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García-Ledesma JD, Cárdenas-Torres L, Martínez-Aguilar L, Chávez-Martínez AI, Lozano L, López-Lara IM, Geiger O. Phosphatidylcholine-deficient suppressor mutant of Sinorhizobium meliloti, altered in fatty acid synthesis, partially recovers nodulation ability in symbiosis with alfalfa (Medicago sativa). THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 118:1136-1154. [PMID: 38341846 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Rhizobial phosphatidylcholine (PC) is thought to be a critical phospholipid for the symbiotic relationship between rhizobia and legume host plants. A PC-deficient mutant of Sinorhizobium meliloti overproduces succinoglycan, is unable to swim, and lacks the ability to form nodules on alfalfa (Medicago sativa) host roots. Suppressor mutants had been obtained which did not overproduce succinoglycan and regained the ability to swim. Previously, we showed that point mutations leading to altered ExoS proteins can reverse the succinoglycan and swimming phenotypes of a PC-deficient mutant. Here, we report that other point mutations leading to altered ExoS, ChvI, FabA, or RpoH1 proteins also revert the succinoglycan and swimming phenotypes of PC-deficient mutants. Notably, the suppressor mutants also restore the ability to form nodule organs on alfalfa roots. However, nodules generated by these suppressor mutants express only low levels of an early nodulin, do not induce leghemoglobin transcript accumulation, thus remain white, and are unable to fix nitrogen. Among these suppressor mutants, we detected a reduced function mutant of the 3-hydoxydecanoyl-acyl carrier protein dehydratase FabA that produces reduced amounts of unsaturated and increased amounts of shorter chain fatty acids. This alteration of fatty acid composition probably affects lipid packing thereby partially compensating for the previous loss of PC and contributing to the restoration of membrane homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Daniel García-Ledesma
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad s/n, Cuernavaca, Morelos, CP 62210, Mexico
| | - Luis Cárdenas-Torres
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca, Morelos, CP 62210, Mexico
| | - Lourdes Martínez-Aguilar
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad s/n, Cuernavaca, Morelos, CP 62210, Mexico
| | - Ana I Chávez-Martínez
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca, Morelos, CP 62210, Mexico
| | - Luis Lozano
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad s/n, Cuernavaca, Morelos, CP 62210, Mexico
| | - Isabel M López-Lara
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad s/n, Cuernavaca, Morelos, CP 62210, Mexico
| | - Otto Geiger
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad s/n, Cuernavaca, Morelos, CP 62210, Mexico
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Zhang S, Han W, Liu T, Feng C, Jiang Q, Zhang B, Chen Y, Zhang Y. Tetracycline inhibits the nitrogen fixation ability of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) nodules in black soil by altering the root and rhizosphere bacterial communities. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 908:168047. [PMID: 37918730 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Tetracycline is a widely used antibiotic and may thus also be an environmental contaminant with an influence on plant growth. The aim of this study was to investigate the inhibition mechanisms of tetracycline in relation to soybean growth and ecological networks in the roots and rhizosphere. To this end, we conducted a pot experiment in which soybean seedlings were grown in soil treated with 0, 10, or 25 mg/kg tetracycline. The effects of tetracycline pollution on growth, productivity, oxidative stress, and nitrogenase activity were evaluated. We further identified the changes in microbial taxa composition and structure at the genus and species levels by sequencing the 16S rRNA gene region. The results showed that tetracycline activates the antioxidant defense system in soybeans, which reduces the abundance of Bradyrhizobiaceae, inhibits the nitrogen-fixing ability, and decreases the nitrogen content in the root system. Tetracycline was also found to suppress the formation of the rhizospheric environment and decrease the complexity and stability of bacterial networks. Beta diversity analysis showed that the community structure of the root was markedly changed by the addition of tetracycline, which predominantly affected stochastic processes. These findings demonstrate that the influence of tetracycline on soybean roots could be attributed to the decreased stability of the bacterial community structure, which limits the number of rhizobium nodules and inhibits the nitrogen-fixing capacity. This exploration of the inhibitory mechanisms of tetracycline in relation to soybean root development emphasises the potential risks of tetracycline pollution to plant growth in an agricultural setting. Furthermore, this study provides a theoretical foundation from which to improve our understanding of the physiological toxicity of antibiotics in farmland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Wei Han
- College of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Tianqi Liu
- College of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Chengcheng Feng
- College of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Qun Jiang
- College of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yukun Chen
- College of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
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Nishida H, Shimoda Y, Win KT, Imaizumi-Anraku H. Rhizosphere frame system enables nondestructive live-imaging of legume-rhizobium interactions in the soil. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2023; 136:769-780. [PMID: 37402088 PMCID: PMC10421814 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-023-01476-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Most plants interact with various soil microorganisms as they grow through the soil. Root nodule symbiosis by legumes and rhizobia is a well-known phenomenon of plant-microbe interactions in the soil. Although microscopic observations are useful for understanding the infection processes of rhizobia, nondestructive observation methods have not been established for monitoring interactions between rhizobia and soil-grown roots. In this study, we constructed Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens strains that constitutively express different fluorescent proteins, which allows identification of tagged rhizobia by the type of fluorophores. In addition, we constructed a plant cultivation device, Rhizosphere Frame (RhizoFrame), which is a soil-filled container made of transparent acrylic plates that allows observation of roots growing along the acrylic plates. Combining fluorescent rhizobia with RhizoFrame, we established a live imaging system, RhizoFrame system, that enabled us to track the nodulation processes with fluorescence stereomicroscope while retaining spatial information about roots, rhizobia, and soil. Mixed inoculation with different fluorescent rhizobia using RhizoFrame enabled the visualization of mixed infection of a single nodule with two strains. In addition, observation of transgenic Lotus japonicus expressing auxin-responsive reporter genes indicated that RhizoFrame system could be used for a real-time and nondestructive reporter assay. Thus, the use of RhizoFrame system is expected to enhance the study of the spatiotemporal dynamics of plant-microbe interactions in the soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Nishida
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-3 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8604, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Shimoda
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-3 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8604, Japan
| | - Khin Thuzar Win
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-3 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8604, Japan
| | - Haruko Imaizumi-Anraku
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-3 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8604, Japan.
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Basu U, Parida SK. The developmental dynamics in cool season legumes with focus on chickpea. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 111:473-491. [PMID: 37016106 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-023-01340-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Chickpea is one of the most widely consumed grain legume world-wide. Advances in next-generation sequencing and genomics tools have led to genetic dissection and identification of potential candidate genes regulating agronomic traits in chickpea. However, the developmental particularities and its potential in reforming the yield and nutritional value remain largely unexplored. Studies in crops such as rice, maize, tomato and pea have highlighted the contribution of key regulator of developmental events in yield related traits. A comprehensive knowledge on the development aspects of a crop can pave way for new vistas to explore. Pea and Medicago are the close relatives of genus Cicer and the basic developmental events in these legumes are similar. However, there are some distinct developmental features in chickpea which hold potential for future crop improvement endeavours. The global chickpea germplasm encompasses wide range of diversities in terms of morphology at both vegetative and reproductive stages. There is an immediate need for understanding the genetic and molecular basis of this diversity and utilizing them for the yield contributing trait improvement. The review discusses some of the key developmental events which have potential in yield enhancement and the lessons which can be learnt from model legumes in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udita Basu
- Genomics-assisted Breeding and Crop Improvement Laboratory, National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, P.O. Box: 10531, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Swarup K Parida
- Genomics-assisted Breeding and Crop Improvement Laboratory, National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, P.O. Box: 10531, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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Reyero-Saavedra R, Fuentes SI, Leija A, Jiménez-Nopala G, Peláez P, Ramírez M, Girard L, Porch TG, Hernández G. Identification and Characterization of Common Bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris) Non-Nodulating Mutants Altered in Rhizobial Infection. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1310. [PMID: 36986997 PMCID: PMC10059843 DOI: 10.3390/plants12061310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The symbiotic N2-fixation process in the legume-rhizobia interaction is relevant for sustainable agriculture. The characterization of symbiotic mutants, mainly in model legumes, has been instrumental for the discovery of symbiotic genes, but similar studies in crop legumes are scant. To isolate and characterize common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) symbiotic mutants, an ethyl methanesulphonate-induced mutant population from the BAT 93 genotype was analyzed. Our initial screening of Rhizobium etli CE3-inoculated mutant plants revealed different alterations in nodulation. We proceeded with the characterization of three non-nodulating (nnod), apparently monogenic/recessive mutants: nnod(1895), nnod(2353) and nnod(2114). Their reduced growth in a symbiotic condition was restored when the nitrate was added. A similar nnod phenotype was observed upon inoculation with other efficient rhizobia species. A microscopic analysis revealed a different impairment for each mutant in an early symbiotic step. nnod(1895) formed decreased root hair curling but had increased non-effective root hair deformation and no rhizobia infection. nnod(2353) produced normal root hair curling and rhizobia entrapment to form infection chambers, but the development of the latter was blocked. nnod(2114) formed infection threads that did not elongate and thus did not reach the root cortex level; it occasionally formed non-infected pseudo-nodules. The current research is aimed at mapping the responsible mutated gene for a better understanding of SNF in this critical food crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Reyero-Saavedra
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca 62210, Morelos, Mexico; (R.R.-S.); (S.I.F.); (A.L.); (G.J.-N.); (P.P.); (M.R.); (L.G.)
| | - Sara Isabel Fuentes
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca 62210, Morelos, Mexico; (R.R.-S.); (S.I.F.); (A.L.); (G.J.-N.); (P.P.); (M.R.); (L.G.)
| | - Alfonso Leija
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca 62210, Morelos, Mexico; (R.R.-S.); (S.I.F.); (A.L.); (G.J.-N.); (P.P.); (M.R.); (L.G.)
| | - Gladys Jiménez-Nopala
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca 62210, Morelos, Mexico; (R.R.-S.); (S.I.F.); (A.L.); (G.J.-N.); (P.P.); (M.R.); (L.G.)
| | - Pablo Peláez
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca 62210, Morelos, Mexico; (R.R.-S.); (S.I.F.); (A.L.); (G.J.-N.); (P.P.); (M.R.); (L.G.)
| | - Mario Ramírez
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca 62210, Morelos, Mexico; (R.R.-S.); (S.I.F.); (A.L.); (G.J.-N.); (P.P.); (M.R.); (L.G.)
| | - Lourdes Girard
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca 62210, Morelos, Mexico; (R.R.-S.); (S.I.F.); (A.L.); (G.J.-N.); (P.P.); (M.R.); (L.G.)
| | - Timothy G. Porch
- USDA-ARS, Tropical Agriculture Research Station, 2200 P.A. Campos Avenue, Suite 201, Mayaguez 00680, Puerto Rico;
| | - Georgina Hernández
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca 62210, Morelos, Mexico; (R.R.-S.); (S.I.F.); (A.L.); (G.J.-N.); (P.P.); (M.R.); (L.G.)
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6
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Xu L, Wang J, Xiao Y, Han Z, Chai J. Structural insight into chitin perception by chitin elicitor receptor kinase 1 of Oryza sativa. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 65:235-248. [PMID: 35568972 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plants have developed innate immune systems to fight against pathogenic fungi by monitoring pathogenic signals known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP) and have established endo symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi through recognition of mycorrhizal (Myc) factors. Chitin elicitor receptor kinase 1 of Oryza sativa subsp. Japonica (OsCERK1) plays a bifunctional role in mediating both chitin-triggered immunity and symbiotic relationships with AM fungi. However, it remains unclear whether OsCERK1 can directly recognize chitin molecules. In this study, we show that OsCERK1 binds to the chitin hexamer ((NAG)6 ) and tetramer ((NAG)4 ) directly and determine the crystal structure of the OsCERK1-(NAG)6 complex at 2 Å. The structure shows that one OsCERK1 is associated with one (NAG)6 . Upon recognition, chitin hexamer binds OsCERK1 by interacting with the shallow groove on the surface of LysM2. These structural findings, complemented by mutational analyses, demonstrate that LysM2 is crucial for recognition of both (NAG)6 and (NAG)4 . Altogether, these findings provide structural insights into the ability of OsCERK1 in chitin perception, which will lead to a better understanding of the role of OsCERK1 in mediating both immunity and symbiosis in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xu
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Centre for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jizong Wang
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Centre for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yu Xiao
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Centre for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Zhifu Han
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Centre for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jijie Chai
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Centre for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, 50829, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, 50674, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence in Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
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Vlk D, Trněný O, Řepková J. Genes Associated with Biological Nitrogen Fixation Efficiency Identified Using RNA Sequencing in Red Clover ( Trifolium pratense L.). LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12121975. [PMID: 36556339 PMCID: PMC9785344 DOI: 10.3390/life12121975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Commonly studied in the context of legume-rhizobia symbiosis, biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) is a key component of the nitrogen cycle in nature. Despite its potential in plant breeding and many years of research, information is still lacking as to the regulation of hundreds of genes connected with plant-bacteria interaction, nodulation, and nitrogen fixation. Here, we compared root nodule transcriptomes of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) genotypes with contrasting nitrogen fixation efficiency, and we found 491 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between plants with high and low BNF efficiency. The annotation of genes expressed in nodules revealed more than 800 genes not yet experimentally confirmed. Among genes mediating nodule development, four nod-ule-specific cysteine-rich (NCR) peptides were confirmed in the nodule transcriptome. Gene duplication analyses revealed that genes originating from tandem and dispersed duplication are significantly over-represented among DEGs. Weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA) organized expression profiles of the transcripts into 16 modules linked to the analyzed traits, such as nitrogen fixation efficiency or sample-specific modules. Overall, the results obtained broaden our knowledge about transcriptomic landscapes of red clover's root nodules and shift the phenotypic description of BNF efficiency on the level of gene expression in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Vlk
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Masaryk University, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Oldřich Trněný
- Agricultural Research, Ltd., Zahradní 1, 664 41 Troubsko, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Řepková
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Masaryk University, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-549-49-6895
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Khurshid K, Akram A, Ali A, Munir F, Gul A, Haider G, Qayyum Z, Amir R. Genome wide identification and characterization of nodulation related genes in Arachis hypogaea. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0273768. [PMID: 36084097 PMCID: PMC9462762 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen is an important plant nutrient that has a significant role in crop yield. Hence, to fulfill the needs of sustainable agriculture, it is necessary to improve biological nitrogen fixation in leguminous crops. Nod inducing gene families plays a crucial role in the interaction between rhizobia and legumes, leading to biological nitrogen fixation. However, nod inducing genes identification and characterization has not yet been performed in Arachis hypogaea. In this study, identification and genome-wide analysis of nod inducing genes are performed so that to explore their potential functions in the Arachis hypogaea for the first time. Nod genes were comprehensively analyzed by phylogenetic clustering analysis, gene structure determination, detection of conserved motifs, subcellular localization, conserved motifs, cis-acting elements and promoter region analysis. This study identified 42 Nod inducing genes in Arachis hypogaea, their sequences were submitted to NCBI and accession numbers were obtained. Potential involvement of these genes in biological nitrogen fixation has been unraveled, such as, phylogenetic analysis revealed that nod inducing genes evolved independently in Arachis hypogaea, the amino acid structures exhibited 20 highly conserved motifs, the proteins are present at different locations in cells and the gene structures revealed that all the genes are full-length genes with upstream intronic regions. Further, the promoter analysis determined a large number of cis-regulatory elements involved in nodulation. Moreover, this study not only provides identification and characterization of genes underlying developmental and functional stages of nodulation and biological nitrogen fixation but also lays the foundation for further revelation of nod inducing gene family. Besides, identification and structural analysis of these genes in Arachis hypogaea may provide a theoretical basis for the study of evolutionary relationships in future analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Khurshid
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Anum Akram
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ahmad Ali
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Faiza Munir
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Alvina Gul
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ghulam Haider
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Zuhra Qayyum
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Rabia Amir
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
- * E-mail: ,
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Shoot-to-root translocated GmNN1/FT2a triggers nodulation and regulates soybean nitrogen nutrition. PLoS Biol 2022; 20:e3001739. [PMID: 35969610 PMCID: PMC9410562 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF) provides sufficient nitrogen (N) to meet most legume nutrition demands. In return, host plants feed symbionts carbohydrates produced in shoots. However, the molecular dialogue between shoots and symbionts remains largely mysterious. Here, we report the map-based cloning and characterization of a natural variation in GmNN1, the ortholog of Arabidopsis thaliana FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT2a) that simultaneously triggers nodulation in soybean and modulates leaf N nutrition. A 43-bp insertion in the promoter region of GmNN1/FT2a significantly decreased its transcription level and yielded N deficiency phenotypes. Manipulating GmNN1/GmFT2a significantly enhanced soybean nodulation, plant growth, and N nutrition. The near-isogenic lines (NILs) carrying low mRNA abundance alleles of GmNN1/FT2a, along with stable transgenic soybeans with CRISPR/Cas9 knockouts of GmNN1/FT2a, had yellower leaves, lower N concentrations, and fewer nodules than wild-type control plants. Grafting together with split-root experiments demonstrated that only shoot GmNN1/FT2a was responsible for regulating nodulation and thereby N nutrition through shoot-to-root translocation, and this process depends on rhizobial infection. After translocating into roots, shoot-derived GmNN1/FT2a was found to interact with GmNFYA-C (nuclear factor-Y subunit A-C) to activate symbiotic signaling through the previously reported GmNFYA-C-ENOD40 module. In short, the description of the critical soybean nodulation regulatory pathway outlined herein sheds novel insights into the shoot-to-root signaling required for communications between host plants and root nodulating symbionts. Symbiotic nitrogen fixation provides a vital nitrogen source in agroecosystems but nodulation is tightly controlled by a long-distance signaling system. This study uses map-based cloning to reveal GmNN1/FT2a as a new shoot-to-root mobile protein that significantly regulates nodule formation and thus nitrogen nutrition in soybean.
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Khatri R, Pant SR, Sharma K, Niraula PM, Lawaju BR, Lawrence KS, Alkharouf NW, Klink VP. Glycine max Homologs of DOESN'T MAKE INFECTIONS 1, 2, and 3 Function to Impair Heterodera glycines Parasitism While Also Regulating Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase Expression. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:842597. [PMID: 35599880 PMCID: PMC9114929 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.842597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Glycine max root cells developing into syncytia through the parasitic activities of the pathogenic nematode Heterodera glycines underwent isolation by laser microdissection (LM). Microarray analyses have identified the expression of a G. max DOESN'T MAKE INFECTIONS3 (DMI3) homolog in syncytia undergoing parasitism but during a defense response. DMI3 encodes part of the common symbiosis pathway (CSP) involving DMI1, DMI2, and other CSP genes. The identified DMI gene expression, and symbiosis role, suggests the possible existence of commonalities between symbiosis and defense. G. max has 3 DMI1, 12 DMI2, and 2 DMI3 paralogs. LM-assisted gene expression experiments of isolated syncytia under further examination here show G. max DMI1-3, DMI2-7, and DMI3-2 expression occurring during the defense response in the H. glycines-resistant genotypes G.max [Peking/PI548402] and G.max [PI88788] indicating a broad and consistent level of expression of the genes. Transgenic overexpression (OE) of G. max DMI1-3, DMI2-7, and DMI3-2 impairs H. glycines parasitism. RNA interference (RNAi) of G. max DMI1-3, DMI2-7, and DMI3-2 increases H. glycines parasitism. The combined opposite outcomes reveal a defense function for these genes. Prior functional transgenic analyses of the 32-member G. max mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) gene family has determined that 9 of them act in the defense response to H. glycines parasitism, referred to as defense MAPKs. RNA-seq analyses of root RNA isolated from the 9 G. max defense MAPKs undergoing OE or RNAi reveal they alter the relative transcript abundances (RTAs) of specific DMI1, DMI2, and DMI3 paralogs. In contrast, transgenically-manipulated DMI1-3, DMI2-7, and DMI3-2 expression influences MAPK3-1 and MAPK3-2 RTAs under certain circumstances. The results show G. max homologs of the CSP, and defense pathway are linked, apparently involving co-regulated gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishi Khatri
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States
| | - Shankar R. Pant
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States
| | - Keshav Sharma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States
| | - Prakash M. Niraula
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States
| | - Bisho R. Lawaju
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Kathy S. Lawrence
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Nadim W. Alkharouf
- Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Towson University, Towson, MD, United States
| | - Vincent P. Klink
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States
- USDA ARS NEA BARC Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, United States
- Center for Computational Sciences High Performance Computing Collaboratory, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States
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11
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12
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He Q, Xiang S, Wang W, Shu Y, Li Z, Wang S, Chen L, Yang X, Zhao T. Transcriptomic and photosynthetic responses to grafting of the Nod1 gene in nodulated and non-nodulated soybeans. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2021; 11:jkab209. [PMID: 34544123 PMCID: PMC8496209 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkab209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Legume plants form symbiotic relationships with rhizobia to convert N2 into ammonia, and the nodulation status can affect plant development including photosynthesis. However, the relationship between nitrogen fixation and photosynthesis during carbon and nitrogen metabolism remains unclear. This study was undertaken to unravel regulation of nodulation and photosynthesis using a spontaneous nonnodulated soybean mutant by grafting. The results of inheritance and gene mapping showed that the nonnodulated mutant was controlled by a recessive gene overlapped with the reported rj1 locus, and might be a new rj1 allele with 1 bp deletion in the fourth exon in comparison to the sequence of normal nodulation plants. According to grafting results, soybean nodulation is obviously determined by the roots, not the seedlings. Moreover, nitrogen content along with related metabolic enzyme activity, and photosynthetic capacity were enhanced by nonnodulated scions grafted with nodulated roots. Contrary results were obtained for nodulated scions grafted with nonnodulated roots. A total of 853 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the leaves and 1874 in the roots were identified by transcriptome analyses of the grafting treatments. We identified 285 differential gene ontology (GO) terms and 57 differential pathway terms identified in the leaves, while 856 differential GO terms and 207 differential pathway terms in the roots. Twenty DEGs interacting at translation level were selected, and the results of transcriptome analyses were verified by q-PCR. These findings indicated that the nodulation-related Nod allelic gene increases the nitrogen content of nonnodulated plants, which affects the enzymes involved in nitrogen metabolism, leading to changes in hormone levels and further regulation of photosynthesis and carbon metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyuan He
- College of Life and Health Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang 233100, China
- Soybean Research Institute/National Center for Soybean Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean/Ministry of Agriculture/National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Shihua Xiang
- Zigong Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Zigong 643000, China
| | - Wubin Wang
- Soybean Research Institute/National Center for Soybean Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean/Ministry of Agriculture/National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yingjie Shu
- College of Life and Health Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang 233100, China
| | - Zhengpeng Li
- College of Life and Health Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang 233100, China
| | - Songhua Wang
- College of Life and Health Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang 233100, China
| | - Lei Chen
- College of Life and Health Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang 233100, China
| | - Xiaoyan Yang
- College of Life and Health Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang 233100, China
| | - Tuanjie Zhao
- Soybean Research Institute/National Center for Soybean Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean/Ministry of Agriculture/National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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13
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Luo Z, Lin JS, Zhu Y, Fu M, Li X, Xie F. NLP1 reciprocally regulates nitrate inhibition of nodulation through SUNN-CRA2 signaling in Medicago truncatula. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2021; 2:100183. [PMID: 34027396 PMCID: PMC8132174 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2021.100183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Most legume plants can associate with diazotrophic soil bacteria called rhizobia, resulting in new root organs called nodules that enable N2 fixation. Nodulation is an energy-consuming process, and nodule number is tightly regulated by independent systemic signaling pathways controlled by CLE/SUNN and CEP/CRA2. Moreover, nitrate inhibits legume nodulation via local and systemic regulatory pathways. In Medicago truncatula, NLP1 plays important roles in nitrate-induced inhibition of nodulation, but the relationship between systemic and local pathways in mediating nodulation inhibition by nitrate is poorly understood. In this study, we found that nitrate induces CLE35 expression in an NLP1-dependent manner and that NLP1 binds directly to the CLE35 promoter to activate its expression. Grafting experiments revealed that the systemic control of nodule number involves negative regulation by SUNN and positive regulation by CRA2 in the shoot, and that NLP1's control of the inhibition of rhizobial infection, nodule development, and nitrogenase activity in response to nitrate is determined by the root. Unexpectedly, grafting experiments showed that loss of CRA2 in the root increases nodule number at inhibitory nitrate levels, probably because of CEP1/2 upregulation in the cra2 mutants, suggesting that CRA2 exerts active negative feedback regulation in the root.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenpeng Luo
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jie-shun Lin
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yali Zhu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mengdi Fu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolin Li
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Fang Xie
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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Xu H, Li Y, Zhang K, Li M, Fu S, Tian Y, Qin T, Li X, Zhong Y, Liao H. miR169c-NFYA-C-ENOD40 modulates nitrogen inhibitory effects in soybean nodulation. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:3377-3392. [PMID: 33245793 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Legume crops contribute a great portion of clean nitrogen (N) to agro-ecosystems through symbiotic N2 fixation in the nodule; however, the nodulation is always inhibited by high N availability which is known as the N inhibitory effect through largely unknown mechanisms. We functionally investigated miR169c-GmNFYA-C-GmENOD40 under multiple N conditions in soybean (Glycine max) (ENOD, Early Nodulin; NFYA, Nuclear Factor-Y Subunit A). We elucidated their regulatory roles in soybean nodulation through analyzing expression patterns, micro-messenger RNA (miRNA-mRNA) interactions, phenotypes of transgenic soybean plants and genetic interactions. We found that miR169c expression was induced by high N, whereas its target GmNFYA-C was preferentially expressed in nodules and induced by rhizobium inoculation. Overexpression of miR169c inhibited nodulation through targeting 3'-UTR of GmNFYA-C, whereas knockout miR169c through CRISPR-cas9 promoted nodulation. However, overexpression of GmNFYA-C promoted soybean nodulation through facilitating rhizobium infection and increasing the expression of symbiotic signaling gene GmENOD40. Besides, GmNFYA-C directly induced the expression of GmENOD40. In addition, overexpression of GmNFYA-C without the target site of miR169c partially attenuated the inhibitory effect of high N on soybean nodulation. We discovered a new regulatory pathway involving the miR169c-NFYA-C-ENOD40 module that regulates soybean nodulation in response to N availability. This pathway provides substantial new insights into the mechanisms underlying the N inhibitory effect on nodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyu Xu
- Root Biology Center, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Yanjun Li
- Root Biology Center, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Kefei Zhang
- Root Biology Center, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Mingjia Li
- Root Biology Center, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Siyuan Fu
- Root Biology Center, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Yingzhe Tian
- Root Biology Center, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Tongfei Qin
- Root Biology Center, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Xinxin Li
- Root Biology Center, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Yongjia Zhong
- Root Biology Center, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Hong Liao
- Root Biology Center, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
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15
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Banuelos J, Martínez-Romero E, Montaño NM, Camargo-Ricalde SL. Folates in legume root nodules. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 171:447-452. [PMID: 32984974 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Folates are multifunctional metabolites in plants that are essential for cell division, nucleic acids and amino acid synthesis. During symbiotic nitrogen fixation in legumes, these cofactors are needed for de novo purine biosynthesis, meaning that changes in the folate pools could directly affect the flow of fixed nitrogen to the plant. Its role related to symbiotic nitrogen fixation has not been yet explored, but recent data suggest a relevant role during the first steps. Transcriptomic, metabolomic and proteomic analyses indicate that folates are accumulated in symbiotic plant tissue, as they are involved, not only in de novo purines biosynthesis, but in nitrogen translocation, endoreduplication and phytohormones biosynthesis. Understanding the possible implication of folate pools during the nitrogen fixation and assimilation, might aid for new engineering targets, in relation to the two transformylations or the production of glycine by serine hydroxymethyltransferase during the de novo purine biosynthetic pathway. In this review, we intend to deliver and discuss the available evidence that support a relevant role of folates during the symbiotic nitrogen fixation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Banuelos
- Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Noé Manuel Montaño
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sara Lucía Camargo-Ricalde
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico City, Mexico
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16
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Ahmad MZ, Zhang Y, Zeng X, Li P, Wang X, Benedito VA, Zhao J. Isoflavone malonyl-CoA acyltransferase GmMaT2 is involved in nodulation of soybean by modifying synthesis and secretion of isoflavones. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:1349-1369. [PMID: 33130852 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Malonyl-CoA:flavonoid acyltransferases (MaTs) modify isoflavones, but only a few have been characterized for activity and assigned to specific physiological processes. Legume roots exude isoflavone malonates into the rhizosphere, where they are hydrolyzed into isoflavone aglycones. Soybean GmMaT2 was highly expressed in seeds, root hairs, and nodules. GmMaT2 and GmMaT4 recombinant enzymes used isoflavone 7-O-glucosides as acceptors and malonyl-CoA as an acyl donor to generate isoflavone glucoside malonates. GmMaT2 had higher activity towards isoflavone glucosides than GmMaT4. Overexpression in hairy roots of GmMaT2 and GmMaT4 produced more malonyldaidzin, malonylgenistin, and malonylglycitin, and resulted in more nodules than control. However, only GmMaT2 knockdown (KD) hairy roots showed reduced levels of malonyldaidzin, malonylgenistin, and malonylglycitin, and, likewise, reduced nodule numbers. These were consistent with the up-regulation of only GmMaT2 by rhizobial infection, and higher expression levels of early nodulation genes in GmMaT2- and GmMaT4-overexpressing roots, but lower only in GmMaT2-KD roots compared with control roots. Higher malonyl isoflavonoid levels in transgenic hairy roots were associated with higher levels of isoflavones in root exudates and more nodules, and vice versa. We suggest that GmMaT2 participates in soybean nodulation by catalyzing isoflavone malonylation and affecting malonyl isoflavone secretion for activation of Nod factor and nodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Zulfiqar Ahmad
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yanrui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiangsheng Zeng
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Penghui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Vagner A Benedito
- Division of Plant & Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Jian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
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17
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Tichá M, Illésová P, Hrbáčková M, Basheer J, Novák D, Hlaváčková K, Šamajová O, Niehaus K, Ovečka M, Šamaj J. Tissue culture, genetic transformation, interaction with beneficial microbes, and modern bio-imaging techniques in alfalfa research. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2020; 40:1265-1280. [PMID: 32942912 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2020.1814689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Current research needs to be more focused on agronomical plants to effectively utilize the knowledge obtained from model plant species. Efforts to improve legumes have long employed common breeding tools. Recently, biotechnological approaches facilitated the development of improved legumes with new traits, allowing them to withstand climatic changes and biotic stress. Owing to its multiple uses and profits, alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) has become a prominent forage crop worldwide. This review provides a comprehensive research summary of tissue culture-based genetic transformation methods, which could be exploited for the development of transgenic alfalfa with agronomically desirable traits. Moreover, advanced bio-imaging approaches, including cutting-edge microscopy and phenotyping, are outlined here. Finally, characterization and the employment of beneficial microbes should help to produce biotechnologically improved and sustainable alfalfa cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Tichá
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Illésová
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslava Hrbáčková
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jasim Basheer
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Dominik Novák
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Hlaváčková
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Olga Šamajová
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Karsten Niehaus
- Faculty of Biology, Center for Biotechnology - CeBiTec, Universität Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Miroslav Ovečka
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jozef Šamaj
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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18
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Nishad R, Ahmed T, Rahman VJ, Kareem A. Modulation of Plant Defense System in Response to Microbial Interactions. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1298. [PMID: 32719660 PMCID: PMC7350780 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
At different stages throughout their life cycle, plants often encounter several pathogenic microbes that challenge plant growth and development. The sophisticated innate plant immune system prevents the growth of harmful microbes via two interconnected defense strategies based on pathogen perception. These strategies involve microbe-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity and microbial effector-triggered immunity. Both these immune responses induce several defense mechanisms for restricting pathogen attack to protect against pathogens and terminate their growth. Plants often develop immune memory after an exposure to pathogens, leading to systemic acquired resistance. Unlike that with harmful microbes, plants make friendly interactions with beneficial microbes for boosting their plant immune system. A spike in recent publications has further improved our understanding of the immune responses in plants as triggered by interactions with microbes. The present study reviews our current understanding of how plant–microbe interactions can activate the sophisticated plant immune system at the molecular level. We further discuss how plant-microbe interaction boost the immune system of plants by demonstrating the examples of Mycorrhizal and Rhizobial association and how these plant-microbe interactions can be exploited to engineer disease resistance and crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Resna Nishad
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Science, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Talaat Ahmed
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Science, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.,Environmental Science Centre, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Abdul Kareem
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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19
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Imai A, Ohtani M, Nara A, Tsukakoshi A, Narita A, Hirakawa H, Sato S, Suganuma N. The Lotus japonicus nucleoporin GLE1 is involved in symbiotic association with rhizobia. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2020; 168:590-600. [PMID: 31115057 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Nucleoporins are components of the nuclear pore complexes, channels that regulate the transport of macromolecules between the nucleus and cytoplasm. The nucleoporin GLE1 (GLFG lethal1) functions in the export of messenger RNAs containing poly(A) tails from the nucleus into the cytoplasm. Here we investigated a mutant of the model legume Lotus japonicus that was defective in GLE1, which we designated Ljgle1. The growth of Ljgle1 was retarded under symbiotic association with rhizobia, and the nitrogen-fixation activities of the nodules were around one-third of those in the wild-type plant. The growth of Ljgle1 was not substantialy recovered by supplemention of combined nitrogen. Nodules formed on the Ljgle1 were smaller than those on the wild-type and colored faint pink. The numbers of infected cells of nodules on the Ljgle1 were smaller than on the wild-type plant, and the former cells remained undeveloped. Rhizobia in the cells of the Ljgle1 exhibited disordered forms, and the symbiosome membrane was closely attached to the bacterial membrane. These results indicate that GLE1 plays a distinct role in the symbiotic association between legumes and rhizobia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akito Imai
- Department of Life Science, Aichi University of Education, Kariya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Mai Ohtani
- Department of Life Science, Aichi University of Education, Kariya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Asami Nara
- Department of Life Science, Aichi University of Education, Kariya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Anna Tsukakoshi
- Department of Life Science, Aichi University of Education, Kariya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Aya Narita
- Department of Life Science, Aichi University of Education, Kariya, Aichi, Japan
| | | | - Shusei Sato
- Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Chiba, Japan
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Norio Suganuma
- Department of Life Science, Aichi University of Education, Kariya, Aichi, Japan
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20
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Huisman R, Geurts R. A Roadmap toward Engineered Nitrogen-Fixing Nodule Symbiosis. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2020; 1:100019. [PMID: 33404552 PMCID: PMC7748023 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2019.100019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In the late 19th century, it was discovered that legumes can establish a root nodule endosymbiosis with nitrogen-fixing rhizobia. Soon after, the question was raised whether it is possible to transfer this trait to non-leguminous crops. In the past century, an ever-increasing amount of knowledge provided unique insights into the cellular, molecular, and genetic processes controlling this endosymbiosis. In addition, recent phylogenomic studies uncovered several genes that evolved to function specifically to control nodule formation and bacterial infection. However, despite this massive body of knowledge, the long-standing objective to engineer the nitrogen-fixing nodulation trait on non-leguminous crop plants has not been achieved yet. In this review, the unsolved questions and engineering strategies toward nitrogen-fixing nodulation in non-legume plants are discussed and highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rik Huisman
- Wageningen University, Department of Plant Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen 6708PB, The Netherlands
| | - Rene Geurts
- Wageningen University, Department of Plant Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen 6708PB, The Netherlands
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21
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The rhizobial autotransporter determines the symbiotic nitrogen fixation activity of Lotus japonicus in a host-specific manner. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:1806-1815. [PMID: 31900357 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1913349117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Leguminous plants establish endosymbiotic associations with rhizobia and form root nodules in which the rhizobia fix atmospheric nitrogen. The host plant and intracellular rhizobia strictly control this symbiotic nitrogen fixation. We recently reported a Lotus japonicus Fix- mutant, apn1 (aspartic peptidase nodule-induced 1), that impairs symbiotic nitrogen fixation. APN1 encodes a nodule-specific aspartic peptidase involved in the Fix- phenotype in a rhizobial strain-specific manner. This host-strain specificity implies that some molecular interactions between host plant APN1 and rhizobial factors are required, although the biological function of APN1 in nodules and the mechanisms governing the interactions are unknown. To clarify how rhizobial factors are involved in strain-specific nitrogen fixation, we explored transposon mutants of Mesorhizobium loti strain TONO, which normally form Fix- nodules on apn1 roots, and identified TONO mutants that formed Fix+ nodules on apn1 The identified causal gene encodes an autotransporter, part of a protein secretion system of Gram-negative bacteria. Expression of the autotransporter gene in M. loti strain MAFF3030399, which normally forms Fix+ nodules on apn1 roots, resulted in Fix- nodules. The autotransporter of TONO functions to secrete a part of its own protein (a passenger domain) into extracellular spaces, and the recombinant APN1 protein cleaved the passenger protein in vitro. The M. loti autotransporter showed the activity to induce the genes involved in nodule senescence in a dose-dependent manner. Therefore, we conclude that the nodule-specific aspartic peptidase, APN1, suppresses negative effects of the rhizobial autotransporter in order to maintain effective symbiotic nitrogen fixation in root nodules.
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Tokumoto Y, Hashimoto K, Soyano T, Aoki S, Iwasaki W, Fukuhara M, Nakagawa T, Saeki K, Yokoyama J, Fujita H, Kawaguchi M. Assessment of Polygala paniculata (Polygalaceae) characteristics for evolutionary studies of legume-rhizobia symbiosis. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2020; 133:109-122. [PMID: 31828682 PMCID: PMC8057963 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-019-01159-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Root nodule (RN) symbiosis is a mutualistic interaction observed between nitrogen-fixing soil bacteria and nodulating plants, which are scattered in only four orders of angiosperms called nitrogen-fixing clade. Most of legumes engage in RN symbiosis with rhizobia. Molecular genetic analyses with legumes and non-leguminous nodulating plants revealed that RN symbiosis utilizes early signalling components that are required for symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. However detailed evolutionary processes are still largely unknown. Comparative analyses with non-nodulating species phylogenetically related to legumes could be better strategies to study the evolution of RN symbiosis in legumes. Polygala paniculata is a non-leguminous species that belongs to a family different from legumes but that is classified into the same order, Fabales. It has appropriate characteristics for cultivation in laboratories: small body size, high fertility and short lifecycles. Therefore, we further assessed whether this species is suitable as a model species for comparative studies with legumes. We first validated that the plant we obtained in Palau was truly P. paniculata by molecular phylogenetic analysis using rbcL sequences. The estimated genome size of this species was less than those of two model legumes, Lotus japonicus and Medicago truncatula. We determined conditions for cultivation in vitro and for hairy root formation from P. paniculata seedlings. It would facilitate to investigate gene functions in this species. The ability of P. paniculata to interact with AM fungi was confirmed by inoculation with Rhizophagus irregularis, suggesting the presence of early signalling factors that might be involved in RN symbiosis. Unexpectedly, branching of root hairs was observed when inoculated with Mesorhizobium loti broad host range strain NZP2037, indicating that P. paniculata has the biological potential to respond to rhizobia. We propose that P. paniculata is used as a model plant for the evolutionary study of RN symbiosis.
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Grants
- 16H01248 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- 16H06279 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- 16K08149 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- 17K07509 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Tokumoto
- Division of Symbiotic Systems, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, 444 8585, Japan
| | - Kayo Hashimoto
- Division of Symbiotic Systems, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, 444 8585, Japan
| | - Takashi Soyano
- Division of Symbiotic Systems, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, 444 8585, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi, 444 8585, Japan
| | - Seishiro Aoki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113 0032, Japan
| | - Wataru Iwasaki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113 0032, Japan
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8564, Japan
| | - Mai Fukuhara
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi, 444 8585, Japan
| | - Tomomi Nakagawa
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, 464 8602, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Saeki
- Department of Biological Sciences and Kyousei Science Center for Life and Nature, Nara Women's University, Nara, 630 8506, Japan
| | - Jun Yokoyama
- Faculty of Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata, 990 8560, Japan
| | - Hironori Fujita
- Division of Symbiotic Systems, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, 444 8585, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi, 444 8585, Japan
- Astrobiology Center, Mitaka, Tokyo, 181 8588, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Kawaguchi
- Division of Symbiotic Systems, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, 444 8585, Japan.
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi, 444 8585, Japan.
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23
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Trněný O, Vlk D, Macková E, Matoušková M, Řepková J, Nedělník J, Hofbauer J, Vejražka K, Jakešová H, Jansa J, Piálek L, Knotová D. Allelic Variants for Candidate Nitrogen Fixation Genes Revealed by Sequencing in Red Clover ( Trifolium pratense L.). Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20215470. [PMID: 31684086 PMCID: PMC6862357 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant–rhizobia symbiosis can activate key genes involved in regulating nodulation associated with biological nitrogen fixation (BNF). Although the general molecular basis of the BNF process is frequently studied, little is known about its intraspecific variability and the characteristics of its allelic variants. This study’s main goals were to describe phenotypic and genotypic variation in the context of nitrogen fixation in red clover (Trifolium pretense L.) and identify variants in BNF candidate genes associated with BNF efficiency. Acetylene reduction assay validation was the criterion for selecting individual plants with particular BNF rates. Sequences in 86 key candidate genes were obtained by hybridization-based sequence capture target enrichment of plants with alternative phenotypes for nitrogen fixation. Two genes associated with BNF were identified: ethylene response factor required for nodule differentiation (EFD) and molybdate transporter 1 (MOT1). In addition, whole-genome population genotyping by double-digest restriction-site-associated sequencing (ddRADseq) was performed, and BNF was evaluated by the natural 15N abundance method. Polymorphisms associated with BNF and reflecting phenotype variability were identified. The genetic structure of plant accessions was not linked to BNF rate of measured plants. Knowledge of the genetic variation within BNF candidate genes and the characteristics of genetic variants will be beneficial in molecular diagnostics and breeding of red clover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oldřich Trněný
- Agricultural Research, Ltd., Zahradní 1, 664 41 Troubsko, Czech Republic.
| | - David Vlk
- Department of Experimental Biology, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Eliška Macková
- Department of Experimental Biology, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | | | - Jana Řepková
- Department of Experimental Biology, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Nedělník
- Agricultural Research, Ltd., Zahradní 1, 664 41 Troubsko, Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Hofbauer
- Agricultural Research, Ltd., Zahradní 1, 664 41 Troubsko, Czech Republic.
| | - Karel Vejražka
- Agricultural Research, Ltd., Zahradní 1, 664 41 Troubsko, Czech Republic.
| | - Hana Jakešová
- Red Clover and Grass Breeding, 724 47 Hladké Životice, Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Jansa
- Institute of Microbiology of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Lubomír Piálek
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Daniela Knotová
- Research Institute for Fodder Crops, Ltd., 664 41 Troubsko, Czech Republic.
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Wang L, Sun Z, Su C, Wang Y, Yan Q, Chen J, Ott T, Li X. A GmNINa-miR172c-NNC1 Regulatory Network Coordinates the Nodulation and Autoregulation of Nodulation Pathways in Soybean. MOLECULAR PLANT 2019; 12:1211-1226. [PMID: 31201867 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Revised: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Symbiotic root nodules are root lateral organs of plants in which nitrogen-fixing bacteria (rhizobia) convert atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia. The formation and number of nodules in legumes are precisely controlled by a rhizobia-induced signal cascade and host-controlled autoregulation of nodulation (AON). However, how these pathways are integrated and their underlying mechanisms are unclear. Here, we report that microRNA172c (miR172c) activates soybean (Glycine max) Rhizobia-Induced CLE1 (GmRIC1) and GmRIC2 by removing the transcriptional repression of these genes by Nodule Number Control 1 (NNC1), leading to the activation of the AON pathway. NNC1 interacts with GmNINa, the soybean ortholog of Lotus NODULE INCEPTION (NIN), and hampers its transcriptional activation of GmRIC1 and GmRIC2. Importantly, GmNINa acts as a transcriptional activator of miR172c. Intriguingly, NNC1 can transcriptionally repress miR172c expression, adding a negative feedback loop into the NNC1 regulatory network. Moreover, GmNINa interacts with NNC1 and can relieve the NNC1-mediated repression of miR172c transcription. Thus, the GmNINa-miR172c-NNC1 network is a master switch that coordinately regulates and optimizes NF and AON signaling, supporting the balance between nodulation and AON in soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1 Shizishan Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China; College of Biological Science and Engineering, Panzhihua University, No. 10 Airport Road, Eastern District, Panzhihua, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhengxi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1 Shizishan Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
| | - Chao Su
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1 Shizishan Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China; University of Freiburg, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Yongliang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1 Shizishan Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
| | - Qiqi Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1 Shizishan Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
| | - Jiahuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1 Shizishan Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
| | - Thomas Ott
- University of Freiburg, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; CIBSS - Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Xia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1 Shizishan Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China.
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Wang X, Huo H, Luo Y, Liu D, Zhao L, Zong L, Chou M, Chen J, Wei G. Type III secretion systems impact Mesorhizobium amorphae CCNWGS0123 compatibility with Robinia pseudoacacia. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 39:1533-1550. [PMID: 31274160 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpz077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Rhizobia and legume plants are famous mutualistic symbiosis partners who provide nitrogen nutrition to the natural environment. Rhizobial type III secretion systems (T3SSs) deliver effectors that manipulate the metabolism of eukaryotic host cells. Mesorhizobium amorphae CCNWGS0123 (GS0123) contains two T3SS gene clusters, T3SS-I and T3SS-II. T3SS-I contains all the basal components for an integrated T3SS, and the expression of T3SS-I genes is up-regulated in the presence of flavonoids. In contrast, T3SS-II lacks the primary extracellular elements of T3SSs, and the expression of T3SS-II genes is down-regulated in the presence of flavonoids. Inoculation tests on Robinia pseudoacacia displayed considerable differences in gene expression patterns and levels among roots inoculated with GS0123 and T3SS-deficient mutant (GS0123ΔrhcN1 (GS0123ΔT1), GS0123ΔrhcN2 (GS0123ΔT2) and GS0123ΔrhcN1ΔrhcN2 (GS0123ΔS)). Compared with the GS0123-inoculated plants, GS0123ΔT1-inoculated roots formed very few infection threads and effective nodules, while GS0123ΔT2-inoculated roots formed a little fewer infection threads and effective nodules with increased numbers of bacteroids enclosed in one symbiosome. Moreover, almost no infection threads or effective nodules were observed in GS0123ΔS-inoculated roots. In addition to evaluations of plant immunity signals, we observed that the coexistence of T3SS-I and T3SS-II promoted infection by suppressing host defense response in the reactive oxygen species defense response pathway. Future studies should focus on identifying rhizobial T3SS effectors and their host target proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinye Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Haibo Huo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yantao Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Le Zong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Minxia Chou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Gehong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
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26
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Mendoza-Cózatl DG, Gokul A, Carelse MF, Jobe TO, Long TA, Keyster M. Keep talking: crosstalk between iron and sulfur networks fine-tunes growth and development to promote survival under iron limitation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:4197-4210. [PMID: 31231775 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plants are capable of synthesizing all the molecules necessary to complete their life cycle from minerals, water, and light. This plasticity, however, comes at a high energetic cost and therefore plants need to regulate their economy and allocate resources accordingly. Iron-sulfur (Fe-S) clusters are at the center of photosynthesis, respiration, amino acid, and DNA metabolism. Fe-S clusters are extraordinary catalysts, but their main components (Fe2+ and S2-) are highly reactive and potentially toxic. To prevent toxicity, plants have evolved mechanisms to regulate the uptake, storage, and assimilation of Fe and S. Recent advances have been made in understanding the cellular economy of Fe and S metabolism individually, and growing evidence suggests that there is dynamic crosstalk between Fe and S networks. In this review, we summarize and discuss recent literature on Fe sensing, allocation, use efficiency, and, when pertinent, its relationship to S metabolism. Our future perspectives include a discussion about the open questions and challenges ahead and how the plant nutrition field can come together to approach these questions in a cohesive and more efficient way.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Mendoza-Cózatl
- Division of Plant Sciences, C.S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Arun Gokul
- Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa
| | - Mogamat F Carelse
- Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa
| | - Timothy O Jobe
- Botanical Institute and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Terri A Long
- Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Marshall Keyster
- Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa
- DST-NRF Centre of Excellence in Food Security, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa
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27
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Abstract
Strigolactones (SLs), a group of plant secondary metabolites, play an important role as a host recognition signal for symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in the rhizosphere. SLs promote symbioses with other beneficial microbes, including root nodule bacteria. Root parasitic weeds also take advantage of SLs as a clue to locate living host roots. In plants, SLs function as plant hormones regulating various growth and developmental processes including shoot and root architectures. Plants under nutrient deficiencies, especially that of phosphate, promote SL production and exudation to attract symbionts and to optimize shoot and root architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Yoneyama
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan
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28
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Sakamoto K, Ogiwara N, Kaji T, Sugimoto Y, Ueno M, Sonoda M, Matsui A, Ishida J, Tanaka M, Totoki Y, Shinozaki K, Seki M. Transcriptome analysis of soybean (Glycine max) root genes differentially expressed in rhizobial, arbuscular mycorrhizal, and dual symbiosis. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2019; 132:541-568. [PMID: 31165947 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-019-01117-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Soybean (Glycine max) roots establish associations with nodule-inducing rhizobia and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. Both rhizobia and AM fungi have been shown to affect the activity of and colonization by the other, and their interactions can be detected within host plants. Here, we report the transcription profiles of genes differentially expressed in soybean roots in the presence of rhizobial, AM, or rhizobial-AM dual symbiosis, compared with those in control (uninoculated) roots. Following inoculation, soybean plants were grown in a glasshouse for 6 weeks; thereafter their root transcriptomes were analyzed using an oligo DNA microarray. Among the four treatments, the root nodule number and host plant growth were highest in plants with dual symbiosis. We observed that the expression of 187, 441, and 548 host genes was up-regulated and 119, 1,439, and 1,298 host genes were down-regulated during rhizobial, AM, and dual symbiosis, respectively. The expression of 34 host genes was up-regulated in each of the three symbioses. These 34 genes encoded several membrane transporters, type 1 metallothionein, and transcription factors in the MYB and bHLH families. We identified 56 host genes that were specifically up-regulated during dual symbiosis. These genes encoded several nodulin proteins, phenylpropanoid metabolism-related proteins, and carbonic anhydrase. The nodulin genes up-regulated by the AM fungal colonization probably led to the observed increases in root nodule number and host plant growth. Some other nodulin genes were down-regulated specifically during AM symbiosis. Based on the results above, we suggest that the contribution of AM fungal colonization is crucial to biological N2-fixation and host growth in soybean with rhizobial-AM dual symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Sakamoto
- Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, 648 Matsudo, Matsudo, Chiba, 271-8510, Japan.
| | - Natsuko Ogiwara
- Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, 648 Matsudo, Matsudo, Chiba, 271-8510, Japan
| | - Tomomitsu Kaji
- JA ZEN-NOH Research and Development Center, 4-18-1 Higashiyawata, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa, 254-0016, Japan
| | - Yurie Sugimoto
- Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, 648 Matsudo, Matsudo, Chiba, 271-8510, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Ueno
- Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, 648 Matsudo, Matsudo, Chiba, 271-8510, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Sonoda
- Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, 648 Matsudo, Matsudo, Chiba, 271-8510, Japan
| | - Akihiro Matsui
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
- RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Junko Ishida
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
- RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Maho Tanaka
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
- RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yasushi Totoki
- Division of Cancer Genomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Kazuo Shinozaki
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Motoaki Seki
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
- RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, 641-12 Maioka-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 244-0813, Japan
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29
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Zhang Z, Ke D, Hu M, Zhang C, Deng L, Li Y, Li J, Zhao H, Cheng L, Wang L, Yuan H. Quantitative phosphoproteomic analyses provide evidence for extensive phosphorylation of regulatory proteins in the rhizobia-legume symbiosis. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 100:265-283. [PMID: 30989446 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-019-00857-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Symbiotic nitrogen fixation in root nodules of grain legumes is essential for high yielding. Protein phosphorylation/dephosphorylation plays important role in root nodule development. Differences in the phosphoproteomes may either be developmental specific and related to nitrogen fixation activity. An iTRAQ-based quantitative phosphoproteomic analyses during nodule development enables identification of specific phosphorylation signaling in the Lotus-rhizobia symbiosis. During evolution, legumes (Fabaceae) have evolved a symbiotic relationship with rhizobia, which fix atmospheric nitrogen and produce ammonia that host plants can then absorb. Root nodule development depends on the activation of protein phosphorylation-mediated signal transduction cascades. To investigate possible molecular mechanisms of protein modulation during nodule development, we used iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomic analyses to identify root phosphoproteins during rhizobial colonization and infection of Lotus japonicus. 1154 phosphoproteins with 2957 high-confidence phosphorylation sites were identified. Gene ontology enrichment analysis of functional groups of these genes revealed that the biological processes mediated by these proteins included cellular processes, signal transduction, and transporter activity. Quantitative data highlighted the dynamics of protein phosphorylation during nodule development and, based on regulatory trends, seven groups were identified. RNA splicing and brassinosteroid (BR) signaling pathways were extensively affected by phosphorylation, and most Ser/Arg-rich (SR) proteins were multiply phosphorylated. In addition, many proposed kinase-substrate pairs were predicted, and in these MAPK6 substrates were found to be highly enriched. This study offers insights into the regulatory processes underlying nodule development, provides an accessible resource cataloging the phosphorylation status of thousands of Lotus proteins during nodule development, and develops our understanding of post-translational regulatory mechanisms in the Lotus-rhizobia symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaibao Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, Henan, China
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, Henan, China
| | - Danxia Ke
- Henan Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, Henan, China
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, Henan, China
| | - Menghui Hu
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, Henan, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, Henan, China
| | - Lijun Deng
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, Henan, China
| | - Yuting Li
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, Henan, China
| | - Jiuli Li
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, Henan, China
| | - Hai Zhao
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, Henan, China
| | - Lin Cheng
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, Henan, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, Henan, China.
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, Henan, China.
| | - Hongyu Yuan
- Henan Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, Henan, China.
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, Henan, China.
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Das DR, Horváth B, Kundu A, Kaló P, DasGupta M. Functional conservation of CYCLOPS in crack entry legume Arachis hypogaea. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 281:232-241. [PMID: 30824056 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Root nodule symbiosis in legumes is established following interaction of compatible rhizobia that activates an array of genes, commonly known as symbiotic-pathway, resulting in nodule development. In model legumes, bacterial entry mainly occurs through infection thread involving the expression of transcription factor CYCLOPS/IPD3. Here we show the functional analysis of AhCYCLOPS in Arachis hypogaea where bacteria invade roots through epidermal cracks. Exploiting significant cross-species domain conservation, trans-complementation experiments involving ectopic expression of AhCYCLOPS in transgenic hairy-roots of Medicago truncatula ipd3 mutants resulted in functional complementation of Medicago nodules. Moreover, native promoter of AhCYCLOPS was sufficient for this cross-species complementation irrespective of the different modes of infection of roots by rhizobia and nodule ontology. To unravel the role of AhCYCLOPS during 'crack-entry' nodulation in A. hypogaea, RNAi of AhCYCLOPS was performed which resulted in delayed nodule inception followed by drastic reduction in nodule number on transgenic hairy-roots. The infection zone of a significant number of RNAi nodules showed presence of infected cells with enlarged nucleus and rod shaped undifferentiated bacteria. Expression analysis showed downregulation of several nodulation responsible effectors endorsing the compromised condition of RNAi roots. Together, the results indicated that AhCYCLOPS plays an important role in A. hypogaea nodule development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debapriya Rajlakshmi Das
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, 700019, West Bengal, India
| | - Beatrix Horváth
- Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, NARIC, Szent-Györgyi Albert u. 4, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Anindya Kundu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, 700019, West Bengal, India
| | - Péter Kaló
- Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, NARIC, Szent-Györgyi Albert u. 4, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Maitrayee DasGupta
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, 700019, West Bengal, India.
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Sogawa A, Yamazaki A, Yamasaki H, Komi M, Manabe T, Tajima S, Hayashi M, Nomura M. SNARE Proteins LjVAMP72a and LjVAMP72b Are Required for Root Symbiosis and Root Hair Formation in Lotus japonicus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 9:1992. [PMID: 30700990 PMCID: PMC6343493 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
SNARE (soluble N-ethyl maleimide sensitive factor attachment protein receptor) proteins mediate membrane trafficking in eukaryotic cells. Both LjVAMP72a and LjVAMP72b are members of R-SNARE and belong to a symbiotic subgroup of VAMP72 in Lotus japonicus. Their sequences are closely related and both were induced in the root upon rhizobial inoculation. The expression level of LjVAMP72a in the nodules was higher than in the leaves or roots; however, LjVMAP72b was expressed constitutively in the leaves, roots, and nodules. Immunoblot analysis showed that not only LjVAMP72a but also LjVAMP72b were accumulated in a symbiosome-enriched fraction, suggesting its localization in the symbiosome membrane during nodulation. Since there was 89% similarity between LjVAMP72a and LjVAMP72b, knockdown mutant by RNAi suppressed both genes. The suppression of both genes impaired root nodule symbiosis (RNS). The number of bacteroids and the nitrogen fixation activity were severely curtailed in the nodules formed on knockdown roots (RNAi-LjVAMP72a/72b). Arbuscular mycorrhization (AM) was also attenuated in knockdown roots, indicating that LjVAMP72a and LjVAMP72b were required to establish not only RNS but also AM. In addition, transgenic hairy roots of RNAi-LjVAMP72a/72b suppressed the elongation of root hairs without infections by rhizobia or arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Amino acid alignment showed the symbiotic subclade of VAMP72s containing LjVAMP72a and LjVAMP72b were a conserved six amino acid region (HHQAQD) within the SNARE motif. Taken together, our data suggested that LjVAMP72a and LjVAMP72b positively controlled both symbioses and root hair formation by affecting the secretory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aoi Sogawa
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | | | | | - Misa Komi
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Tomomi Manabe
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | | | - Makoto Hayashi
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Mika Nomura
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
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Suzaki T, Takeda N, Nishida H, Hoshino M, Ito M, Misawa F, Handa Y, Miura K, Kawaguchi M. LACK OF SYMBIONT ACCOMMODATION controls intracellular symbiont accommodation in root nodule and arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis in Lotus japonicus. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1007865. [PMID: 30605473 PMCID: PMC6317779 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen-fixing rhizobia and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) form symbioses with plant roots and these are established by precise regulation of symbiont accommodation within host plant cells. In model legumes such as Lotus japonicus and Medicago truncatula, rhizobia enter into roots through an intracellular invasion system that depends on the formation of a root-hair infection thread (IT). While IT-mediated intracellular rhizobia invasion is thought to be the most evolutionarily derived invasion system, some studies have indicated that a basal intercellular invasion system can replace it when some nodulation-related factors are genetically modified. In addition, intracellular rhizobia accommodation is suggested to have a similar mechanism as AMF accommodation. Nevertheless, our understanding of the underlying genetic mechanisms is incomplete. Here we identify a L. japonicus nodulation-deficient mutant, with a mutation in the LACK OF SYMBIONT ACCOMMODATION (LAN) gene, in which root-hair IT formation is strongly reduced, but intercellular rhizobial invasion eventually results in functional nodule formation. LjLAN encodes a protein that is homologous to Arabidopsis MEDIATOR 2/29/32 possibly acting as a subunit of a Mediator complex, a multiprotein complex required for gene transcription. We also show that LjLAN acts in parallel with a signaling pathway including LjCYCLOPS. In addition, the lan mutation drastically reduces the colonization levels of AMF. Taken together, our data provide a new factor that has a common role in symbiont accommodation process during root nodule and AM symbiosis. Symbiosis between plants and beneficial microbes such as nitrogen-fixing bacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi has enabled plant colonization of new environments. Root nodule symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing rhizobia enables sessile plants to survive in a nitrogen-deficient environment. To establish the symbiosis, host plant cells need to accommodate rhizobia during nodule development, a process mediated by a plant-derived intracellular structure called the infection thread (IT). In this study, we show that LACK OF SYMBIONT ACCOMMODATION (LAN) is involved in intracellular rhizobia accommodation in the model leguminous plant Lotus japonicus. LjLAN encodes a putative subunit of Mediator complex, a multiprotein complex that has a fundamental role as an activator of gene transcription. Mutation analysis suggests that LjLAN is required for root hair IT formation, which enables swift and efficient rhizobial accommodation. Moreover, we show that LjLAN is required for symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. These data add a new component to the molecular mechanism relevant to the establishment of root nodule and arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Suzaki
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- College of Biological Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Tsukuba Plant-Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Naoya Takeda
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, Mita, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Hanna Nishida
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Motomi Hoshino
- College of Biological Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Momoyo Ito
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Fumika Misawa
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | | | - Kenji Miura
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- College of Biological Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Tsukuba Plant-Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Kawaguchi
- National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
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Lin JS, Li X, Luo Z, Mysore KS, Wen J, Xie F. NIN interacts with NLPs to mediate nitrate inhibition of nodulation in Medicago truncatula. NATURE PLANTS 2018; 4:942-952. [PMID: 30297831 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-018-0261-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Legume plants can assimilate inorganic nitrogen and have access to fixed nitrogen through symbiotic interaction with diazotrophic bacteria called rhizobia. Symbiotic nitrogen fixation is an energy-consuming process and is strongly inhibited when sufficient levels of fixed nitrogen are available, but the molecular mechanisms governing this regulation are largely unknown. The transcription factor nodule inception (NIN) is strictly required for nodulation and belongs to a family of NIN-like proteins (NLPs), which have been implicated in the regulation of nitrogen homeostasis in Arabidopsis. Here, we show that mutation or downregulation of NLP genes prevents nitrate inhibition of infection, nodule formation and nitrogen fixation. We find that NIN and NLPs physically interact through their carboxy-terminal PB1 domains. Furthermore, we find that NLP1 is required for the expression of nitrate-responsive genes and that nitrate triggers NLP1 re-localization from the cytosol to the nucleus. Finally, we show that NLP1 can suppress NIN activation of CRE1 expression in Nicotiana benthamiana and Medicago truncatula. Our findings highlight a central role for NLPs in the suppression of nodulation by nitrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Shun Lin
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolin Li
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenpeng Luo
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Jiangqi Wen
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, Ardmore, OK, USA
| | - Fang Xie
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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Li X, Zheng J, Yang Y, Liao H. INCREASING NODULE SIZE1 Expression Is Required for Normal Rhizobial Symbiosis and Nodule Development. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 178:1233-1248. [PMID: 30266750 PMCID: PMC6236598 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.01018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Nodulation is crucial for biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) in legumes, but the molecular mechanisms underlying BNF have remained elusive. Here, we cloned a candidate gene underlying a major nodulation quantitative trait locus in soybean (Glycine max), INCREASING NODULE SIZE1 (GmINS1). GmINS1 encodes a cell wall β-expansin and is expressed primarily in vascular bundles, along with cortical and parenchyma cells of nodules. Four single-nucleotide polymorphisms distinguishing the two parents were found in the GmINS1 promoter region. Among them, single-nucleotide polymorphism A/C has a significant effect on GmINS1 expression in the parental genotype P2, based on β-glucuronidase activity and promoter deletion analysis. The expression of GmINS1 and the P2 genotype promoter was strongly associated with nodule development, not only in the parents but also in 40 progeny lines and 40 genotypes selected from a soybean core collection. Overexpression of GmINS1 resulted in increases in the number, biomass, infection cell abundance, and nitrogenase activity of large nodules and subsequently changed the nitrogen content and biomass of soybean plants. GmINS1 suppression via RNA interference had the opposite effect. Double suppression of GmEXPB2 and GmINS1 dramatically inhibited soybean nodulation. Our results reveal that GmINS1 is a critical gene in nodule development and that GmEXPB2 and GmINS1 synergistically control nodulation in soybean. Our findings shed light on the genetic basis of soybean nodulation and provide a candidate gene for optimizing BNF capacity through molecular breeding in soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Li
- Root Biology Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jiakun Zheng
- Root Biology Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yongqing Yang
- Root Biology Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hong Liao
- Root Biology Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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35
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Battenberg K, Potter D, Tabuloc CA, Chiu JC, Berry AM. Comparative Transcriptomic Analysis of Two Actinorhizal Plants and the Legume Medicago truncatula Supports the Homology of Root Nodule Symbioses and Is Congruent With a Two-Step Process of Evolution in the Nitrogen-Fixing Clade of Angiosperms. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1256. [PMID: 30349546 PMCID: PMC6187967 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Root nodule symbiosis (RNS) is a symbiotic interaction established between angiosperm hosts and nitrogen-fixing soil bacteria in specialized organs called root nodules. The host plants provide photosynthate and the microsymbionts supply fixed nitrogen. The origin of RNS represents a major evolutionary event in the angiosperms, and understanding the genetic underpinnings of this event is of major economic and agricultural importance. Plants that engage in RNS are restricted to a single angiosperm clade known as the nitrogen-fixing clade (NFC), yet occur in multiple lineages scattered within the NFC. It has been postulated that RNS evolved in two steps: a gain-of-predisposition event occurring at the base of the NFC, followed by a gain-of-function event in each host plant lineage. Here, we first explore the premise that RNS has evolved from a single common background, and then we explore whether a two-step process better explains the evolutionary origin of RNS than either a single-step process, or multiple origins. We assembled the transcriptomes of root and nodule of two actinorhizal plants, Ceanothus thyrsiflorus and Datisca glomerata. Together with the corresponding published transcriptomes of the model legume Medicago truncatula, the gene expression patterns in roots and nodules were compared across the three lineages. We found that orthologs of many genes essential for RNS in the model legumes are expressed in all three lineages, and that the overall nodule gene expression patterns were more similar to each other than expected by random chance, a finding that supports a common evolutionary background for RNS shared by the three lineages. Moreover, phylogenetic analyses suggested that a substantial portion of the genes experiencing selection pressure changes at the base of the NFC also experienced additional changes at the base of each host plant lineage. Our results (1) support the occurrence of an event that led to RNS at the base of the NFC, and (2) suggest a subsequent change in each lineage, most consistent with a two-step origin of RNS. Among several conserved functions identified, strigolactone-related genes were down-regulated in nodules of all three species, suggesting a shared function similar to that shown for arbuscular mycorrhizal symbioses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Battenberg
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Daniel Potter
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Christine A. Tabuloc
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Joanna C. Chiu
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Alison M. Berry
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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Magne K, Couzigou JM, Schiessl K, Liu S, George J, Zhukov V, Sahl L, Boyer F, Iantcheva A, Mysore KS, Wen J, Citerne S, Oldroyd GED, Ratet P. MtNODULE ROOT1 and MtNODULE ROOT2 Are Essential for Indeterminate Nodule Identity. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 178:295-316. [PMID: 30026291 PMCID: PMC6130032 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.00610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Symbiotic interactions between legume plants and rhizobia result in the formation of nitrogen-fixing nodules, but the molecular actors and the mechanisms allowing for the maintenance of nodule identity are poorly understood. Medicago truncatula NODULE ROOT1 (MtNOOT1), Pisum sativum COCHLEATA1 (PsCOCH1), and Lotus japonicus NOOT-BOP-COCH-LIKE1 (LjNBCL1) are orthologs of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) AtBLADE-ON-PETIOLE1/2 and are members of the NBCL gene family, which has conserved roles in plant development and is essential for indeterminate and determinate nodule identity in legumes. The loss of function of MtNOOT1, PsCOCH1, and LjNBCL1 triggers a partial loss of nodule identity characterized by the development of ectopic roots arising from nodule vascular meristems. Here, we report the identification and characterization of a second gene involved in regulating indeterminate nodule identity in M. truncatula, MtNOOT2MtNOOT2 is the paralog of MtNOOT1 and belongs to a second legume-specific NBCL subclade, the NBCL2 clade. MtNOOT2 expression was induced during early nodule formation, and it was expressed primarily in the nodule central meristem. Mtnoot2 mutants did not present any particular symbiotic phenotype; however, the loss of function of both MtNOOT1 and MtNOOT2 resulted in the complete loss of nodule identity and was accompanied by drastic changes in the expression of symbiotic, defense, and root apical meristem marker genes. Mtnoot1 noot2 double mutants developed only nonfixing root-like structures that were no longer able to host symbiotic rhizobia. This study provides original insights into the molecular basis underlying nodule identity in legumes forming indeterminate nodules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Magne
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay IPS2, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 630, 91405 Orsay, France
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay IPS2, Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Bâtiment 630, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Jean-Malo Couzigou
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay IPS2, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 630, 91405 Orsay, France
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay IPS2, Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Bâtiment 630, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Katharina Schiessl
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Shengbin Liu
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay IPS2, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 630, 91405 Orsay, France
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay IPS2, Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Bâtiment 630, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Jeoffrey George
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay IPS2, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 630, 91405 Orsay, France
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay IPS2, Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Bâtiment 630, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Vladimir Zhukov
- ARRIAM, Laboratory of Genetics of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Podbelsky chaussée 3, 196608 Pushkin, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Lucien Sahl
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay IPS2, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 630, 91405 Orsay, France
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay IPS2, Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Bâtiment 630, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Frederic Boyer
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay IPS2, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 630, 91405 Orsay, France
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay IPS2, Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Bâtiment 630, 91405 Orsay, France
| | | | - Kirankumar S Mysore
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
| | - Jiangqi Wen
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
| | - Sylvie Citerne
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, AgroParisTech, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Giles E D Oldroyd
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Pascal Ratet
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay IPS2, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 630, 91405 Orsay, France
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay IPS2, Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Bâtiment 630, 91405 Orsay, France
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Nishida H, Suzaki T. Two Negative Regulatory Systems of Root Nodule Symbiosis: How Are Symbiotic Benefits and Costs Balanced? PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 59:1733-1738. [PMID: 29860446 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Root nodule symbiosis is one of the best characterized mutualistic relationships of plant-microbe symbiosis, where mainly leguminous species can obtain nitrogen sources fixed by nitrogen-fixing rhizobia through the formation of symbiotic organ root nodules. In order to drive this symbiotic process, plants need to provide carbon sources that should be used for their growth. Therefore, a balance between the benefits of obtaining nitrogen sources and the costs of losing carbon sources needs to be maintained during root nodule symbiosis. Plants have developed at least two negative regulatory systems of root nodule symbiosis. One strategy involves the regulation of nodule number in response to rhizobial infection. For this regulation, a systemic long-range signaling between roots and shoots called autoregulation of nodulation has a pivotal role. Another strategy involves the regulation of root nodule symbiosis in response to nitrate, the most abundant form of nitrogen nutrients in the soil. Recent studies indicate that long-distance signaling is shared between the two strategies, where NIN and NRSYM1, two paralogous RWP-RK transcription factors, can activate the production of nodulation-related CLE peptides in response to different inputs. Here, we provide an overview of such progress in our understanding of molecular mechanisms relevant to the control of the symbiotic balance, including their biological significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Nishida
- National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takuya Suzaki
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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38
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Nishida H, Suzaki T. Nitrate-mediated control of root nodule symbiosis. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 44:129-136. [PMID: 29684704 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen is an indispensable inorganic nutrient that is required by plants throughout their life. Root nodule symbiosis (RNS) is an important strategy mainly adopted by legumes to enhance nitrogen acquisition, where several key processes required for the establishment of the symbiosis, are pleiotropically controlled by nitrate availability in soil. Although the autoregulation of nodulation (AON), a systemic long-range signaling, has been suggested to be implicated in nitrate-induced control of RNS, AON alone is insufficient to fully explain the pleiotropic regulation that is induced by nitrate. A recent elucidation of the function of a NIN-LIKE PROTEIN transcription factor has provided greater insights into the genetic mechanisms underlying nitrate-induced control of RNS in varying nitrate environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Nishida
- National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan; School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan; Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takuya Suzaki
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
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Gully D, Czernic P, Cruveiller S, Mahé F, Longin C, Vallenet D, François P, Nidelet S, Rialle S, Giraud E, Arrighi JF, DasGupta M, Cartieaux F. Transcriptome Profiles of Nod Factor-independent Symbiosis in the Tropical Legume Aeschynomene evenia. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10934. [PMID: 30026595 PMCID: PMC6053390 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29301-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Nod factors (NF) were assumed to be indispensable for the establishment of a rhizobium-legume symbiosis until the discovery that certain Bradyrhizobium strains interacting with certain Aeschynomene species lack the canonical nodABC genes required for their synthesis. So far, the molecular dialogue between Aeschynomene and its symbionts remains an open question. Here we report a time course transcriptional analysis of Aeschynomene evenia in response to inoculation with Bradyrhizobium ORS278. The NF-independent symbiotic process was monitored at five time points between bacterial infection and nodule maturity. The five time points correspond to three specific events, root infection by crack entry, nodule organogenesis, and the establishment of the nitrogen fixing process. During the third stage, about 80 NCR-like genes and eight symbiotic genes known to be involved in signaling, bacterial infection or nodulation regulation were highly expressed. Comparative gene expression analyses at the five time points also enabled the selection of genes with an expression profile that makes them promising markers to monitor early plant responses to bacteria. Such markers could be used in bioassays to identify the nature of the bacterial signal(s). Our data represent valuable resources for investigation of this Nod factor-independent symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djamel Gully
- LSTM, Univ. Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, IRD, SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Pierre Czernic
- Université de Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, F-34095, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Stéphane Cruveiller
- LABGeM, Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91057, Evry, France
| | - Frédéric Mahé
- LSTM, Univ. Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, IRD, SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Cyrille Longin
- LABGeM, Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91057, Evry, France
| | - David Vallenet
- LABGeM, Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91057, Evry, France
| | - Philippe François
- LSTM, Univ. Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, IRD, SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Sabine Nidelet
- MGX, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, BioCampus, Montpellier, France
| | - Stéphanie Rialle
- MGX, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, BioCampus, Montpellier, France
| | - Eric Giraud
- LSTM, Univ. Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, IRD, SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Maitrayee DasGupta
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, 700019, India
| | - Fabienne Cartieaux
- LSTM, Univ. Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, IRD, SupAgro, Montpellier, France.
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40
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Tsyganova AV, Tsyganov VE. Plant Genetic Control over Infection Thread Development during Legume-Rhizobium Symbiosis. Symbiosis 2018. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.70689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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41
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Ramongolalaina C, Teraishi M, Okumoto Y. QTLs underlying the genetic interrelationship between efficient compatibility of Bradyrhizobium strains with soybean and genistein secretion by soybean roots. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194671. [PMID: 29617389 PMCID: PMC5884529 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Soybean plants establish symbiotic relationships with soil rhizobia which form nodules on the plant roots. Nodule formation starts when the plant roots exudate isoflavonoids that induce nod gene expression of a specific Bradyrhizobium. We examined the specific indigenous rhizobia that form nodules with the soybean cultivars Peking and Tamahomare in different soils. PCR-RFLP analysis targeted to the 16S-23S rRNA gene internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the bacterial type of each root nodule showed that Bradyrhizobium japonicum (USDA110-type) and Bradyrhizobium elkanii (USDA94-type) had high compatibility with the Tamahomare and Peking cultivars, respectively. We grew 93 recombinant inbred lines (RIL) of soybean seeds derived from the cross between Peking and Tamahomare in three different field soils and identified the indigenous rhizobia nodulating each line using the same PCR-RFLP analysis. QTL analysis identified one QTL region in chromosome-18 with a highly significant additive effect that controls compatibility with both B. japonicum USDA110 and B. elkanii USDA94. We also measured the amount of daidzein and genistein secretion from roots of the 93 RILs by HPLC analysis. QTL analysis showed one QTL region in chromosome-18 controlling genistein secretion from roots and coinciding with that regulating compatibility of specific indigenous rhizobia with soybean. The amount of genistein may be a major regulatory factor in soybean-rhizobium compatibility.
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MESH Headings
- Bradyrhizobium/genetics
- Bradyrhizobium/physiology
- DNA, Bacterial/isolation & purification
- DNA, Bacterial/metabolism
- Flavonoids/metabolism
- Genistein/metabolism
- Isoflavones/metabolism
- Plant Roots/genetics
- Plant Roots/metabolism
- Plant Roots/microbiology
- Quantitative Trait Loci
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/metabolism
- RNA, Ribosomal, 23S/genetics
- RNA, Ribosomal, 23S/metabolism
- Glycine max/genetics
- Glycine max/metabolism
- Glycine max/microbiology
- Symbiosis
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Masayoshi Teraishi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Oiwake, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yutaka Okumoto
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Oiwake, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
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42
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Nishida H, Tanaka S, Handa Y, Ito M, Sakamoto Y, Matsunaga S, Betsuyaku S, Miura K, Soyano T, Kawaguchi M, Suzaki T. A NIN-LIKE PROTEIN mediates nitrate-induced control of root nodule symbiosis in Lotus japonicus. Nat Commun 2018; 9:499. [PMID: 29403008 PMCID: PMC5799372 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-02831-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Legumes and rhizobia establish symbiosis in root nodules. To balance the gains and costs associated with the symbiosis, plants have developed two strategies for adapting to nitrogen availability in the soil: plants can regulate nodule number and/or stop the development or function of nodules. Although the former is accounted for by autoregulation of nodulation, a form of systemic long-range signaling, the latter strategy remains largely enigmatic. Here, we show that the Lotus japonicus NITRATE UNRESPONSIVE SYMBIOSIS 1 (NRSYM1) gene encoding a NIN-LIKE PROTEIN transcription factor acts as a key regulator in the nitrate-induced pleiotropic control of root nodule symbiosis. NRSYM1 accumulates in the nucleus in response to nitrate and directly regulates the production of CLE-RS2, a root-derived mobile peptide that acts as a negative regulator of nodule number. Our data provide the genetic basis for how plants respond to the nitrogen environment and control symbiosis to achieve proper plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Nishida
- National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan.,School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan.,Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Sachiko Tanaka
- National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | | | - Momoyo Ito
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yuki Sakamoto
- Imaging Frontier Center, Organization for Research Advancement, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Sachihiro Matsunaga
- Imaging Frontier Center, Organization for Research Advancement, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan.,Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Betsuyaku
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kenji Miura
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takashi Soyano
- National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan.,School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Kawaguchi
- National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan.,School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takuya Suzaki
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
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43
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Munch D, Gupta V, Bachmann A, Busch W, Kelly S, Mun T, Andersen SU. The Brassicaceae Family Displays Divergent, Shoot-Skewed NLR Resistance Gene Expression. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 176:1598-1609. [PMID: 29187571 PMCID: PMC5813569 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.01606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding site leucine-rich repeat resistance genes (NLRs) allow plants to detect microbial effectors. We hypothesized that NLR expression patterns could reflect organ-specific differences in effector challenge and tested this by carrying out a meta-analysis of expression data for 1,235 NLRs from nine plant species. We found stable NLR root/shoot expression ratios within species, suggesting organ-specific hardwiring of NLR expression patterns in anticipation of distinct challenges. Most monocot and dicot plant species preferentially expressed NLRs in roots. In contrast, Brassicaceae species, including oilseed rape (Brassica napus) and the model plant Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), were unique in showing NLR expression skewed toward the shoot across multiple phylogenetically distinct groups of NLRs. The Brassicaceae are also outliers in the sense that they have lost the common symbiosis signaling pathway, which enables intracellular infection by root symbionts. While it is unclear if these two events are related, the NLR expression shift identified here suggests that the Brassicaceae may have evolved unique pattern-recognition receptors and antimicrobial root metabolites to substitute for NLR protection. Such innovations in root protection could potentially be exploited in crop rotation schemes or for enhancing root defense systems of non-Brassicaceae crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Munch
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Vikas Gupta
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Asger Bachmann
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Wolfgang Busch
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Simon Kelly
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Terry Mun
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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44
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Lu Y, Ishimaru CA, Glazebrook J, Samac DA. Comparative Genomic Analyses of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. insidiosus and Pathogenicity on Medicago truncatula. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2018; 108:172-185. [PMID: 28952422 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-05-17-0171-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Clavibacter michiganensis is the most economically important gram-positive bacterial plant pathogen, with subspecies that cause serious diseases of maize, wheat, tomato, potato, and alfalfa. Much less is known about pathogenesis involving gram-positive plant pathogens than is known for gram-negative bacteria. Comparative genome analyses of C. michiganensis subspecies affecting tomato, potato, and maize have provided insights on pathogenicity. In this study, we identified strains of C. michiganensis subsp. insidiosus with contrasting pathogenicity on three accessions of the model legume Medicago truncatula. We generated complete genome sequences for two strains and compared these to a previously sequenced strain and genome sequences of four other subspecies. The three C. michiganensis subsp. insidiosus strains varied in gene content due to genome rearrangements, most likely facilitated by insertion elements, and plasmid number, which varied from one to three depending on strain. The core C. michiganensis genome consisted of 1,917 genes, with 379 genes unique to C. michiganensis subsp. insidiosus. An operon for synthesis of the extracellular blue pigment indigoidine, enzymes for pectin degradation, and an operon for inositol metabolism are among the unique features. Secreted serine proteases belonging to both the pat-1 and ppa families were present but highly diverged from those in other subspecies.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Lu
- First and third authors: Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, second and fourth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, and first, second, third, and fourth authors: the Microbial and Plant Genomics Institute, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108; and fourth author: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Plant Science Research, St. Paul, MN 55108
| | - Carol A Ishimaru
- First and third authors: Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, second and fourth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, and first, second, third, and fourth authors: the Microbial and Plant Genomics Institute, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108; and fourth author: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Plant Science Research, St. Paul, MN 55108
| | - Jane Glazebrook
- First and third authors: Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, second and fourth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, and first, second, third, and fourth authors: the Microbial and Plant Genomics Institute, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108; and fourth author: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Plant Science Research, St. Paul, MN 55108
| | - Deborah A Samac
- First and third authors: Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, second and fourth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, and first, second, third, and fourth authors: the Microbial and Plant Genomics Institute, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108; and fourth author: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Plant Science Research, St. Paul, MN 55108
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45
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Coba de la Peña T, Fedorova E, Pueyo JJ, Lucas MM. The Symbiosome: Legume and Rhizobia Co-evolution toward a Nitrogen-Fixing Organelle? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 8:2229. [PMID: 29403508 PMCID: PMC5786577 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.02229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In legume nodules, symbiosomes containing endosymbiotic rhizobial bacteria act as temporary plant organelles that are responsible for nitrogen fixation, these bacteria develop mutual metabolic dependence with the host legume. In most legumes, the rhizobia infect post-mitotic cells that have lost their ability to divide, although in some nodules cells do maintain their mitotic capacity after infection. Here, we review what is currently known about legume symbiosomes from an evolutionary and developmental perspective, and in the context of the different interactions between diazotroph bacteria and eukaryotes. As a result, it can be concluded that the symbiosome possesses organelle-like characteristics due to its metabolic behavior, the composite origin and differentiation of its membrane, the retargeting of host cell proteins, the control of microsymbiont proliferation and differentiation by the host legume, and the cytoskeletal dynamics and symbiosome segregation during the division of rhizobia-infected cells. Different degrees of symbiosome evolution can be defined, specifically in relation to rhizobial infection and to the different types of nodule. Thus, our current understanding of the symbiosome suggests that it might be considered a nitrogen-fixing link in organelle evolution and that the distinct types of legume symbiosomes could represent different evolutionary stages toward the generation of a nitrogen-fixing organelle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teodoro Coba de la Peña
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias ICA-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), La Serena, Chile
| | - Elena Fedorova
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias ICA-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
- K. A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
| | - José J Pueyo
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias ICA-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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46
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Li H, Chen M, Duan L, Zhang T, Cao Y, Zhang Z. Domain Swap Approach Reveals the Critical Roles of Different Domains of SYMRK in Root Nodule Symbiosis in Lotus japonicus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:697. [PMID: 29988452 PMCID: PMC6024595 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Symbiosis receptor kinase (SYMRK) is a cell membrane-localized protein kinase containing extracellular malectin-like domain (MLD) and leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domains, which is critically required for both root nodule symbiosis (RNS) and arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis (AMS). SYMRK is widely distributed in the genomes of different plant species; however, the contribution of different domains of SYMRK and its homologs from other plant species to RNS is largely unclear. In this study, SYMRK and its homologs from three typical plant species including Medicago truncatula (for both RNS and AMS), Oryza sativa (for AMS but not RNS), and Arabidopsis thaliana (for neither RNS or AMS) were investigated using domain swap approach in response to rhizobia in Lotus japonicus. Full-length SYMRK from rice and Medicago but not from Arabidopsis could complement Lotus symrk-409 mutant plants to contribute RNS. The chimeric protein with the extracellular domain (ED) of LjSYMRK and cytoplasmic domains (CD) of SYMRK from both Medicago and rice but not Arabidopsis could contribute to RNS in Lotus, suggesting that the CD of SYMRK is required for symbiotic signaling. The chimeric receptors containing the CD of LjSYMRK (SYMRKCD) and the EDs of MtDMI2 (MtDMI2ED), OsSYMRK (OsSYMRKED), AtSYMRK (AtSYMRKED), NFR1 (NFR1ED), and NFR5 (NFR5ED) could complement Lotus symrk-409 mutant plants to develop nodules. However, MtDMI2 could partially complement Lotus symrk-409 mutants to form both effective nodules and ineffective bumps, which is similar to the complementation results from MtDMI2ED-LjSYMRKCD and LjSYMRKGDLC in Lotus symrk-409 mutants, suggesting that ED of SYMRK has a very fine-tune regulation for RNS in Lotus. The deletion of either MLD or LRR on SYMRKGDLC (a mutant version of SYMRK with GDPC motif replaced by GDLC) could contribute to RNS when overexpressed in Lotus symrk-409 mutants, suggesting that MLD and LRR domains might work together to be involved in symbiotic signaling and the LRR domain might play a negative role in LjSYMRKGDLC-mediated RNS. By mutagenizing the conserved amino acids on LRR domain, five serine residues were found to be required for the function of LjSYMRKGDLC in RNS. These finding precisely refine the molecular mechanisms of SYMRK function in symbiotic signaling in L. japonicus.
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47
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Cui S, Suzaki T, Tominaga-Wada R, Yoshida S. Regulation and functional diversification of root hairs. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 83:115-122. [PMID: 28993253 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Root hairs result from the polar outgrowth of root epidermis cells in vascular plants. Root hair development processes are regulated by intrinsic genetic programs, which are flexibly modulated by environmental conditions, such as nutrient availability. Basic programs for root hair development were present in early land plants. Subsequently, some plants developed the ability to utilize root hairs for specific functions, in particular, for interactions with other organisms, such as legume-rhizobia and host plants-parasites interactions. In this review, we summarize the molecular regulation of root hair development and the modulation of root hairs under limited nutrient supply and during interactions with other organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songkui Cui
- Division for Research Strategy, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, Japan; Graduate School of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, Japan
| | - Takuya Suzaki
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Rumi Tominaga-Wada
- Graduate School of Biosphere Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Satoko Yoshida
- Division for Research Strategy, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, Japan; Graduate School of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, Japan.
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48
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Godschalx AL, Tran V, Ballhorn DJ. Host plant cyanotype determines degree of rhizobial symbiosis. Ecosphere 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.1929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Vy Tran
- Department of Biology Portland State University Portland Oregon 97201 USA
| | - Daniel J. Ballhorn
- Department of Biology Portland State University Portland Oregon 97201 USA
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49
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Liu Y, Jiang X, Guan D, Zhou W, Ma M, Zhao B, Cao F, Li L, Li J. Transcriptional analysis of genes involved in competitive nodulation in Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens at the presence of soybean root exudates. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10946. [PMID: 28887528 PMCID: PMC5591287 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11372-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Nodulation competition is a key factor that limits symbiotic nitrogen fixation between rhizobia and their host legumes. Soybean root exudates (SREs) are thought to act as signals that influence Bradyrhizobium ability to colonize roots and to survive in the rhizosphere, and thus they act as a key determinant of nodulation competitiveness. In order to find the competitiveness-related genes in B. diazoefficiens, the transcriptome of two SREs treated B. diazoefficiens with completely different nodulation abilities (B. diazoefficiens 4534 and B. diazoefficiens 4222) were sequenced and compared. In SREs treated strain 4534 (SREs-4534), 253 unigenes were up-regulated and 204 unigenes were down-regulated. In SREs treated strain 4534 (SREs-4222), the numbers of up- and down-regulated unigenes were 108 and 185, respectively. There were considerable differences between the SREs-4534 and SREs-4222 gene expression profiles. Some differentially expressed genes are associated with a two-component system (i.g., nodW, phyR-σEcfG), bacterial chemotaxis (i.g., cheA, unigene04832), ABC transport proteins (i.g., unigene02212), IAA (indole-3-acetic acid) metabolism (i.g., nthA, nthB), and metabolic fitness (i.g., put.), which may explain the higher nodulation competitiveness of B. diazoefficiens in the rhizosphere. Our results provide a comprehensive transcriptomic resource for SREs treated B. diazoefficiens and will facilitate further studies on competitiveness-related genes in B. diazoefficiens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Liu
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xin Jiang
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
- Laboratory of Quality&Safety Risk Assessment for Microbial Products (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Dawei Guan
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Mingchao Ma
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
- Laboratory of Quality&Safety Risk Assessment for Microbial Products (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Baisuo Zhao
- Laboratory of Quality&Safety Risk Assessment for Microbial Products (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Fengming Cao
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
- Laboratory of Quality&Safety Risk Assessment for Microbial Products (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Li Li
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jun Li
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
- Laboratory of Quality&Safety Risk Assessment for Microbial Products (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100081, China.
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50
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Chen T, Duan L, Zhou B, Yu H, Zhu H, Cao Y, Zhang Z. Interplay of Pathogen-Induced Defense Responses and Symbiotic Establishment in Medicago truncatula. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:973. [PMID: 28611764 PMCID: PMC5447765 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Suppression of host innate immunity appears to be required for the establishment of symbiosis between rhizobia and host plants. In this study, we established a system that included a host plant, a bacterial pathogen and a symbiotic rhizobium to study the role of innate immunity during symbiotic interactions. A pathogenic bacterium, Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato strain DC3000 (Pst DC3000), was shown to cause chlorosis in Medicago truncatula A17. Sinorhizobium meliloti strain Sm2011 (Sm2011) and Pst DC3000 strain alone induced similar defense responses in M. truncatula. However, when co-inoculated, Sm2011 specifically suppressed the defense responses induced by Pst DC3000, such as MAPK activation and ROS production. Inoculation with Sm2011 suppressed the transcription of defense-related genes triggered by Pst DC3000 infection, including the receptor of bacterial flagellin (FLS2), pathogenesis-related protein 10 (PR10), and the transcription factor WRKY33. Interestingly, inoculation with Pst DC3000 specifically inhibited the expression of the symbiosis marker genes nodule inception and nodulation pectate lyase and reduced the numbers of infection threads and nodules on M. truncatula A17 roots, indicating that Pst DC3000 inhibits the establishment of symbiosis in M. truncatula. In addition, defense-related genes, such as MAPK3/6, RbohC, and WRKY33, exhibited a transient increase in their expression in the early stage of symbiosis with Sm2011, but the expression dropped down to normal levels at later symbiotic stages. Our results suggest that plant innate immunity plays an antagonistic role in symbiosis by directly reducing the numbers of infection threads and nodules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China.,The Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Liujian Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Bo Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Haixiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Hui Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Yangrong Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Zhongming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
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