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Zhao X, Li Y, Zhang MM, He X, Ahmad S, Lan S, Liu ZJ. Research advances on the gene regulation of floral development and color in orchids. Gene 2023; 888:147751. [PMID: 37657689 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Orchidaceae is one of the largest monocotyledon families and contributes significantly to worldwide biodiversity, with value in the fields of landscaping, medicine, and ecology. The diverse phenotypes and vibrant colors of orchid floral organs make them excellent research objects for investigating flower development and pigmentation. In recent years, a number of orchid genomes have been published, laying the molecular foundation for revealing flower development and color presentation. In this article, we review transcription factors, the structural genes responsible for the floral pigment synthesis pathways, the molecular mechanisms of flower morphogenesis, and the potential relationship between flower type and flower color. This study provides a theoretical reference for the research on molecular mechanisms related to flower morphogenesis and color presentation, genetic improvement, and new variety creation in orchids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuewei Zhao
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Meng-Meng Zhang
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xin He
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Sagheer Ahmad
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Siren Lan
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Zhong-Jian Liu
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
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Zhao X, Zhang M, He X, Zheng Q, Huang Y, Li Y, Ahmad S, Liu D, Lan S, Liu Z. Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of the SPL Gene Family in Three Orchids. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10039. [PMID: 37373185 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
SPL transcription factors regulate important processes such as plant growth and development, metabolic regulation, and abiotic stress. They play crucial roles in the development of flower organs. However, little is known about the characteristics and functions of the SPLs in the Orchidaceae. In this study, Cymbidium goeringii Rchb. f., Dendrobium chrysotoxum Lindl., and Gastrodia elata BI. were used as research objects. The SPL gene family of these orchids was analyzed on a genome-wide scale, and their physicochemical properties, phylogenetic relationships, gene structures, and expression patterns were studied. Transcriptome and qRT-PCR methods were combined to investigate the regulatory effect of SPLs on the development of flower organs during the flowering process (bud, initial bloom, and full bloom). This study identifies a total of 43 SPLs from C. goeringii (16), D. chrysotoxum (17), and G. elata (10) and divides them into eight subfamilies according to the phylogenetic tree. Most SPL proteins contained conserved SBP domains and complex gene structures; half of the genes had introns longer than 10 kb. The largest number and variety of cis-acting elements associated with light reactions were enriched, accounting for about 45% of the total (444/985); 13/43 SPLs contain response elements of miRNA156. GO enrichment analysis showed that the functions of most SPLs were mainly enriched in the development of plant flower organs and stems. In addition, expression patterns and qRT-PCR analysis suggested the involvement of SPL genes in the regulation of flower organ development in orchids. There was little change in the expression of the CgoSPL in C. goeringii, but DchSPL9 and GelSPL2 showed significant expression during the flowering process of D. chrysotoxum and G. elata, respectively. In summary, this paper provides a reference for exploring the regulation of the SPL gene family in orchids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuewei Zhao
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Mengmeng Zhang
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xin He
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Qinyao Zheng
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Ye Huang
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Sagheer Ahmad
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Dingkun Liu
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Siren Lan
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Zhongjian Liu
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
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Song C, Wang Y, Manzoor MA, Mao D, Wei P, Cao Y, Zhu F. In-depth analysis of genomes and functional genomics of orchid using cutting-edge high-throughput sequencing. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1018029. [PMID: 36212315 PMCID: PMC9539832 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1018029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
High-throughput sequencing technology has been facilitated the development of new methodologies and approaches for studying the origin and evolution of plant genomes and subgenomes, population domestication, and functional genomics. Orchids have tens of thousands of members in nature. Many of them have promising application potential in the extension and conservation of the ecological chain, the horticultural use of ornamental blossoms, and the utilization of botanical medicines. However, a large-scale gene knockout mutant library and a sophisticated genetic transformation system are still lacking in the improvement of orchid germplasm resources. New gene editing tools, such as the favored CRISPR-Cas9 or some base editors, have not yet been widely applied in orchids. In addition to a large variety of orchid cultivars, the high-precision, high-throughput genome sequencing technology is also required for the mining of trait-related functional genes. Nowadays, the focus of orchid genomics research has been directed to the origin and classification of species, genome evolution and deletion, gene duplication and chromosomal polyploidy, and flower morphogenesis-related regulation. Here, the progressing achieved in orchid molecular biology and genomics over the past few decades have been discussed, including the evolution of genome size and polyploidization. The frequent incorporation of LTR retrotransposons play important role in the expansion and structural variation of the orchid genome. The large-scale gene duplication event of the nuclear genome generated plenty of recently tandem duplicated genes, which drove the evolution and functional divergency of new genes. The evolution and loss of the plastid genome, which mostly affected genes related to photosynthesis and autotrophy, demonstrated that orchids have experienced more separate transitions to heterotrophy than any other terrestrial plant. Moreover, large-scale resequencing provide useful SNP markers for constructing genetic maps, which will facilitate the breeding of novel orchid varieties. The significance of high-throughput sequencing and gene editing technologies in the identification and molecular breeding of the trait-related genes in orchids provides us with a representative trait-improving gene as well as some mechanisms worthy of further investigation. In addition, gene editing has promise for the improvement of orchid genetic transformation and the investigation of gene function. This knowledge may provide a scientific reference and theoretical basis for orchid genome studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Song
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu’an, China
| | - Yan Wang
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu’an, China
| | | | - Di Mao
- Albrecht Daniel Thaer Institute for Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peipei Wei
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu’an, China
| | - Yunpeng Cao
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Fucheng Zhu
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu’an, China
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Xia K, Zhang D, Xu X, Liu G, Yang Y, Chen Z, Wang X, Zhang GQ, Sun HX, Gu Y. Protoplast technology enables the identification of efficient multiplex genome editing tools in Phalaenopsis. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 322:111368. [PMID: 35780949 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Phalaenopsis orchids are popular ornamental plants worldwide. The application and optimization of efficient CRISPR-Cas genome editing toolkits in Phalaenopsis greatly accelerate the development of orchid gene function and breeding research. However, these methods are greatly hindered by the deficiency of a rapid screening system. In this study, we established a fast and convenient Phalaenopsis protoplast technology for the identification of functional genome editing tools. Two multiplex genome editing tools, PTG-Cas9-HPG (PTG, polycistronic tRNA-gRNA) system and RMC-Cpf1-HPG (RMC, ribozyme-based multi-crRNA) system, were developed for Phalaenopsis genome editing and further evaluated by established protoplast technology. We successfully detected various editing events comprising substitution and indel at designed target sites of the PDS gene and MADS gene, showing that both PTG-Cas9-HPG and RMC-Cpf1-HPG multiplex genome editing systems are functional in Phalaenopsis. Additionally, by optimizing the promoter that drives Cpf1 expression, we found that Super promoter can significantly improve the editing efficiency of the RMC-Cpf1-HPG system. Altogether, we successfully developed two efficient multiplex genome editing systems, PTG-Cas9-HPG and RMC-Cpf1-HPG, for Phalaenopsis, and the established protoplast-based screening technology provides a valuable foundation for developing more diverse and efficient genome editing toolkits and facilitating the development of orchid precision breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keke Xia
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China.
| | | | - Xiaojing Xu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | | | - Yong Yang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | | | | | - Guo-Qiang Zhang
- Laboratory for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, The Orchid Conservation and Research Center of Shenzhen, The National Orchid Conservation Center of China, Shenzhen 518114, China
| | - Hai-Xi Sun
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China; BGI-Beijing, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Ying Gu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Genome Read and Write, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518120, China.
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Li X, Kuang Y, Ye Y, Chen Z, Zhang M. Diverse function of the PISTILLATA, APETALA 3, and AGAMOUS-like MADS-box genes involved in the floral development in Alpinia hainanensis (Zingiberaceae). Gene X 2022; 839:146732. [PMID: 35840006 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Zingiberaceae is the vital clue and key node in the decreased process of fertile stamens in Zingiberales, helping to understand the evolution of the ginger families. This study focuses on Alpinia hainanensis to investigate the function of B- and C-class MADS-box genes in floral development. The introns size of two B-class genes AhPI and AhAP3, and one C-class gene AhAG are quite variable. By contrast, the positions of the corresponding introns are conserved, resulting in a similar exon size in homologs. The typical region 70 bp-CCAATCA element was not found in the second intron of AhAG compared to AG homologs. The subcellular localization showed that AhAP3 was in both intranuclear and extranuclear. The heterodimer was formed between APETALA3 and PISTILLATA but not between the B- and C-class proteins using Y2H and BiFC. The 35S::AhAG heterologous transformed Arabidopsis had curly and smaller rosette leaves with early flowering. Floral organs had no homeotic conversion, albeit sepals and petals reduced in size. Siliques development was affected and displayed wrinkled and shorter. By contrast, 35S::AhAP3 and 35S::AhPI did not show any modified phenotype in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana. We first proposed the model for Alpinia flower development. MADS-box transcription factor binding at particular genomic locations and interaction with partners may be crucial for the development of the floral organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiumei Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources Preservation and Utilization, Agro-biological Gene Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Yanfeng Kuang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China.
| | - Yushi Ye
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China.
| | - Zhongjian Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources Preservation and Utilization, Agro-biological Gene Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Mingyong Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China.
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Li Y, Zhang B, Yu H. Molecular genetic insights into orchid reproductive development. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:1841-1852. [PMID: 35104310 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Orchids are members of the Orchidaceae, one of the largest families of flowering plants, and occupy a wide range of ecological habitats with highly specialized reproductive features. They exhibit unique developmental characteristics, such as generation of storage organs during flowering and spectacular floral morphological features, which contribute to their reproductive success in different habitats in response to various environmental cues. Here we review current understanding of the molecular genetic basis of orchid reproductive development, including flowering time control, floral patterning and flower color, with a focus on the orchid genes that have been functionally validated in plants. Furthermore, we summarize recent progress in annotating orchid genomes, and discuss how integration of high-quality orchid genome sequences with other advanced tools, such as the ever-improving multi-omics approaches and genome editing technologies as well as orchid-specific technical platforms, could open up new avenues to elucidate the molecular genetic basis of highly specialized reproductive organs and strategies in orchids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bin Zhang
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hao Yu
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Wu M, Liu H, Li B, Zhu T. Integrated analysis of mRNA-seq and miRNA-seq reveals the advantage of polyploid Solidago canadensis in sexual reproduction. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:462. [PMID: 34635057 PMCID: PMC8504063 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03240-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The invasion of Solidago canadensis probably related to polyploidy, which may promotes its potential of sexual reproductive. S. canadensis as an invasive species which rapidly widespread through yield huge numbers of seed, but the mechanism remains unknown. To better understand the advantages of sexual reproduction in hexaploid S. canadensis, transcriptome and small RNA sequencing of diploid and hexaploid cytotypes in flower bud and fruit development stages were performed in this study. RESULTS The transcriptome analysis showed that in the flower bud stage, 29 DEGs were MADS-box related genes with 14 up-regulated and 15 down-regulated in hexaploid S. canadensis; 12 SPL genes were detected differentially expressed with 5 up-regulated and 7 down-regulated. In the fruit development stage, 26 MADS-box related genes with 20 up-regulated and 6 down-regulated in hexaploid S. canadensis; 5 SPL genes were all up-regulated; 28 seed storage protein related genes with 18 were up-regulated and 10 down-regulated. The weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) identified 19 modules which consisted of co-expressed DEGs with functions such as sexual reproduction, secondary metabolism and transcription factors. Furthermore, we discovered 326 miRNAs with 67 known miRNAs and 259 novel miRNAs. Some of miRNAs, such as miR156, miR156a and miR156f, which target the sexual reproduction related genes. CONCLUSION Our study provides a global view of the advantages of sexual reproduction in hexaploid S. canadensis based on the molecular mechanisms, which may promote hexaploid S. canadensis owing higher yield and fruit quality in the process of sexual reproduction and higher germination rate of seeds, and finally conductive to diffusion, faster propagation process and enhanced invasiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Wu
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Henan University of Urban Construction, Pingdingshan, 467041, Henan, China.
| | - Huiyuan Liu
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Henan University of Urban Construction, Pingdingshan, 467041, Henan, China
| | - Bingbing Li
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Henan University of Urban Construction, Pingdingshan, 467041, Henan, China
| | - Tao Zhu
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Henan University of Urban Construction, Pingdingshan, 467041, Henan, China
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Hsiao YY, Fu CH, Ho SY, Li CI, Chen YY, Wu WL, Wang JS, Zhang DY, Hu WQ, Yu X, Sun WH, Zhou Z, Liu KW, Huang L, Lan SR, Chen HH, Wu WS, Liu ZJ, Tsai WC. OrchidBase 4.0: a database for orchid genomics and molecular biology. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:371. [PMID: 34384382 PMCID: PMC8359044 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03140-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Orchid family is the largest families of the monocotyledons and an economically important ornamental plant worldwide. Given the pivotal role of this plant to humans, botanical researchers and breeding communities should have access to valuable genomic and transcriptomic information of this plant. Previously, we established OrchidBase, which contains expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from different tissues and developmental stages of Phalaenopsis as well as biotic and abiotic stress-treated Phalaenopsis. The database includes floral transcriptomic sequences from 10 orchid species across all the five subfamilies of Orchidaceae. DESCRIPTION Recently, the whole-genome sequences of Apostasia shenzhenica, Dendrobium catenatum, and Phalaenopsis equestris were de novo assembled and analyzed. These datasets were used to develop OrchidBase 4.0, including genomic and transcriptomic data for these three orchid species. OrchidBase 4.0 offers information for gene annotation, gene expression with fragments per kilobase of transcript per millions mapped reads (FPKM), KEGG pathways and BLAST search. In addition, assembled genome sequences and location of genes and miRNAs could be visualized by the genome browser. The online resources in OrchidBase 4.0 can be accessed by browsing or using BLAST. Users can also download the assembled scaffold sequences and the predicted gene and protein sequences of these three orchid species. CONCLUSIONS OrchidBase 4.0 is the first database that contain the whole-genome sequences and annotations of multiple orchid species. OrchidBase 4.0 is available at http://orchidbase.itps.ncku.edu.tw/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Yun Hsiao
- Orchid Research and Development Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101 Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsiung Fu
- Orchid Research and Development Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101 Taiwan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101 Taiwan
| | - Sau-Yee Ho
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101 Taiwan
| | - Chung-I Li
- Department of Statistics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101 Taiwan
| | - You-Yi Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101 Taiwan
| | - Wan-Lin Wu
- Orchid Research and Development Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101 Taiwan
- Institute of Tropical Plant Sciences and Microbiology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101 Taiwan
| | - Jeen-Shing Wang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101 Taiwan
| | - Di-Yang Zhang
- Key Lab of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 Fujian China
| | - Wen-Qi Hu
- Key Lab of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 Fujian China
| | - Xia Yu
- Key Lab of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 Fujian China
| | - Wei-Hong Sun
- Key Lab of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 Fujian China
| | - Zhuang Zhou
- Key Lab of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 Fujian China
- Zhejiang Institute of Subtropical Crops, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wenzhou, 325005 China
| | - Ke-Wei Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Gene and Antibody Therapy, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, State Key Laboratory of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering (iBHE), Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055 China
| | - Laiqiang Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Gene and Antibody Therapy, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, State Key Laboratory of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering (iBHE), Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055 China
| | - Si-Ren Lan
- Key Lab of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 Fujian China
| | - Hong-Hwa Chen
- Orchid Research and Development Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101 Taiwan
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101 Taiwan
| | - Wei-Sheng Wu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101 Taiwan
| | - Zhong-Jian Liu
- Key Lab of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 Fujian China
- Zhejiang Institute of Subtropical Crops, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wenzhou, 325005 China
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Gene and Antibody Therapy, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, State Key Laboratory of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering (iBHE), Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055 China
- Henry Fok College of Biology and Agriculture, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, 512005 China
| | - Wen-Chieh Tsai
- Orchid Research and Development Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101 Taiwan
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101 Taiwan
- Institute of Tropical Plant Sciences and Microbiology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101 Taiwan
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9
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Chen YY, Hsiao YY, Li CI, Yeh CM, Mitsuda N, Yang HX, Chiu CC, Chang SB, Liu ZJ, Tsai WC. The ancestral duplicated DL/CRC orthologs, PeDL1 and PeDL2, function in orchid reproductive organ innovation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:5442-5461. [PMID: 33963755 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Orchid gynostemium, the fused organ of the androecium and gynoecium, and ovule development are unique developmental processes. Two DROOPING LEAF/CRABS CLAW (DL/CRC) genes, PeDL1 and PeDL2, were identified from the Phalaenopsis orchid genome and functionally characterized. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the most recent common ancestor of orchids contained the duplicated DL/CRC-like genes. Temporal and spatial expression analysis indicated that PeDL genes are specifically expressed in the gynostemium and at the early stages of ovule development. Both PeDLs could partially complement an Arabidopsis crc-1 mutant. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) of PeDL1 and PeDL2 affected the number of protuberant ovule initials differentiated from the placenta. Transient overexpression of PeDL1 in Phalaenopsis orchids caused abnormal development of ovule and stigmatic cavity of gynostemium. PeDL1, but not PeDL2, could form a heterodimer with Phalaenopsis equestris CINCINNATA 8 (PeCIN8). Paralogous retention and subsequent divergence of the gene sequences of PeDL1 and PeDL2 in P. equestris might result in the differentiation of function and protein behaviors. These results reveal that the ancestral duplicated DL/CRC-like genes play important roles in orchid reproductive organ innovation.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Yi Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Institute of Tropical Plant Sciences and Microbiology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Orchid Research and Development Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Yun Hsiao
- Orchid Research and Development Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chung-I Li
- Department of Statistics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chuan-Ming Yeh
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Mitsuda
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hong-Xing Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Chenshan Plant Science Research Center, CAS, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, China
| | - Chi-Chou Chiu
- Institute of Tropical Plant Sciences and Microbiology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Song-Bin Chang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Orchid Research and Development Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Zhong-Jian Liu
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wen-Chieh Tsai
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Institute of Tropical Plant Sciences and Microbiology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Orchid Research and Development Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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10
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Fei X, Shi Q, Qi Y, Wang S, Lei Y, Hu H, Liu Y, Yang T, Wei A. ZbAGL11, a class D MADS-box transcription factor of Zanthoxylum bungeanum, is involved in sporophytic apomixis. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 8:23. [PMID: 33518706 PMCID: PMC7848008 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-020-00459-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Apomixis is a reproductive model that bypasses sexual reproduction, so it does not require the combination of paternal and maternal gametes but instead results in the production of offspring directly from maternal tissues. This reproductive mode results in the same genetic material in the mother and the offspring and has significant applications in agricultural breeding. Molecular and cytological methods were used to identify the reproductive type of Zanthoxylum bungeanum (ZB). Fluorescence detection of the amplified products of 12 pairs of polymorphic SSR primers showed consistent fluorescence signals for mother and offspring, indicating that no trait separation occurred during reproduction. In addition, the cytological observation results showed differentiation of ZB embryos (2n) from nucellar cells (2n) to form indefinite embryonic primordia and then form adventitious embryos (2n), indicating that the apomictic type of ZB is sporophytic apomixis. The MADS-box transcription factor ZbAGL11 was highly expressed during the critical period of nucellar embryo development in ZB. Unpollinated ZbAGL11-OE Arabidopsis produced fertile offspring and exhibited an apomictic phenotype. The overexpression of ZbAGL11 increased the callus induction rate of ZB tissue. In addition, the results of the yeast two-hybrid experiment showed that ZbAGL11 could interact with the ZbCYP450 and ZbCAD11 proteins. Our results demonstrate that ZbAGL11 can cause developmental disorders of Arabidopsis flower organs and result in apomixis-like phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xitong Fei
- College of Forestry, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Research Centre for Engineering and Technology of Zanthoxylum State Forestry Administration, Yangling, Xianyang, 712100, China
| | - Qianqian Shi
- College of Forestry, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yichen Qi
- College of Forestry, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Research Centre for Engineering and Technology of Zanthoxylum State Forestry Administration, Yangling, Xianyang, 712100, China
| | - Shujie Wang
- College of Forestry, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Research Centre for Engineering and Technology of Zanthoxylum State Forestry Administration, Yangling, Xianyang, 712100, China
| | - Yu Lei
- College of Forestry, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Research Centre for Engineering and Technology of Zanthoxylum State Forestry Administration, Yangling, Xianyang, 712100, China
| | - Haichao Hu
- College of Forestry, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Research Centre for Engineering and Technology of Zanthoxylum State Forestry Administration, Yangling, Xianyang, 712100, China
| | - Yulin Liu
- College of Forestry, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Research Centre for Engineering and Technology of Zanthoxylum State Forestry Administration, Yangling, Xianyang, 712100, China
| | - Tuxi Yang
- College of Forestry, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Research Centre for Engineering and Technology of Zanthoxylum State Forestry Administration, Yangling, Xianyang, 712100, China
| | - Anzhi Wei
- College of Forestry, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.
- Research Centre for Engineering and Technology of Zanthoxylum State Forestry Administration, Yangling, Xianyang, 712100, China.
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11
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Orchid B sister gene PeMADS28 displays conserved function in ovule integument development. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1205. [PMID: 33441740 PMCID: PMC7806631 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79877-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The ovules and egg cells are well developed to be fertilized at anthesis in many flowering plants. However, ovule development is triggered by pollination in most orchids. In this study, we characterized the function of a Bsister gene, named PeMADS28, isolated from Phalaenopsis equestris, the genome-sequenced orchid. Spatial and temporal expression analysis showed PeMADS28 predominantly expressed in ovules between 32 and 48 days after pollination, which synchronizes with integument development. Subcellular localization and protein–protein interaction analyses revealed that PeMADS28 could form a homodimer as well as heterodimers with D-class and E-class MADS-box proteins. In addition, ectopic expression of PeMADS28 in Arabidopsis thaliana induced small curled rosette leaves, short silique length and few seeds, similar to that with overexpression of other species’ Bsister genes in Arabidopsis. Furthermore, complementation test revealed that PeMADS28 could rescue the phenotype of the ABS/TT16 mutant. Together, these results indicate the conserved function of BsisterPeMADS28 associated with ovule integument development in orchid.
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12
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Zeng D, Que C, Teixeira da Silva JA, Xu S, Li D. Comparative Transcriptomic and Metabolic Analyses Reveal the Molecular Mechanism of Ovule Development in the Orchid, Cymbidium sinense. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:814275. [PMID: 35126436 PMCID: PMC8813969 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.814275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Ovule development is pivotal to plant reproduction and seed development. Cymbidium sinense (Orchidaceae) has high ornamental value due to its pleasant aroma and elegant floral morphology. The regulatory mechanism underlying ovule development in orchids, especially C. sinense, is largely unknown and information on the C. sinense genome is very scarce. In this study, a combined analysis was performed on the transcriptome and non-targeted metabolomes of 18 C. sinense 'Qi Jian Hei Mo' ovule samples. Transcriptome analysis assembled gene-related information related to six growth stages of C. sinense ovules (S1-S6, equivalent to 30, 35, 42, 46, 53, and 60 days after pollination). Illumina sequencing technology was used to obtain the complete set of transcriptome sequences of the 18 samples. A total of 81,585 unigene sequences were obtained after assembly, 24,860 (30.47%) of which were functionally annotated. Using transcriptome sequencing technology, a total of 9845 differentially expressed unigenes (DEUs) were identified in C. sinense ovules that were assigned to specific metabolic pathways according to the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). DEUs associated with transcription factors (TFs) and phytohormones were identified and analyzed. The TFs homeobox and MADS-box were associated with C. sinense ovule development. In particular, the phytohormones associated with DEUs such as indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), cytokinin (CK), gibberellin (GA), abscisic acid (ABA), brassinosteroid (BR), and jasmonate (JA), may have important regulatory effects on C. sinense ovule development. Metabolomic analysis showed an inconsistent number of KEGG annotations of differential metabolites across comparisons (S2_vs_S4, S2_vs_S5, and S4_vs_S5 contained 23, 26, and 3 annotations, respectively) in C. sinense ovules. This study provides a valuable foundation for further understanding the regulation of orchid ovule development and formation, and establishes a theoretical background for future practical applications during orchid cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danqi Zeng
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Caixia Que
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Standardization of Production Engineering Technology of Orchids, Shunde Polytechnic, Foshan, China
| | | | - Shutao Xu
- College of Innovative Design, City University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR, China
| | - Dongmei Li
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Standardization of Production Engineering Technology of Orchids, Shunde Polytechnic, Foshan, China
- *Correspondence: Dongmei Li,
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13
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Genome-Wide Identification of YABBY Genes in Orchidaceae and Their Expression Patterns in Phalaenopsis Orchid. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11090955. [PMID: 32825004 PMCID: PMC7563141 DOI: 10.3390/genes11090955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The plant YABBY transcription factors are key regulators in the lamina development of lateral organs. Orchid is one of the largest families in angiosperm and known for their unique floral morphology, reproductive biology, and diversified lifestyles. However, nothing is known about the role of YABBY genes in orchids, although biologists have never lost their fascination with orchids. In this study, a total of 54 YABBY genes, including 15 genes in CRC/DL, eight in INO, 17 in YAB2, and 14 in FIL clade, were identified from the eight orchid species. A sequence analysis showed that all protein sequences encoded by these YABBY genes share the highly conserved C2C2 zinc-finger domain and YABBY domain (a helix-loop-helix motif). A gene structure analysis showed that the number of exons is highly conserved in the same clades. The genes in YAB2 clade have six exons, and genes in CRC/DL, INO, and FIL have six or seven exons. A phylogenetic analysis showed all 54 orchid YABBY genes could be classified into four major clades, including CRC/DL, INO, FIL, and YAB2. Many of orchid species maintain more than one member in CRC/DL, FIL, and YAB2 clades, implying functional differentiation among these genes, which is supported by sequence diversification and differential expression. An expression analysis of PhalaenopsisYABBY genes revealed that members in the CRC/DL clade have concentrated expressions in the early floral development stage and gynostemium, the fused male and female reproductive organs. The expression of PeINO is consistent with the biological role it played in ovule integument morphogenesis. Transcripts of members in the FIL clade could be obviously detected at the early developmental stage of the flowers. The expression of three genes, PeYAB2,PeYAB3, and PeYAB4, in the YAB2 clade could be revealed both in vegetative and reproductive tissues, and PeYAB4 was transcribed at a relatively higher level than that of PeYAB2 and PeYAB3. Together, this comprehensive analysis provides the basic information for understanding the function of the YABBY gene in Orchidaceae.
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14
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Pramanik D, Dorst N, Meesters N, Spaans M, Smets E, Welten M, Gravendeel B. Evolution and development of three highly specialized floral structures of bee-pollinated Phalaenopsis species. EvoDevo 2020; 11:16. [PMID: 32793330 PMCID: PMC7418404 DOI: 10.1186/s13227-020-00160-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Variation in shape and size of many floral organs is related to pollinators. Evolution of such organs is driven by duplication and modification of MADS-box and MYB transcription factors. We applied a combination of micro-morphological (SEM and micro 3D-CT scanning) and molecular techniques (transcriptome and RT-PCR analysis) to understand the evolution and development of the callus, stelidia and mentum, three highly specialized floral structures of orchids involved in pollination. Early stage and mature tissues were collected from flowers of the bee-pollinated Phalaenopsis equestris and Phalaenopsis pulcherrima, two species that differ in floral morphology: P. equestris has a large callus but short stelidia and no mentum, whereas P. pulcherrima has a small callus, but long stelidia and a pronounced mentum. Results Our results show the stelidia develop from early primordial stages, whereas the callus and mentum develop later. In combination, the micro 3D-CT scan analysis and gene expression analyses show that the callus is of mixed petaloid-staminodial origin, the stelidia of staminodial origin, and the mentum of mixed sepaloid-petaloid-staminodial origin. SEP clade 1 copies are expressed in the larger callus of P. equestris, whereas AP3 clade 1 and AGL6 clade 1 copies are expressed in the pronounced mentum and long stelidia of P. pulcherrima. AP3 clade 4, PI-, AGL6 clade 2 and PCF clade 1 copies might have a balancing role in callus and gynostemium development. There appears to be a trade-off between DIV clade 2 expression with SEP clade 1 expression in the callus, on the one hand, and with AP3 clade 1 and AGL6 clade 1 expression in the stelidia and mentum on the other. Conclusions We detected differential growth and expression of MADS box AP3/PI-like, AGL6-like and SEP-like, and MYB DIV-like gene copies in the callus, stelidia and mentum of two species of Phalaenopsis, of which these floral structures are very differently shaped and sized. Our study provides a first glimpse of the evolutionary developmental mechanisms driving adaptation of Phalaenopsis flowers to different pollinators by providing combined micro-morphological and molecular evidence for a possible sepaloid–petaloid–staminodial origin of the orchid mentum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dewi Pramanik
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Endless Forms Group, Darwinweg 2, 2333 CR Leiden, The Netherlands.,Intitute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands.,Indonesian Ornamental Crops Research Institute (IOCRI), Jl. Raya Ciherang, Pacet-Cianjur, 43253 West Java Indonesia
| | - Nemi Dorst
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Applied Sciences Leiden, Zernikedreef 11, 2333 CK Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Niels Meesters
- Life Sciences, HAN University of Applied Sciences, Ruitenbergerlaan 31, 6826 CC Arnhem, The Netherlands
| | - Marlies Spaans
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Applied Sciences Leiden, Zernikedreef 11, 2333 CK Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Erik Smets
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Endless Forms Group, Darwinweg 2, 2333 CR Leiden, The Netherlands.,Intitute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands.,Ecology, Evolution and Biodiversity Conservation, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, P.O. Box 2435, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Monique Welten
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Endless Forms Group, Darwinweg 2, 2333 CR Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara Gravendeel
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Endless Forms Group, Darwinweg 2, 2333 CR Leiden, The Netherlands.,Intitute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands.,IWWR, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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15
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Wu WL, Hsiao YY, Lu HC, Liang CK, Fu CH, Huang TH, Chuang MH, Chen LJ, Liu ZJ, Tsai WC. Expression regulation of MALATE SYNTHASE involved in glyoxylate cycle during protocorm development in Phalaenopsis aphrodite (Orchidaceae). Sci Rep 2020; 10:10123. [PMID: 32572104 PMCID: PMC7308390 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66932-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Orchid (Orchidaceae) is one of the largest families in angiosperms and presents exceptional diversity in lifestyle. Their unique reproductive characteristics of orchid are attracted by scientist for centuries. One of the synapomorphies of orchid plants is that their seeds do not contain endosperm. Lipids are used as major energy storage in orchid seeds. However, regulation and mobilization of lipid usage during early seedling (protocorm) stage of orchid is not understood. In this study, we compared transcriptomes from developing Phalaenopsis aphrodite protocorms grown on 1/2-strength MS medium with sucrose. The expression of P. aphrodite MALATE SYNTHASE (PaMLS), involved in the glyoxylate cycle, was significantly decreased from 4 days after incubation (DAI) to 7 DAI. On real-time RT-PCR, both P. aphrodite ISOCITRATE LYASE (PaICL) and PaMLS were down-regulated during protocorm development and suppressed by sucrose treatment. In addition, several genes encoding transcription factors regulating PaMLS expression were identified. A gene encoding homeobox transcription factor (named PaHB5) was involved in positive regulation of PaMLS. This study showed that sucrose regulates the glyoxylate cycle during orchid protocorm development in asymbiotic germination and provides new insights into the transcription factors involved in the regulation of malate synthase expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Lin Wu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, The National Orchid Conservation Center of China and The Orchid Conservation & Research Center of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518114, China
- Institute of Tropical Plant Sciences and Microbiology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Yun Hsiao
- Orchid Research and Development Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Chia Lu
- Institute of Tropical Plant Sciences and Microbiology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Colleges and Universities Engineering Research Institute of Conservation and Utilization of Natural Bioresources, College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Chieh-Kai Liang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsiung Fu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Tian-Hsiang Huang
- Center for Big Data Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hsiang Chuang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Li-Jun Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, The National Orchid Conservation Center of China and The Orchid Conservation & Research Center of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518114, China
| | - Zhong-Jian Liu
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.
| | - Wen-Chieh Tsai
- Institute of Tropical Plant Sciences and Microbiology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
- Orchid Research and Development Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan.
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16
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Lu MX, Li DZ, Pu ZQ, Ma YQ, Huang X, Xu ZQ. Ectopic expression of IiSHP2 from Isatis indigotica Fortune, a PLE-lineage MADS-box gene, influences leaf, floral organ and silique morphology in Arabidopsis thaliana. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 26:379-389. [PMID: 32158142 PMCID: PMC7036382 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-019-00745-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In order to ascertain the regulatory mechanism of fruit development in Isatis indigotica Fortune, the complementary DNA (cDNA) sequence of the SHATTERPROOF 2 (SHP2) orthologous gene was identified by Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends technology and the corresponding gene was named IiSHP2. The expression pattern of IiSHP2 was determined by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and wild-type Col-0 Arabidopsis plants were transformed with the IiSHP2 gene using Agrobacterium tumefaciens and the floral-dip method. Expression analyses indicated that IiSHP2 was highly expressed in flowers, silicles and seeds. Compared to wild-type plants, IiSHP2 transgenic lines bolted earlier. Detailed phenotypic observations showed that the size of the rosette and cauline leaves in transgenic lines was reduced and the cauline leaves of the transgenic lines were incurved and displayed a funnel-like shape. During the reproductive growth stage, IiSHP2 transgenic plants produced shortened sepals and the flower buds were not encapsulated completely. Moreover, the petals of the transgenic lines were converted into stamineous tissues, accompanied by exposed stamens, short malformed siliques and wrinkled valves, indicating a severe decline in fertility. These experimental conclusions are valuable as a reference for the breeding of medicinal plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Xin Lu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education), Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, 710069 China
| | - Dian-Zhen Li
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education), Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, 710069 China
| | - Zuo-Qian Pu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education), Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, 710069 China
| | - Yan-Qin Ma
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education), Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, 710069 China
| | - Xuan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education), Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, 710069 China
| | - Zi-Qin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education), Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, 710069 China
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17
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Lai PH, Huang LM, Pan ZJ, Jane WN, Chung MC, Chen WH, Chen HH. PeERF1, a SHINE-Like Transcription Factor, Is Involved in Nanoridge Development on Lip Epidermis of Phalaenopsis Flowers. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 10:1709. [PMID: 32082333 PMCID: PMC7002429 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Phalaenopsis orchids have a spectacular floral morphology with a highly evolved lip that offers a landing platform for pollinators. The typical morphological orchid lip features are essential for the special pollination mechanism of Phalaenopsis flowers. Previously, we found that in the lip, a member of the AP2/EREBP protein family was highly expressed. Here, we further confirmed its high expression and characterized its function during lip development. Phylogenetic analysis showed that AP2/EREBP belongs to the Va2 subgroup of ERF transcription factors. We named it PeERF1. We found that PeERF1 was only expressed at stage 5, as flowers opened. This coincided with both thickening of the cuticle and development of nanoridges. We performed knockdown expression of PeERF1 using CymMV-based virus-induced gene silencing in either the AP2 conserved domain, producing PeERF1_AP2-silenced plants, or the SHN specific domain, producing PeERF1_SHN-silenced plants. Using cryo-SEM, we found that the number of nanoridges was reduced only in the PeERF1_AP2-silenced group. This change was found on both the abaxial and adaxial surfaces of the central lip lobe. Expression of PeERF1 was reduced significantly in PeERF1_AP2-silenced plants. In cutin biosynthesis genes, expression of both PeCYP86A2 and PeDCR was significantly decreased in both groups. The expression of PeCYP77A4 was reduced significantly only in the PeERF1_AP2-silenced plants. Although PeGPAT expression was reduced in both silenced plants, but to a lesser degree. The expression of PeERF1 was significantly reduced in the petal-like lip of a big-lip variant. PeCYP77A4 and PeGPAT in the lip were also reduced, but PeDCR was not. Furthermore, heterologous overexpression of PeERF1 in the genus Arabidopsis produced leaves that were shiny on the adaxial surface. Taken together, our results show that in Phalaenopsis orchids PeERF1 plays an important role in formation of nanoridges during lip epidermis development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Han Lai
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Li-Min Huang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Zhao-Jun Pan
- Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wann-Neng Jane
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Chu Chung
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Huei Chen
- Orchid Research and Development Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Hwa Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Orchid Research and Development Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Institute of Tropical Plant Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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18
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Teo ZWN, Zhou W, Shen L. Dissecting the Function of MADS-Box Transcription Factors in Orchid Reproductive Development. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1474. [PMID: 31803211 PMCID: PMC6872546 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The orchid family (Orchidaceae) represents the second largest angiosperm family, having over 900 genera and 27,000 species in almost all over the world. Orchids have evolved a myriad of intriguing ways in order to survive extreme weather conditions, acquire nutrients, and attract pollinators for reproduction. The family of MADS-box transcriptional factors have been shown to be involved in the control of many developmental processes and responses to environmental stresses in eukaryotes. Several findings in different orchid species have elucidated that MADS-box genes play critical roles in the orchid growth and development. An in-depth understanding of their ecological adaptation will help to generate more interest among breeders and produce novel varieties for the floriculture industry. In this review, we summarize recent findings of MADS-box transcription factors in regulating various growth and developmental processes in orchids, in particular, the floral transition and floral patterning. We further discuss the prospects for the future directions in light of new genome resources and gene editing technologies that could be applied in orchid research and breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Wei Norman Teo
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wei Zhou
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lisha Shen
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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19
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Chen Y, Shen Q, Lyu P, Lin R, Sun C. Identification and expression profiling of selected MADS-box family genes in Dendrobium officinale. Genetica 2019; 147:303-313. [PMID: 31292836 DOI: 10.1007/s10709-019-00071-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Dendrobium officinale, a herb with highly medicinal and ornamental value, is widely distributed in China. MADS-box genes encode transcription factors that regulate various growth and developmental processes in plants, particular in flowering. However, the MADS-box genes in D. officinale are largely unknown. In our study, expression profiling analyses of selected MADS-box genes in D. officinale were performed. In total, 16 DnMADS-box genes with full-length ORF were identified and named according to their phylogenetic relationships with model plants. The transient expression of eight selected MADS-box genes in the epidermal cells of tobacco leaves showed that these DnMADS-box proteins localized to the nucleus. Tissue-specific expression analysis pointed out eight flower-specific expressed MADS-box genes in D. officinale. Furthermore, expression patterns of DnMADS-box genes were investigated during the floral transition process. DnMADS3, DnMADS8 and DnMADS22 were significantly up-regulated in the reproductive phase compared with the vegetative phase, suggesting putative roles of these DnMADS-box genes in flowering. Our data showed that the expressions of MADS-box genes in D. officinale were controlled by diverse exogenous phytohormones. Together, these findings will facilitate further studies of MADS-box genes in Orchids and broaden our understanding of the genetics of flowering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Chen
- Institute of Horticulture, Zhejiang Academy of Agriculture Science, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Key laboratory of creative Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Shen
- Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Lyu
- Lin'an Agricultural & Forestry Technology Extension Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Renan Lin
- Yueqing Forestry Varieties Tech Center, Yueqing, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Chongbo Sun
- Institute of Horticulture, Zhejiang Academy of Agriculture Science, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China. .,Key laboratory of creative Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.
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20
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Peréz-Mesa P, Suárez-Baron H, Ambrose BA, González F, Pabón-Mora N. Floral MADS-box protein interactions in the early diverging angiosperm Aristolochia fimbriata Cham. (Aristolochiaceae: Piperales). Evol Dev 2019; 21:96-110. [PMID: 30734997 DOI: 10.1111/ede.12282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Floral identity MADS-box A, B, C, D, E, and AGL6 class genes are predominantly single copy in Magnoliids, and predate the whole genome duplication (WGD) events in monocots and eudicots. By comparison with the model species Arabidopsis thaliana, the expression patterns of B-, C-, and D-class genes in stamen, carpel, and ovules are conserved in Aristolochia fimbriata, whereas A-, E-class, and AGL6 genes have different expression patterns. Nevertheless, the interactions of these proteins that act through multimeric complexes remain poorly known in early divergent angiosperms. This study evaluates protein interactions among all floral MADS-box A. fimbriata proteins using the Yeast Two Hybrid System (Y2H). We found no homodimers and less heterodimers formed by AfimFUL when compared to AfimAGL6, which allowed us to suggest AGL6 homodimers in combination with AfimSEP2 as the most likely tetramer in sepal identity. We found AfimAP3-AfimPI obligate heterodimers and AfimAG-AfimSEP2 protein interactions intact suggesting conserved stamen and carpel tetrameric complexes in A. fimbriata. We observed a broader interaction partner set for AfimSEP2 than for its paralog AfimSEP1. We show conserved and exclusive MADS-box protein interactions in A. fimbriata in comparison with other eudicot and monocot model species in order to establish plesiomorphic MADS-box protein floral networks in angiosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Peréz-Mesa
- Instituto de Biología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | | | | | - Favio González
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Sede Bogotá, Colombia
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21
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Wang SL, Viswanath KK, Tong CG, An HR, Jang S, Chen FC. Floral Induction and Flower Development of Orchids. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1258. [PMID: 31649713 PMCID: PMC6795766 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Orchids comprise one of the largest, most highly evolved angiosperm families, and form an extremely peculiar group of plants. Various orchids are available through traditional breeding and micro-propagation since they are valuable as potted plants and/or cut flowers in horticultural markets. The flowering of orchids is generally influenced by environmental signals such as temperature and endogenous developmental programs controlled by genetic factors as is usual in many flowering plant species. The process of floral transition is connected to the flower developmental programs that include floral meristem maintenance and floral organ specification. Thanks to advances in molecular and genetic technologies, the understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying orchid floral transition and flower developmental processes have been widened, especially in several commercially important orchids such as Phalaenopsis, Dendrobium and Oncidium. In this review, we consolidate recent progress in research on the floral transition and flower development of orchids emphasizing representative genes and genetic networks, and also introduce a few successful cases of manipulation of orchid flowering/flower development through the application of molecular breeding or biotechnology tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Li Wang
- Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan (BCST) of the Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center (ABRC), Academia Sinica, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Kotapati Kasi Viswanath
- Department of Plant Industry, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Chii-Gong Tong
- Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan (BCST) of the Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center (ABRC), Academia Sinica, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hye Ryun An
- National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science (NIHHS), Rural Development Administration (RDA), Wanju-gun, South Korea
| | - Seonghoe Jang
- World Vegetable Center Korea Office (WKO), Wanju-gun, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Seonghoe Jang, ; Fure-Chyi Chen,
| | - Fure-Chyi Chen
- Department of Plant Industry, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Seonghoe Jang, ; Fure-Chyi Chen,
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22
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Su S, Shao X, Zhu C, Xu J, Tang Y, Luo D, Huang X. An AGAMOUS-like factor is associated with the origin of two domesticated varieties in Cymbidium sinense (Orchidaceae). HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2018; 5:48. [PMID: 30181888 PMCID: PMC6119200 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-018-0052-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Cymbidium has been artificially domesticated for centuries in Asia, which produced numerous cultivated varieties. Flowers with stamenoid tepals or those with multiple tepals have been found in different species of Cymbidium; however, the molecular basis controlling the formation of these phenotypes is still largely unknown. Previous work demonstrated that AGAMOUS/AG lineage MADS genes function in floral meristem determinacy as well as in reproductive organs development in both dicots and monocots, indicating a possible relationship with the origin of two flower varieties in Cymbidium. Here, we characterized and analyzed two AG lineage paralogues, CsAG1 and CsAG2, from Cymbidium sinense, both of which were highly expressed in the gynostemium column of a standard C. sinense. Interestingly, we detected ectopic expression of CsAG1 rather than CsAG2 in all floral organs of a stamenoid-tepal variety and significant down-regulation of CsAG1 in a variety with multiple tepals. Over-expression of CsAG1 in wild type Arabidopsis resulted in petal-to-stamen homeotic conversion, suggesting a conserved C-function of CsAG1 in the development of Cymbidium flower. Altogether, our results supported a hypothesis that disruption of a single AG-like factor would be associated with the formation of two domesticated varieties in C. sinense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihao Su
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275 China
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601 Aichi Japan
| | - Xiaoyu Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275 China
| | - Changfa Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275 China
| | - Jiayin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275 China
| | - Yuhuan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275 China
| | - Da Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275 China
| | - Xia Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275 China
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23
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Lin YF, Chen YY, Hsiao YY, Shen CY, Hsu JL, Yeh CM, Mitsuda N, Ohme-Takagi M, Liu ZJ, Tsai WC. Genome-wide identification and characterization of TCP genes involved in ovule development of Phalaenopsis equestris. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:5051-66. [PMID: 27543606 PMCID: PMC5014156 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
TEOSINTE-BRANCHED/CYCLOIDEA/PCF (TCP) proteins are plant-specific transcription factors known to have a role in multiple aspects of plant growth and development at the cellular, organ and tissue levels. However, there has been no related study of TCPs in orchids. Here we identified 23 TCP genes from the genome sequence of Phalaenopsis equestris Phylogenetic analysis distinguished two homology classes of PeTCP transcription factor families: classes I and II. Class II was further divided into two subclasses, CIN and CYC/TB1. Spatial and temporal expression analysis showed that PePCF10 was predominantly expressed in ovules at early developmental stages and PeCIN8 had high expression at late developmental stages in ovules, with overlapping expression at day 16 after pollination. Subcellular localization and protein-protein interaction analyses revealed that PePCF10 and PeCIN8 could form homodimers and localize in the nucleus. However, PePCF10 and PeCIN8 could not form heterodimers. In transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants (overexpression and SRDX, a super repression motif derived from the EAR-motif of the repression domain of tobacco ETHYLENE-RESPONSIVE ELEMENT-BINDING FACTOR 3 and SUPERMAN, dominantly repressed), the two genes helped regulate cell proliferation. Together, these results suggest that PePCF10 and PeCIN8 play important roles in orchid ovule development by modulating cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Fu Lin
- Institute of Tropical Plant Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - You-Yi Chen
- Institute of Tropical Plant Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Yun Hsiao
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan Orchid Research and Development Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yu Shen
- Institute of Tropical Plant Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Ling Hsu
- Orchid Research and Development Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, The National Orchid Conservation Center of China and The Orchid Conservation and Research Center of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chuan-Ming Yeh
- Division of Strategic Research and Development, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Satitama University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Mitsuda
- Research Institute of Bioproduction, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Masaru Ohme-Takagi
- Division of Strategic Research and Development, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Satitama University, Saitama, Japan Research Institute of Bioproduction, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Zhong-Jian Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, The National Orchid Conservation Center of China and The Orchid Conservation and Research Center of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China The Center for Biotechnology and BioMedicine, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China College of Forestry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen-Chieh Tsai
- Institute of Tropical Plant Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan Orchid Research and Development Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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24
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Suárez-Baron H, Pérez-Mesa P, Ambrose BA, González F, Pabón-Mora N. Deep into the Aristolochia Flower: Expression of C, D, and E-Class Genes in Aristolochia fimbriata (Aristolochiaceae). JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2016; 328:55-71. [PMID: 27507740 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Aristolochia fimbriata (Aristolochiaceae) is a member of an early diverging lineage of flowering plants and a promising candidate for evo-devo studies. Aristolochia flowers exhibit a unique floral synorganization that consists of a monosymmetric and petaloid calyx formed by three congenitally fused sepals, and a gynostemium formed by the congenital fusion between stamens and the stigmatic region of the carpels. This floral ground plan atypical in the magnoliids can be used to evaluate the role of floral organ identity MADS-box genes during early flower evolution. In this study, we present in situ hybridization experiments for the homologs of the canonical C-, D-, and E-class genes. Spatiotemporal expression of the C-class gene AfimAG is restricted to stamens, ovary, and ovules, suggesting a conserved stamen and carpel identity function, consistent with that reported in core-eudicots and monocots. The D-class gene AfimSTK is detected in the anthers, the stigmas, the ovary, the ovules, the fruit, and the seeds, suggesting conserved roles in ovule and seed identity and unique roles in stamens, ovary, and fruit development. In addition, AfimSTK expression patterns in areas of organ abscission and dehiscence zones suggest putative roles linked to senescence processes. We found that both E-class genes are expressed in the anthers and the ovary; however, AfimSEP2 exhibits higher expression compared to AfimSEP1. These findings provide a comprehensive picture of the ancestral expression patterns of the canonical MADS-box floral organ identity genes and the foundations for further comparative analyses in other magnoliids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pablo Pérez-Mesa
- Instituto de Biología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | | | - Favio González
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Sede Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Natalia Pabón-Mora
- Instituto de Biología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.,The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY, USA
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25
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Chen JC, Fang SC. The long pollen tube journey and in vitro pollen germination of Phalaenopsis orchids. PLANT REPRODUCTION 2016; 29:179-88. [PMID: 27016359 PMCID: PMC4909812 DOI: 10.1007/s00497-016-0280-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Pollen biology in P. aphrodite. Orchids have a distinct reproductive program. Pollination triggers ovule development and differentiation within flowers, and fertilization occurs days to months after pollination. It is unclear how pollen tubes travel through the developing ovaries during ovule development and when pollen tubes arrive at the mature embryo sac to achieve fertilization. Here, we report a robust staining protocol to image and record the timing of pollen germination, progressive growth of pollen tubes in ovaries, and arrival of pollen tubes at embryo sacs in Phalaenopsis aphrodite. The pollen germinated and pollen tubes entered the ovary 3 days after pollination. Pollen tubes continued to grow and filled the entire cavity of the ovary as the ovary elongated and ovules developed. Pollen tubes were found to enter the matured embryo sacs at approximately 60-65 days after pollination in an acropetal manner. Moreover, these temporal changes in developmental events such as growth of pollen tubes and fertilization were associated with expression of molecular markers. In addition, we developed an in vitro pollen germination protocol, which is valuable to enable studies on pollen tube guidance and tip growth regulation in Phalaenopsis orchids and possibly in other orchid species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhun-Chen Chen
- Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Academia Sinica, Tainan, 741 Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115 Taiwan
| | - Su-Chiung Fang
- Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Academia Sinica, Tainan, 741 Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115 Taiwan
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26
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Lin CS, Hsu CT, Liao DC, Chang WJ, Chou ML, Huang YT, Chen JJW, Ko SS, Chan MT, Shih MC. Transcriptome-wide analysis of the MADS-box gene family in the orchid Erycina pusilla. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2016; 14:284-98. [PMID: 25917508 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Orchids exhibit a range of unique flower shapes and are a valuable ornamental crop. MADS-box transcription factors are key regulatory components in flower initiation and development. Changing the flower shape and flowering time can increase the value of the orchid in the ornamental horticulture industry. In this study, 28 MADS-box genes were identified from the transcriptome database of the model orchid Erycina pusilla. The full-length genomic sequences of these MADS-box genes were obtained from BAC clones. Of these, 27 were MIKC-type EpMADS (two truncated forms) and one was a type I EpMADS. Eleven EpMADS genes contained introns longer than 10 kb. Phylogenetic analysis classified the 24 MIKC(c) genes into nine subfamilies. Three specific protein motifs, AG, FUL and SVP, were identified and used to classify three subfamilies. The expression profile of each EpMADS gene correlated with its putative function. The phylogenetic analysis was highly correlated with the protein domain identification and gene expression results. Spatial expression of EpMADS6, EpMADS12 and EpMADS15 was strongly detected in the inflorescence meristem, floral bud and seed via in situ hybridization. The subcellular localization of the 28 EpMADS proteins was also investigated. Although EpMADS27 lacks a complete MADS-box domain, EpMADS27-YFP was localized in the nucleus. This characterization of the orchid MADS-box family genes provides useful information for both orchid breeding and studies of flowering and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choun-Sea Lin
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Tran Hsu
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - De-Chih Liao
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Jung Chang
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Lun Chou
- Department of Life Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Ting Huang
- Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Chia-yi, Taiwan
| | - Jeremy J W Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Swee-Suak Ko
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Academia Sinica, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Tsair Chan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Academia Sinica, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Che Shih
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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27
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A de novo floral transcriptome reveals clues into Phalaenopsis orchid flower development. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123474. [PMID: 25970572 PMCID: PMC4430480 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phalaenopsis has a zygomorphic floral structure, including three outer tepals, two lateral inner tepals and a highly modified inner median tepal called labellum or lip; however, the regulation of its organ development remains unelucidated. We generated RNA-seq reads with the Illumina platform for floral organs of the Phalaenopsis wild-type and peloric mutant with a lip-like petal. A total of 43,552 contigs were obtained after de novo assembly. We used differentially expressed gene profiling to compare the transcriptional changes in floral organs for both the wild-type and peloric mutant. Pair-wise comparison of sepals, petals and labellum between peloric mutant and its wild-type revealed 1,838, 758 and 1,147 contigs, respectively, with significant differential expression. PhAGL6a (CUFF.17763), PhAGL6b (CUFF.17763.1), PhMADS1 (CUFF.36625.1), PhMADS4 (CUFF.25909) and PhMADS5 (CUFF.39479.1) were significantly upregulated in the lip-like petal of the peloric mutant. We used real-time PCR analysis of lip-like petals, lip-like sepals and the big lip of peloric mutants to confirm the five genes' expression patterns. PhAGL6a, PhAGL6b and PhMADS4 were strongly expressed in the labellum and significantly upregulated in lip-like petals and lip-like sepals of peloric-mutant flowers. In addition, PhAGL6b was significantly downregulated in the labellum of the big lip mutant, with no change in expression of PhAGL6a. We provide a comprehensive transcript profile and functional analysis of Phalaenopsis floral organs. PhAGL6a PhAGL6b, and PhMADS4 might play crucial roles in the development of the labellum in Phalaenopsis. Our study provides new insights into how the orchid labellum differs and why the petal or sepal converts to a labellum in Phalaenopsis floral mutants.
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28
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Evaluation of Internal Control for Gene Expression in Phalaenopsis by Quantitative Real-Time PCR. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 173:1431-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-0951-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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29
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Pan ZJ, Chen YY, Du JS, Chen YY, Chung MC, Tsai WC, Wang CN, Chen HH. Flower development of Phalaenopsis orchid involves functionally divergent SEPALLATA-like genes. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 202:1024-1042. [PMID: 24571782 PMCID: PMC4288972 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The Phalaenopsis orchid produces complex flowers that are commercially valuable, which has promoted the study of its flower development. E-class MADS-box genes, SEPALLATA (SEP), combined with B-, C- and D-class MADS-box genes, are involved in various aspects of plant development, such as floral meristem determination, organ identity, fruit maturation, seed formation and plant architecture. Four SEP-like genes were cloned from Phalaenopsis orchid, and the duplicated PeSEPs were grouped into PeSEP1/3 and PeSEP2/4. All PeSEPs were expressed in all floral organs. PeSEP2 expression was detectable in vegetative tissues. The study of protein-protein interactions suggested that PeSEPs may form higher order complexes with the B-, C-, D-class and AGAMOUS LIKE6-related MADS-box proteins to determine floral organ identity. The tepal became a leaf-like organ when PeSEP3 was silenced by virus-induced silencing, with alterations in epidermis identity and contents of anthocyanin and chlorophyll. Silencing of PeSEP2 had minor effects on the floral phenotype. Silencing of the E-class genes PeSEP2 and PeSEP3 resulted in the downregulation of B-class PeMADS2-6 genes, which indicates an association of PeSEP functions and B-class gene expression. These findings reveal the important roles of PeSEP in Phalaenopsis floral organ formation throughout the developmental process by the formation of various multiple protein complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Jun Pan
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung UniversityTainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - You-Yi Chen
- Institute of Tropical Plant Sciences, National Cheng Kung UniversityTainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Jian-Syun Du
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung UniversityTainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Yu Chen
- Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, National Taiwan UniversityTaipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Chu Chung
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia SinicaTaipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chieh Tsai
- Institute of Tropical Plant Sciences, National Cheng Kung UniversityTainan, 701, Taiwan
- Orchid Research Center, National Cheng Kung UniversityTainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Neng Wang
- Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, National Taiwan UniversityTaipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Hwa Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung UniversityTainan, 701, Taiwan
- Orchid Research Center, National Cheng Kung UniversityTainan, 701, Taiwan
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30
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Tsai WC, Pan ZJ, Su YY, Liu ZJ. New insight into the regulation of floral morphogenesis. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 311:157-82. [PMID: 24952917 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800179-0.00003-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The beauty and complexity of flowers have held the fascination of scientists for centuries, from Linnaeus, to Goethe, to Darwin, through to the present. During the past decade, enormous progress has been made in understanding the molecular regulation of flower morphogenesis. It seems likely that there are both highly conserved aspects to flower development in addition to significant differences in developmental patterning that can contribute to the unique morphologies of different species. Furthermore, floral development is attractive in that several key genes regulating fundamental processes have been identified. Crucial functional studies of floral organ identity genes in diverse taxa are allowing the real insight into the conservation of gene function, while findings on the genetic control of organ elaboration open up new avenues for investigation. These fundamentals of floral organ differentiation and growth are therefore an ideal subject for comparative analyses of flower development, which will lead to a better understanding of molecular mechanisms that control flower morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chieh Tsai
- Institute of Tropical Plant Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Orchid Research Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
| | - Zhao-Jun Pan
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yong-Yu Su
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, The National Orchid Conservation Center of China and The Orchid Conservation & Research Center of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China; The Center for Biotechnology and BioMedicine, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhong-Jian Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, The National Orchid Conservation Center of China and The Orchid Conservation & Research Center of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China; The Center for Biotechnology and BioMedicine, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China; College of Forestry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
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Acri-Nunes-Miranda R, Mondragón-Palomino M. Expression of paralogous SEP-, FUL-, AG- and STK-like MADS-box genes in wild-type and peloric Phalaenopsis flowers. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:76. [PMID: 24659990 PMCID: PMC3950491 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The diverse flowers of Orchidaceae are the result of several major morphological transitions, among them the most studied is the differentiation of the inner median tepal into the labellum, a perianth organ key in pollinator attraction. Type A peloria lacking stamens and with ectopic labella in place of inner lateral tepals are useful for testing models on the genes specifying these organs by comparing their patterns of expression between wild-type and peloric flowers. Previous studies focused on DEFICIENS- and GLOBOSA-like MADS-box genes because of their conserved role in perianth and stamen development. The "orchid code" model summarizes this work and shows in Orchidaceae there are four paralogous lineages of DEFICIENS/AP3-like genes differentially expressed in each floral whorl. Experimental tests of this model showed the conserved, higher expression of genes from two specific DEF-like gene lineages is associated with labellum development. The present study tests whether eight MADS-box candidate SEP-, FUL-, AG-, and STK-like genes have been specifically duplicated in the Orchidaceae and are also differentially expressed in association with the distinct flower organs of Phalaenopsis hyb. "Athens." The gene trees indicate orchid-specific duplications. In a way analogous to what is observed in labellum-specific DEF-like genes, a two-fold increase in the expression of SEP3-like gene PhaMADS7 was measured in the labellum-like inner lateral tepals of peloric flowers. The overlap between SEP3-like and DEF-like genes suggests both are associated with labellum specification and similar positional cues determine their domains of expression. In contrast, the uniform messenger levels of FUL-like genes suggest they are involved in the development of all organs and their expression in the ovary suggests cell differentiation starts before pollination. As previously reported AG-like and STK-like genes are exclusively expressed in gynostemium and ovary, however no evidence for transcriptional divergence was found in the stage investigated. Gene expression suggests a developmental regulatory system based on the combined activity of duplicate MADS-box genes. We discuss its feasibility based on documented protein interactions and patterns of expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariana Mondragón-Palomino
- *Correspondence: Mariana Mondragón-Palomino, Department of Cell Biology and Plant Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany e-mail:
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Su CL, Chen WC, Lee AY, Chen CY, Chang YCA, Chao YT, Shih MC. A modified ABCDE model of flowering in orchids based on gene expression profiling studies of the moth orchid Phalaenopsis aphrodite. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80462. [PMID: 24265826 PMCID: PMC3827201 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously we developed genomic resources for orchids, including transcriptomic analyses using next-generation sequencing techniques and construction of a web-based orchid genomic database. Here, we report a modified molecular model of flower development in the Orchidaceae based on functional analysis of gene expression profiles in Phalaenopsis aphrodite (a moth orchid) that revealed novel roles for the transcription factors involved in floral organ pattern formation. Phalaenopsis orchid floral organ-specific genes were identified by microarray analysis. Several critical transcription factors including AP3, PI, AP1 and AGL6, displayed distinct spatial distribution patterns. Phylogenetic analysis of orchid MADS box genes was conducted to infer the evolutionary relationship among floral organ-specific genes. The results suggest that gene duplication MADS box genes in orchid may have resulted in their gaining novel functions during evolution. Based on these analyses, a modified model of orchid flowering was proposed. Comparison of the expression profiles of flowers of a peloric mutant and wild-type Phalaenopsis orchid further identified genes associated with lip morphology and peloric effects. Large scale investigation of gene expression profiles revealed that homeotic genes from the ABCDE model of flower development classes A and B in the Phalaenopsis orchid have novel functions due to evolutionary diversification, and display differential expression patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-lin Su
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Chieh Chen
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ann-Ying Lee
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yi Chen
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Chien Alex Chang
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ting Chao
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Che Shih
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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Mondragón-Palomino M. Perspectives on MADS-box expression during orchid flower evolution and development. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:377. [PMID: 24065980 PMCID: PMC3779858 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The diverse morphology of orchid flowers and their complex, often deceptive strategies to become pollinated have fascinated researchers for a long time. However, it was not until the 20th century that the ontogeny of orchid flowers, the genetic basis of their morphology and the complex phylogeny of Orchidaceae were investigated. In parallel, the improvement of techniques for in vitro seed germination and tissue culture, together with studies on biochemistry, physiology, and cytology supported the progress of what is now a highly productive industry of orchid breeding and propagation. In the present century both basic research in orchid flower evo-devo and the interest for generating novel horticultural varieties have driven the characterization of many members of the MADS-box family encoding key regulators of flower development. This perspective summarizes the picture emerging from these studies and discusses the advantages and limitations of the comparative strategy employed so far. I address the growing role of natural and horticultural mutants in these studies and the emergence of several model species in orchid evo-devo and genomics. In this context, I make a plea for an increasingly integrative approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Mondragón-Palomino
- Department of Cell Biology and Plant Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Preclinical Medicine, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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Hsieh MH, Pan ZJ, Lai PH, Lu HC, Yeh HH, Hsu CC, Wu WL, Chung MC, Wang SS, Chen WH, Chen HH. Virus-induced gene silencing unravels multiple transcription factors involved in floral growth and development in Phalaenopsis orchids. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:3869-84. [PMID: 23956416 PMCID: PMC3745740 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Orchidaceae, one of the largest angiosperm families, has significant commercial value. Isolation of genes involved in orchid floral development and morphogenesis, scent production, and colouration will advance knowledge of orchid flower formation and facilitate breeding new varieties to increase the commercial value. With high-throughput virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS), this study identified five transcription factors involved in various aspects of flower morphogenesis in the orchid Phalaenopsis equestris. These genes are PeMADS1, PeMADS7, PeHB, PebHLH, and PeZIP. Silencing PeMADS1 and PebHLH resulted in reduced flower size together with a pelaloid column containing petal-like epidermal cells and alterations of epidermal cell arrangement in lip lateral lobes, respectively. Silencing PeMADS7, PeHB, and PeZIP alone resulted in abortion of the first three fully developed flower buds of an inflorescence, which indicates the roles of the genes in late flower development. Furthermore, double silencing PeMADS1 and PeMADS6, C- and B-class MADS-box genes, respectively, produced a combinatorial phenotype with two genes cloned in separate vectors. Both PeMADS1 and PeMADS6 are required to ensure the normal development of the lip and column as well as the cuticle formation on the floral epidermal cell surface. Thus, VIGS allows for unravelling the interaction between two classes of MADS transcription factors for dictating orchid floral morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hsien Hsieh
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
- Tainan District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, Council of Agriculture, Tainan 712Taiwan
| | - Zhao-Jun Pan
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Han Lai
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Chia Lu
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Hung Yeh
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chi Hsu
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Lin Wu
- Institute of Tropical Plant Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Chu Chung
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Shyh-Shyan Wang
- Tainan District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, Council of Agriculture, Tainan 712Taiwan
| | - Wen-Huei Chen
- Orchid Research Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Hwa Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
- Institute of Tropical Plant Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
- Orchid Research Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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35
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Ubi BE, Saito T, Bai S, Nishitani C, Ban Y, Ikeda K, Ito A, Moriguchi T. Characterization of 10 MADS-box genes from Pyrus pyrifolia and their differential expression during fruit development and ripening. Gene 2013; 528:183-94. [PMID: 23891821 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 07/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We cloned 10 Japanese pear (Pyrus pyrifolia) MIKC-type II MADS-box genes, and analyzed their expression during fruit development and ripening. PpMADS2-1 was APETALA (AP)1-like; PpMADS3-1 was FRUITFULL (FUL)/SQUAMOSA (SQUA)-like; PpMADS4-1 was AGAMOUS-like (AGL)6; PpMADS5-1 and PpMADS8-1 were SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS (SOC)-like; PpMADS9-1, PpMADS12-1, PpMADS14-1 and PpMADS16-1 were SEPALLATA (SEP)-like; while PpMADS15-1 was AGL/SHATTERPROOF (SHP)-like. Phylogenetic analysis showed their grouping into five major clades (and 10 sub-clades) that was consistent with their diverse functional types. Expression analysis in flower tissue revealed their distinct putative homeotic functional classes: A-class (PpMADS2-1, PpMADS3-1, PpMADS4-1, and PpMADS14-1), C-class (PpMADS15-1), E-class (PpMADS9-1, PpMADS12-1, and PpMADS16-1) and E (F)-class (PpMADS5-1 and PpMADS8-1). Differential gene expression was observed in different fruit tissues (skin, cortex and core) as well as in the cortex during the course of fruit development and ripening. Collectively, our results suggest their involvement in the diverse aspects of plant development including flower development and the course of fruit development and ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Ewa Ubi
- Plant Physiology and Fruit Chemistry Division, NARO Institute of Fruit Tree Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8605, Japan
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Zhang J, Li Z, Guo C, Liu G, Bao M. Isolation and functional analyses of a putative floral homeotic C-function gene in a basal eudicot London plane tree (Platanus acerifolia). PLoS One 2013; 8:e63389. [PMID: 23691041 PMCID: PMC3655187 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of mutants in model plant species has led to the isolation of the floral homeotic function genes that play crucial roles in flower organ specification. However, floral homeotic C-function genes are rarely studied in basal eudicots. Here, we report the isolation and characterization of the AGAMOUS (AG) orthologous gene (PaAG) from a basal eudicot London plane tree (Platanus acerifolia Willd). Phylogenetic analysis showed that PaAG belongs to the C- clade AG group of genes. PaAG was found to be expressed predominantly in the later developmental stages of male and female inflorescences. Ectopic expression of PaAG-1 in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) resulted in morphological alterations of the outer two flower whorls, as well as some defects in vegetative growth. Scanning electron micrographs (SEMs) confirmed homeotic sepal-to-carpel transformation in the transgenic plants. Protein interaction assays in yeast cells indicated that PaAG could interact directly with PaAP3 (a B-class MADS-box protein in P. acerifolia), and also PaSEP1 and PaSEP3 (E-class MADS-box proteins in P. acerifolia). This study performed the functional analysis of AG orthologous genes outside core eudicots and monocots. Our findings demonstrate a conserved functional role of AG homolog in London plane tree, which also represent a contribution towards understanding the molecular mechanisms of flower development in this monoecious tree species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Zhineng Li
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Cong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Guofeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Manzhu Bao
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
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37
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Tsai WC, Fu CH, Hsiao YY, Huang YM, Chen LJ, Wang M, Liu ZJ, Chen HH. OrchidBase 2.0: comprehensive collection of Orchidaceae floral transcriptomes. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 54:e7. [PMID: 23314755 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcs187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Both floral development and evolutionary trends of orchid flowers have long attracted the interest of biologists. However, expressed sequences derived from the flowers of other orchid subfamilies are still scarce except for a few species in Epidendroideae. In order to broadly increase our scope of Orchidaceae genetic information, we updated the OrchidBase to version 2.0 which has 1,562,071 newly added floral non-redundant transcribed sequences (unigenes) collected comprehensively from 10 orchid species across five subfamilies of Orchidaceae. A total of 662,671,362 reads were obtained by using next-generation sequencing (NGS) Solexa Illumina sequencers. After assembly, on average 156,207 unigenes were generated for each species. The average length of a unigene is 347 bp. We made a detailed annotation including general information, relative expression level, gene ontology (GO), KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) pathway mapping and gene network prediction. The online resources for putative annotation can be searched either by text or by using BLAST, and the results can be explored on the website and downloaded. We have re-designed the user interface in the new version. Users can enter the Phalaenopsis transcriptome or Orchidaceae floral transcriptome to browse or search the unigenes. OrchidBase 2.0 is freely available at http://orchidbase.itps.ncku.edu.tw/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chieh Tsai
- Institute of Tropical Plant Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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Salemme M, Sica M, Gaudio L, Aceto S. The OitaAG and OitaSTK genes of the orchid Orchis italica: a comparative analysis with other C- and D-class MADS-box genes. Mol Biol Rep 2013; 40:3523-35. [PMID: 23277396 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-2426-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
According to the ABCDE model of flower development, the C- and D- class MADS box genes are involved in the formation of male and female reproductive organs (fused to form the column in orchids) and in ovule maturation (triggered by fertilization in orchids). In the present study, we report the isolation of the Orchis italica genes OitaAG and OitaSTK, homologs of the C-class AGAMOUS and the D-class SEEDSTICK genes of Arabidopsis, respectively. Analysis of their expression profiles reveals high levels of mRNA in columns and ovaries, particularly after pollination. However, weak expression is also detectable in the inner tepals (OitaAG) and the lip and root (OitaSTK). This expression profile is only partially overlapping with those reported in other orchid species and may be the consequence of a different evolutionary history of these functional gene classes in orchids. The genomic characterization of the OitaAG and OitaSTK genes shows that a high number of traces of mobile elements are present in introns and could have contributed to the size expansion of some of them (e.g., intron 2 and 3 of OitaAG and intron 3, 4 and 5 of OitaSTK). Nucleotide sequences of intron 1 of the OitaSTK gene and other STK-like genes do not share regulatory motifs, whereas sequence comparison of intron 2 of the OitaAG gene with that of intron 2 of other AG-like genes reveals, for the first time in an orchid species, the presence of conserved cis-regulatory boxes and binding sites for transcription factors that positively (e.g., LEAFY and WUSCHEL) or negatively (e.g., BELLRINGER) regulate the expression of the AG homologs in dicots and monocots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marinella Salemme
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Mezzocannone 8, 80134 Naples, Italy
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Hsiao YY, Huang TH, Fu CH, Huang SC, Chen YJ, Huang YM, Chen WH, Tsai WC, Chen HH. Transcriptomic analysis of floral organs from Phalaenopsis orchid by using oligonucleotide microarray. Gene 2012; 518:91-100. [PMID: 23262337 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.11.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Orchids are one of the most species rich of all angiosperm families. Their extraordinary floral diversity, especially conspicuous labellum morphology, makes them the successful species during evolution process. Because of the fine and delicate development of the perianth, orchid provides a rich subject for studying developmental biology. However, study on molecular mechanism underling orchid floral development is still in its infancy. In this study, we developed an oligomicroarray containing 14,732 unigenes based on the information of expressed sequence tags derived from Phalaenopsis orchids. We applied the oligomicroarray to compare transcriptome among different types of floral organs including sepal, petal and labellum. We discovered that 173, 11, and 285 unigenes were highly differentially expressed in sepal, petal, and labellum, respectively. These unigenes were annotated with Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways, and transcription factor family. Unigenes involved in energy metabolism, lipid metabolism, and terpenoid metabolism are significantly differentially distributed between labellum and two types of tepal (sepal and petal). Labellum-dominant unigenes encoding MADS-box and sepal-dominant unigenes encoding WRKY transcription factors were also identified. Further studies are required but data suggest that it will be possible to identify genes better adapted to sepal, petal and labellum function. The developed functional genomic tool will narrow the gap between approaches based on model organisms with plenty genomic resources and species that are important for developmental and evolutionary studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Yun Hsiao
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan.
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