena variabilis under nitrogen deprivation at approximately 295 K. PSII degraded simultaneously with allophycocyanin, which forms the core of the light-harvesting phycobilisome. The other phycobilisome subunits that absorbed shorter wavelengths persisted for a few tens of hours in the heterocysts. The whole-thylakoid average concentration of PSI was similar in heterocysts and nearby vegetative cells. PSI was best quantified by selective excitation at a physiological temperature (approximately 295 K) under 785-nm continuous-wave laser irradiation, and detection of higher energy shifted fluorescence around 730 nm. Polar distribution of thylakoid membranes in the heterocyst was confirmed by PSI-rich fluorescence imaging. The findings and methodology used in this work increased our understanding of how photosynthetic molecular machinery is transformed to adapt to different nutrient environments and provided details of the energetic requirements for diazotrophic growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shigeichi Kumazaki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Rumak I, Mazur R, Gieczewska K, Kozioł-Lipińska J, Kierdaszuk B, Michalski WP, Shiell BJ, Venema JH, Vredenberg WJ, Mostowska A, Garstka M. Correlation between spatial (3D) structure of pea and bean thylakoid membranes and arrangement of chlorophyll-protein complexes. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 12:72. [PMID: 22631450 PMCID: PMC3499227 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-12-72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The thylakoid system in plant chloroplasts is organized into two distinct domains: grana arranged in stacks of appressed membranes and non-appressed membranes consisting of stroma thylakoids and margins of granal stacks. It is argued that the reason for the development of appressed membranes in plants is that their photosynthetic apparatus need to cope with and survive ever-changing environmental conditions. It is not known however, why different plant species have different arrangements of grana within their chloroplasts. It is important to elucidate whether a different arrangement and distribution of appressed and non-appressed thylakoids in chloroplasts are linked with different qualitative and/or quantitative organization of chlorophyll-protein (CP) complexes in the thylakoid membranes and whether this arrangement influences the photosynthetic efficiency. RESULTS Our results from TEM and in situ CLSM strongly indicate the existence of different arrangements of pea and bean thylakoid membranes. In pea, larger appressed thylakoids are regularly arranged within chloroplasts as uniformly distributed red fluorescent bodies, while irregular appressed thylakoid membranes within bean chloroplasts correspond to smaller and less distinguished fluorescent areas in CLSM images. 3D models of pea chloroplasts show a distinct spatial separation of stacked thylakoids from stromal spaces whereas spatial division of stroma and thylakoid areas in bean chloroplasts are more complex. Structural differences influenced the PSII photochemistry, however without significant changes in photosynthetic efficiency. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of chlorophyll-protein complexes as well as spectroscopic investigations indicated a similar proportion between PSI and PSII core complexes in pea and bean thylakoids, but higher abundance of LHCII antenna in pea ones. Furthermore, distinct differences in size and arrangements of LHCII-PSII and LHCI-PSI supercomplexes between species are suggested. CONCLUSIONS Based on proteomic and spectroscopic investigations we postulate that the differences in the chloroplast structure between the analyzed species are a consequence of quantitative proportions between the individual CP complexes and its arrangement inside membranes. Such a structure of membranes induced the formation of large stacked domains in pea, or smaller heterogeneous regions in bean thylakoids. Presented 3D models of chloroplasts showed that stacked areas are noticeably irregular with variable thickness, merging with each other and not always parallel to each other.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Rumak
- Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, Institute of Plant Experimental Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, Warsaw, PL-02-096, Poland
| | - Radosław Mazur
- Department of Metabolic Regulation, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, Warsaw, PL-02-096, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Gieczewska
- Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, Institute of Plant Experimental Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, Warsaw, PL-02-096, Poland
| | - Joanna Kozioł-Lipińska
- Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, Institute of Plant Experimental Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, Warsaw, PL-02-096, Poland
| | - Borys Kierdaszuk
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 93, Warsaw, PL-02-089, Poland
| | - Wojtek P Michalski
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO Livestock Industries, 5 Portarlington Road Geelong, Victoria, 3220, Australia
| | - Brian J Shiell
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO Livestock Industries, 5 Portarlington Road Geelong, Victoria, 3220, Australia
| | - Jan Henk Venema
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies (CEES), University of Groningen, P.O. Box 11103, Groningen, 9700 CC, The Netherlands
| | - Wim J Vredenberg
- Department of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, 6708 PB, The Netherlands
| | - Agnieszka Mostowska
- Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, Institute of Plant Experimental Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, Warsaw, PL-02-096, Poland
| | - Maciej Garstka
- Department of Metabolic Regulation, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, Warsaw, PL-02-096, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Furbank RT. Evolution of the C(4) photosynthetic mechanism: are there really three C(4) acid decarboxylation types? JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2011; 62:3103-8. [PMID: 21511901 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/err080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Some of the most productive plants on the planet use a variant of photosynthesis known as the C(4) pathway. This photosynthetic mechanism uses a biochemical pump to concentrate CO(2) to levels up to 10-fold atmospheric in specialized cells of the leaf where Rubisco, the primary enzyme of C(3) photosynthesis, is located. The basic biochemical pathways underlying this process, discovered more than 40 years ago, have been extensively studied and, based on these pathways, C(4) plants have been subdivided into two broad groups according to the species of C(4) acid produced in the mesophyll cells and into three groups according to the enzyme used to decarboxylate C(4) acids in the bundle sheath to release CO(2). Recent molecular, biochemical, and physiological data indicate that these three decarboxylation types may not be rigidly genetically determined, that the possibility of flexibility between the pathways exists and that this may potentially be both developmentally and environmentally controlled. This evidence is synthesized here and the implications for C(4) engineering discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert T Furbank
- CSIRO Plant Industry, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Hasegawa M, Yoshida T, Yabuta M, Terazima M, Kumazaki S. Anti-Stokes Fluorescence Spectra of Chloroplasts in Parachlorella kessleri and Maize at Room Temperature as Characterized by Near-Infrared Continuous-Wave Laser Fluorescence Microscopy and Absorption Microscopy. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:4184-94. [DOI: 10.1021/jp111306k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Hasegawa
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Takahiko Yoshida
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Mitsunori Yabuta
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Masahide Terazima
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Shigeichi Kumazaki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| |
Collapse
|