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Li H, Yang Y, Zhang H, Li C, Du P, Bi M, Chen T, Qian D, Niu Y, Ren H, An L, Xiang Y. The Arabidopsis GPI-anchored protein COBL11 is necessary for regulating pollen tube integrity. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113353. [PMID: 38007687 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Pollen tube integrity is required for achieving double fertilization in angiosperms. The rapid alkalinization factor4/19-ANXUR1/2-Buddha's paper seal 1/2 (RALF4/19-ANX1/2-BUPS1/2)-complex-mediated signaling pathway is critical to maintain pollen tube integrity, but the underlying mechanisms regulating the polar localization and distribution of these complex members at the pollen tube tip remain unclear. Here, we find that COBRA-like protein 11 (COBL11) loss-of-function mutants display a low pollen germination ratio, premature pollen tube burst, and seed abortion in Arabidopsis. COBL11 could interact with RALF4/19, ANX1/2, and BUPS1/2, and COBL11 functional deficiency could result in the disrupted distribution of RALF4 and ANX1, altered cell wall composition, and decreased levels of reactive oxygen species in pollen tubes. In conclusion, COBL11 is a regulator of pollen tube integrity during polar growth, which is conducted by a direct interaction that ensures the correct localization and polar distribution of RALF4 and ANX1 at the pollen tube tip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yang Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Hongkai Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Chengying Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Pingzhou Du
- Center for Biological Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of Ministry of Education, Zhuhai-Macao Biotechnology Joint Laboratory, Advanced Institute of Natural Science, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China
| | - Mengmeng Bi
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Tao Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Dong Qian
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yue Niu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Haiyun Ren
- Center for Biological Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of Ministry of Education, Zhuhai-Macao Biotechnology Joint Laboratory, Advanced Institute of Natural Science, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China
| | - Lizhe An
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yun Xiang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
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Roberts JT, McCubbin TJ, Braun DM. A Plate Growth Assay to Quantify Embryonic Root Development of Zea mays. Bio Protoc 2023; 13:e4858. [PMID: 37900110 PMCID: PMC10603264 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.4858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Murashige-Skoog medium solutions have been used in a variety of plant plate growth assays, yet most research uses Arabidopsis thaliana as the study organism. For larger seeds such as maize (Zea mays), most protocols employ a paper towel roll method for experiments, which often involves wrapping maize seedlings in wet, sterile germination paper. What the paper towel roll method lacks, however, is the ability to image the roots over time without risk of contamination. Here, we describe a sterile plate growth assay that contains Murashige-Skoog medium to grow seedlings starting two days after germination. This protocol uses a section of a paper towel roll method to achieve uniform germination of maize seedlings, which are sterilely transferred onto large acrylic plates for the duration of the experiment. The media can undergo modification to include an assortment of plant hormones, exogenous sugars, and other chemicals. The acrylic plates allow researchers to freely image the plate without disturbing the seedlings and control the environment in which the seedlings are grown, such as modifications in temperature and light. Additionally, the protocol is widely adaptable for use with other cereal crops. Key features • Builds upon plate growth methods routinely used for Arabidopsis seedlings but that are inadequate for maize. • Real-time photographic analysis of seedlings up to two weeks following germination. • Allows for testing of various growth conditions involving an assortment of additives and/or modification of environmental conditions. • Samples are able to be collected for genotype screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason T Roberts
- Division of Biological Sciences, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, and Missouri Maize Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Tyler J McCubbin
- Division of Plant Science and Technology, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, and Missouri Maize Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - David M Braun
- Division of Biological Sciences, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, and Missouri Maize Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Division of Plant Science and Technology, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, and Missouri Maize Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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Yu J, Song G, Guo W, Le L, Xu F, Wang T, Wang F, Wu Y, Gu X, Pu L. ZmBELL10 interacts with other ZmBELLs and recognizes specific motifs for transcriptional activation to modulate internode patterning in maize. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 240:577-596. [PMID: 37583092 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Plant height is an important agronomic trait that affects crop yield. Elucidating the molecular mechanism underlying plant height regulation is also an important question in developmental biology. Here, we report that a BELL transcription factor, ZmBELL10, positively regulates plant height in maize (Zea mays). Loss of ZmBELL10 function resulted in shorter internodes, fewer nodes, and smaller kernels, while ZmBELL10 overexpression increased plant height and hundred-kernel weight. Transcriptome analysis and chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by sequencing showed that ZmBELL10 recognizes specific sequences in the promoter of its target genes and activates cell division- and cell elongation-related gene expression, thereby influencing node number and internode length in maize. ZmBELL10 interacted with several other ZmBELL proteins via a spatial structure in its POX domain to form protein complexes involving ZmBELL10. All interacting proteins recognized the same DNA sequences, and their interaction with ZmBELL10 increased target gene expression. We identified the key residues in the POX domain of ZmBELL10 responsible for its protein-protein interactions, but these residues did not affect its transactivation activity. Collectively, our findings shed light on the functions of ZmBELL10 protein complexes and provide potential targets for improving plant architecture and yield in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Yu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Guangshu Song
- Maize Research Institute, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Gongzhuling, 136100, China
| | - Weijun Guo
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Liang Le
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Fan Xu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
- Shangrao Normal University, Shangrao, 334001, China
| | - Fanhua Wang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yue Wu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiaofeng Gu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Li Pu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
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Sajjad M, Ahmad A, Riaz MW, Hussain Q, Yasir M, Lu M. Recent genome resequencing paraded COBRA- Like gene family roles in abiotic stress and wood formation in Poplar. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1242836. [PMID: 37780503 PMCID: PMC10540467 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1242836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
A cell wall determines the mechanical properties of a cell, serves as a barrier against plant stresses, and allows cell division and growth processes. The COBRA-Like (COBL) gene family encodes a putative glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored protein that controls cellulose deposition and cell progression in plants by contributing to the microfibril orientation of a cell wall. Despite being studied in different plant species, there is a dearth of the comprehensive global analysis of COBL genes in poplar. Poplar is employed as a model woody plant to study abiotic stresses and biomass production in tree research. Improved genome resequencing has enabled the comprehensive exploration of the evolution and functional capacities of PtrCOBLs (Poplar COBRA-Like genes) in poplar. Phylogeny analysis has discerned and classified PtrCOBLs into two groups resembling the Arabidopsis COBL family, and group I genes possess longer proteins but have fewer exons than group II. Analysis of gene structure and motifs revealed PtrCOBLs maintained a rather stable motif and exon-intron pattern across members of the same group. Synteny and collinearity analyses exhibited that the evolution of the COBL gene family was heavily influenced by gene duplication events. PtrCOBL genes have undergone both segmental duplication and tandem duplication, followed by purifying selection. Promotor analysis flaunted various phytohormone-, growth- and stress-related cis-elements (e.g., MYB, ABA, MeJA, SA, AuxR, and ATBP1). Likewise, 29 Ptr-miRNAs of 20 families were found targeting 11 PtrCOBL genes. PtrCOBLs were found localized at the plasma membrane and extracellular matrix, while gene ontology analysis showed their involvement in plant development, plant growth, stress response, cellulose biosynthesis, and cell wall biogenesis. RNA-seq datasets depicted the bulk of PtrCOBL genes expression being found in plant stem tissues and leaves, rendering mechanical strength and rejoinders to environmental cues. PtrCOBL2, 3, 10, and 11 manifested the highest expression in vasculature and abiotic stress, and resemblant expression trends were upheld by qRT-PCR. Co-expression network analysis identified PtrCOBL2 and PtrCOBL3 as hub genes across all abiotic stresses and wood developing tissues. The current study reports regulating roles of PtrCOBLs in xylem differentiating tissues, tension wood formation, and abiotic stress latency that lay the groundwork for future functional studies of the PtrCOBL genes in poplar breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Sajjad
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Adeel Ahmad
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Muhammad Waheed Riaz
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Resource Protection and Innovation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Quaid Hussain
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-Environmental Science, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Muhammad Yasir
- The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Meng‐Zhu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, China
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Rueda S, McCubbin TJ, Shieh M, Hoshing R, Braun DM, Basu A. A Functionalizable Analog of the Yariv Reagent for AGP Imaging using Fluorescence Microscopy. Bioconjug Chem 2023; 34:1398-1406. [PMID: 37534797 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.3c00184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Small molecule fluorescent probes that bind selectively to plant cell wall polysaccharides have been instrumental in elucidating the localization and function of these glycans. Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) are cell wall proteoglycans implicated in essential functions such as cell signaling, plant growth, and programmed cell death. There is currently no small molecule probe capable of fluorescently labeling AGPs. The Yariv reagents are the only small molecules that bind AGPs, and have been used to study AGP function and isolate AGPs via precipitation of an AGP-Yariv complex. However, the Yariv reagents are not fluorescent, rendering them ineffective for localization studies using fluorescence microscopy. A fluorescent version of a Yariv reagent that is capable of both binding as well as imaging AGPs would provide a powerful tool for studying AGPs in planta. Herein, we describe the synthesis of an azido analog of the Yariv reagent that can be further functionalized with a fluorophore to provide a glycoconjugate that binds AGPs and is fluorescent. We show that the modified reagent binds gum arabic in in vitro binding assays when used in conjunction with the βGlcYariv reagent. Fluorescent imaging of AGPs in fixed maize leaf tissue enables localization of AGPs to cell walls in the leaf. Significantly, imaging can also be carried out using fresh tissue. This represents the first small molecule probe that can be used to visualize AGPs using fluorescence microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Rueda
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Tyler J McCubbin
- Division of Plant Science and Technology, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, The Missouri Maize Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Meg Shieh
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Raghuraj Hoshing
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - David M Braun
- Division of Plant Science and Technology, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, The Missouri Maize Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Amit Basu
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
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Qiu C, Chen J, Wu W, Liao B, Zheng X, Li Y, Huang J, Shi J, Hao Z. Genome-Wide Analysis and Abiotic Stress-Responsive Patterns of COBRA-like Gene Family in Liriodendron chinense. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1616. [PMID: 37111840 PMCID: PMC10143436 DOI: 10.3390/plants12081616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The COBRA gene encodes a plant-specific glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored protein (GAP), which plays an important role in cell wall cellulose deposition. In this study, a total of 7 COBRA-like (COBL) genes were identified in the genome of the rare and endangered woody plant Liriodendron chinense (L. chinense). Phylogenetic analysis showed that these LcCOBL genes can be divided into two subfamilies, i.e., SF I and II. In the conserved motif analysis of two subfamilies, SF I contained 10 predicted motifs, while SF II contained 4-6 motifs. The tissue-specific expression patterns showed that LcCOBL5 was highly expressed in the phloem and xylem, indicating its potential role in cellulose biosynthesis. In addition, the cis-element analysis and abiotic stress transcriptomes showed that three LcCOBLs, LcCOBL3, LcCOBL4 and LcCOBL5, transcriptionally responded to abiotic stresses, including cold, drought and heat stress. In particular, the quantitative reverse-transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis further confirmed that the LcCOBL3 gene was significantly upregulated in response to cold stress and peaked at 24-48 h, hinting at its potential role in the mechanism of cold resistance in L. chinense. Moreover, GFP-fused LcCOBL2, LcCOBL4 and LcCOBL5 were found to be localized in the cytomembrane. In summary, we expect these results to be beneficial for research on both the functions of LcCOBL genes and resistance breeding in L. chinense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Jinhui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Weihuang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Bojun Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Xueyan Zheng
- National Germplasm Bank of Chinese Fir at Fujian Yangkou Forest Farm, Nanping 353211, China
| | - Yong Li
- National Germplasm Bank of Chinese Fir at Fujian Yangkou Forest Farm, Nanping 353211, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Jinling Institute of Technology, Nanjing 211169, China
| | - Jisen Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Zhaodong Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
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Tian R, Jiang J, Bo S, Zhang H, Zhang X, Hearne SJ, Tang J, Ding D, Fu Z. Multi-omic characterization of the maize GPI synthesis mutant gwt1 with defects in kernel development. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:191. [PMID: 37038106 PMCID: PMC10084604 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04188-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) and GPI-anchored proteins (GAPs) are important for cell wall formation and reproductive development in Arabidopsis. However, monocot counterparts that function in kernel endosperm development have yet to be discovered. Here, we performed a multi-omic analysis to explore the function of GPI related genes on kernel development in maize. RESULTS In maize, 48 counterparts of human GPI synthesis and lipid remodeling genes were identified, in which null mutation of the glucosaminyl-phosphatidylinositol O-acyltransferase1 gene, ZmGWT1, caused a kernel mutant (named gwt1) with defects in the basal endosperm transport layer (BETL). We performed plasma membrane (PM) proteomics to characterize the potential GAPs involved in kernel development. In total, 4,981 proteins were successfully identified in 10-DAP gwt1 kernels of mutant and wild-type (WT), including 1,638 membrane-anchored proteins with different posttranslational modifications. Forty-seven of the 256 predicted GAPs were differentially accumulated between gwt1 and WT. Two predicted BETL-specific GAPs (Zm00001d018837 and Zm00001d049834), which kept similar abundance at general proteome but with significantly decreased abundance at membrane proteome in gwt1 were highlighted. CONCLUSIONS Our results show the importance of GPI and GAPs for endosperm development and provide candidate genes for further investigation of the regulatory network in which ZmGWT1 participates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runmiao Tian
- Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crops Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Jianjun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crops Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Shirong Bo
- Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crops Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crops Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Xuehai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crops Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Sarah Jane Hearne
- CIMMYT, KM 45 Carretera Mexico-Veracruz, El Batan, Texcoco, Edo. De Mexico, 56237, Mexico
| | - Jihua Tang
- Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crops Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
- The Shennong Laboratory, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Dong Ding
- Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crops Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
| | - Zhiyuan Fu
- Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crops Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
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Liu FF, Wan YX, Cao WX, Zhang QQ, Li Y, Li Y, Zhang PZ, Si HQ. Novel function of a putative TaCOBL ortholog associated with cold response. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:4375-4384. [PMID: 36944863 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08297-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
The plant COBRA protein family plays an important role in secondary cell wall biosynthesis and the orientation of cell expansion. The COBRA gene family has been well studied in Arabidopsis thaliana, maize, rice, etc., but no systematic studies were conducted in wheat. In this study, the full-length sequence of TaCOBLs was obtained by homology cloning from wheat, and a conserved motif analysis confirmed that TaCOBLs belonged to the COBRA protein family. qRT-PCR results showed that the TaCOBL transcripts were induced by abiotic stresses, including cold, drought, salinity, and abscisic acid (ABA). Two haplotypes of TaCOBL-5B (Hap5B-a and Hap5B-b), harboring one indel (----/TATA) in the 5' flanking region (- 550 bp), were found on chromosome 5BS. A co-dominant marker, Ta5BF/Ta5BR, was developed based on the polymorphism of the two TaCOBL-5B haplotypes. Significant correlations between the two TaCOBL-5B haplotypes and cold resistance were observed under four environmental conditions. Hap5B-a, a favored haplotype acquired during wheat polyploidization, may positively contribute to enhanced cold resistance in wheat. Based on the promoter activity analysis, the Hap5B-a promoter containing a TATA-box was more active than that of Hap5B-b without the TATA-box under low temperature. Our study provides valuable information indicating that the TaCOBL genes are associated with cold response in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Fang Liu
- Crop Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anhui Key Laboratory of Crop Quality Improvement, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Ying-Xiu Wan
- Crop Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anhui Key Laboratory of Crop Quality Improvement, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Wen-Xin Cao
- Crop Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anhui Key Laboratory of Crop Quality Improvement, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Qi-Qi Zhang
- Crop Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anhui Key Laboratory of Crop Quality Improvement, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Yao Li
- Crop Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anhui Key Laboratory of Crop Quality Improvement, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Yan Li
- Crop Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anhui Key Laboratory of Crop Quality Improvement, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Ping-Zhi Zhang
- Crop Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anhui Key Laboratory of Crop Quality Improvement, Hefei, 230031, China.
| | - Hong-Qi Si
- School of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China.
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Ai P, Xue J, Zhu Y, Tan W, Wu Y, Wang Y, Li Z, Shi Z, Kang D, Zhang H, Jiang L, Wang Z. Comparative analysis of two kinds of garlic seedings: qualities and transcriptional landscape. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:87. [PMID: 36829121 PMCID: PMC9951544 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09183-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Facility cultivation is widely applied to meet the increasing demand for high yield and quality, with light intensity and light quality being major limiting factors. However, how changes in the light environment affect development and quality are unclear in garlic. When garlic seedlings are grown, they can also be exposed to blanching culture conditions of darkness or low-light intensity to ameliorate their appearance and modify their bioactive compounds and flavor. RESULTS In this study, we determined the quality and transcriptomes of 14-day-old garlic and blanched garlic seedlings (green seedlings and blanched seedlings) to explore the mechanisms by which seedlings integrate light signals. The findings revealed that blanched garlic seedlings were taller and heavier in fresh weight compared to green garlic seedlings. In addition, the contents of allicin, cellulose, and soluble sugars were higher in the green seedlings. We also identified 3,872 differentially expressed genes between green and blanched garlic seedlings. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis suggested enrichment for plant-pathogen interactions, phytohormone signaling, mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling, and other metabolic processes. In functional annotations, pathways related to the growth and formation of the main compounds included phytohormone signaling, cell wall metabolism, allicin biosynthesis, secondary metabolism and MAPK signaling. Accordingly, we identified multiple types of transcription factor genes involved in plant-pathogen interactions, plant phytohormone signaling, and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites among the differentially expressed genes between green and blanched garlic seedlings. CONCLUSIONS Blanching culture is one facility cultivation mode that promotes chlorophyll degradation, thus changing the outward appearance of crops, and improves their flavor. The large number of DEGs identified confirmed the difference of the regulatory machinery under two culture system. This study increases our understanding of the regulatory network integrating light and darkness signals in garlic seedlings and provides a useful resource for the genetic manipulation and cultivation of blanched garlic seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penghui Ai
- grid.256922.80000 0000 9139 560XState Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Plant Germplasm Resources and Genetic Laboratory, Kaifeng Key Laboratory of Chrysanthemum Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Jinming Road, Kaifeng, 475004 Henan China
| | - Jundong Xue
- grid.256922.80000 0000 9139 560XState Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Plant Germplasm Resources and Genetic Laboratory, Kaifeng Key Laboratory of Chrysanthemum Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Jinming Road, Kaifeng, 475004 Henan China
| | - Yifei Zhu
- grid.256922.80000 0000 9139 560XState Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Plant Germplasm Resources and Genetic Laboratory, Kaifeng Key Laboratory of Chrysanthemum Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Jinming Road, Kaifeng, 475004 Henan China
| | - Wenchao Tan
- grid.256922.80000 0000 9139 560XState Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Plant Germplasm Resources and Genetic Laboratory, Kaifeng Key Laboratory of Chrysanthemum Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Jinming Road, Kaifeng, 475004 Henan China
| | - Yifei Wu
- grid.256922.80000 0000 9139 560XState Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Plant Germplasm Resources and Genetic Laboratory, Kaifeng Key Laboratory of Chrysanthemum Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Jinming Road, Kaifeng, 475004 Henan China
| | - Ying Wang
- grid.256922.80000 0000 9139 560XState Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Plant Germplasm Resources and Genetic Laboratory, Kaifeng Key Laboratory of Chrysanthemum Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Jinming Road, Kaifeng, 475004 Henan China
| | - Zhongai Li
- grid.256922.80000 0000 9139 560XState Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Plant Germplasm Resources and Genetic Laboratory, Kaifeng Key Laboratory of Chrysanthemum Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Jinming Road, Kaifeng, 475004 Henan China
| | - Zhongya Shi
- grid.256922.80000 0000 9139 560XState Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Plant Germplasm Resources and Genetic Laboratory, Kaifeng Key Laboratory of Chrysanthemum Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Jinming Road, Kaifeng, 475004 Henan China
| | - Dongru Kang
- grid.256922.80000 0000 9139 560XState Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Plant Germplasm Resources and Genetic Laboratory, Kaifeng Key Laboratory of Chrysanthemum Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Jinming Road, Kaifeng, 475004 Henan China
| | - Haoyi Zhang
- grid.256922.80000 0000 9139 560XState Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Plant Germplasm Resources and Genetic Laboratory, Kaifeng Key Laboratory of Chrysanthemum Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Jinming Road, Kaifeng, 475004 Henan China
| | - Liwen Jiang
- grid.256922.80000 0000 9139 560XState Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Plant Germplasm Resources and Genetic Laboratory, Kaifeng Key Laboratory of Chrysanthemum Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Jinming Road, Kaifeng, 475004 Henan China
| | - Zicheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Plant Germplasm Resources and Genetic Laboratory, Kaifeng Key Laboratory of Chrysanthemum Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Jinming Road, Kaifeng, 475004, Henan, China.
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10
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Dirk LMA, Zhao T, May J, Li T, Han Q, Zhang Y, Sahib MR, Downie AB. Alterations in Carbohydrate Quantities in Freeze-Dried, Relative to Fresh or Frozen Maize Leaf Disks. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13010148. [PMID: 36671533 PMCID: PMC9855396 DOI: 10.3390/biom13010148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
For various reasons, leaves are occasionally lyophilized prior to storage at -80 °C and preparing extracts. Soluble carbohydrate identity and quantity from maize leaf disks were ascertained in two separate years using anion exchange HPLC with pulsed electrochemical detection. Analyses were made from disks after freezing in liquid nitrogen with or without subsequent lyophilization (both years) or directly after removal from plants with or without lyophilization (only in the second year). By adding the lyophilizing step, galactose content consistently increased and, frequently, so did galactoglycerols. The source of the galactose increase with the added lyophilizing step was not due to metabolizing raffinose, as the raffinose synthase (rafs) null mutant leaves, which do not make that trisaccharide, also had a similar increase in galactose content with lyophilization. Apparently, the ester linkages attaching free fatty acids to galactoglycerolipids of the chloroplast are particularly sensitive to cleavage during lyophilization, resulting in increases in galactoglycerols. Regardless of the galactose source, a systematic error is introduced for carbohydrate (and, most likely, also chloroplast mono- or digalactosyldiacylglycerol) amounts when maize leaf samples are lyophilized prior to extraction. The recognition of lyophilization as a source of galactose increase provides a cautionary note for investigators of soluble carbohydrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynnette M. A. Dirk
- Department of Horticulture, Seed Biology Group, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, 1405 Veterans Drive, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Tianyong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - John May
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, N-222A Ag Science North, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Tao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Life Science, Henan Agriculture University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Qinghui Han
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
- The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Agriculture and Food Science, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Yumin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Mohammad R. Sahib
- Department of Horticulture, Seed Biology Group, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, 1405 Veterans Drive, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
- College of Agriculture, Al-Qasim Green University, Babylon 00964, Iraq
| | - Allan Bruce Downie
- Department of Horticulture, Seed Biology Group, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, 1405 Veterans Drive, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(859)-257-5237
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11
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Rosado-Souza L, Yokoyama R, Sonnewald U, Fernie AR. Understanding source-sink interactions: Progress in model plants and translational research to crops. MOLECULAR PLANT 2023; 16:96-121. [PMID: 36447435 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2022.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Agriculture is facing a massive increase in demand per hectare as a result of an ever-expanding population and environmental deterioration. While we have learned much about how environmental conditions and diseases impact crop yield, until recently considerably less was known concerning endogenous factors, including within-plant nutrient allocation. In this review, we discuss studies of source-sink interactions covering both fundamental research in model systems under controlled growth conditions and how the findings are being translated to crop plants in the field. In this respect we detail efforts aimed at improving and/or combining C3, C4, and CAM modes of photosynthesis, altering the chloroplastic electron transport chain, modulating photorespiration, adopting bacterial/algal carbon-concentrating mechanisms, and enhancing nitrogen- and water-use efficiencies. Moreover, we discuss how modulating TCA cycle activities and primary metabolism can result in increased rates of photosynthesis and outline the opportunities that evaluating natural variation in photosynthesis may afford. Although source, transport, and sink functions are all covered in this review, we focus on discussing source functions because the majority of research has been conducted in this field. Nevertheless, considerable recent evidence, alongside the evidence from classical studies, demonstrates that both transport and sink functions are also incredibly important determinants of yield. We thus describe recent evidence supporting this notion and suggest that future strategies for yield improvement should focus on combining improvements in each of these steps to approach yield optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laise Rosado-Souza
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
| | - Ryo Yokoyama
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Uwe Sonnewald
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstrasse 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
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12
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Qin Y, Xiao Z, Zhao H, Wang J, Wang Y, Qiu F. Starch phosphorylase 2 is essential for cellular carbohydrate partitioning in maize. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 64:1755-1769. [PMID: 35796344 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrate partitioning is essential for plant growth and development, and its hindrance will result in excess accumulation of carbohydrates in source tissues. Most of the related mutants in maize (Zea mays L.) display impaired whole-plant sucrose transport, but other mechanisms affecting carbohydrate partitioning have seldom been reported. Here, we characterized chlorotic leaf3 (chl3), a recessive mutation causing leaf chlorosis with starch accumulation excessively in bundle sheath chloroplasts, suggesting that chl3 is defective in carbohydrate partitioning. Positional cloning revealed that the chl3 phenotype results from a frameshift mutation in ZmPHOH, which encodes starch phosphorylase 2. Two mutants in ZmPHOH exhibited the same phenotype as chl3, and both alleles failed to complement the chl3 mutant phenotype in an allelism test. Inactivation of ZmPHOH in chl3 leaves reduced the efficiency of transitory starch conversion, resulting in increased leaf starch contents and altered carbohydrate metabolism patterns. RNA-seq revealed the transcriptional downregulation of genes related to photosynthesis and carbohydrate metabolism in chl3 leaves compared to the wild type. Our results demonstrate that transitory starch remobilization is very important for cellular carbohydrate partitioning in maize, in which ZmPHOH plays an indispensable role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Qin
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Ziyi Xiao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Hailiang Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jing Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yuanru Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Fazhan Qiu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
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13
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Liu H, Liu X, Zhao Y, Nie J, Yao X, Lv L, Yang J, Ma N, Guo Y, Li Y, Yang X, Lin T, Sui X. Alkaline α-galactosidase 2 (CsAGA2) plays a pivotal role in mediating source-sink communication in cucumber. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 189:1501-1518. [PMID: 35357489 PMCID: PMC9237694 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Sugars are necessary for plant growth and fruit development. Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) transports sugars, mainly raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs), in the vascular bundle. As the dominant sugars in cucumber fruit, glucose and fructose are derived from sucrose, which is the product of RFO hydrolysis by α-galactosidase (α-Gal). Here, we characterized the cucumber alkaline α-galactosidase 2 (CsAGA2) gene and found that CsAGA2 has undergone human selection during cucumber domestication. Further experiments showed that the expression of CsAGA2 increases gradually during fruit development, especially in fruit vasculature. In CsAGA2-RNA interference (RNAi) lines, fruit growth was delayed because of lower hexose production in the peduncle and fruit main vascular bundle (MVB). In contrast, CsAGA2-overexpressing (OE) plants displayed bigger fruits. Functional enrichment analysis of transcriptional data indicated that genes related to sugar metabolism, cell wall metabolism, and hormone signaling were significantly downregulated in the peduncle and fruit MVBs of CsAGA2-RNAi plants. Moreover, downregulation of CsAGA2 also caused negative feedback regulation on source leaves, which was shown by reduced photosynthetic efficiency, fewer plasmodesmata at the surface between mesophyll cell and intermediary cell (IC) or between IC and sieve element, and downregulated gene expression and enzyme activities related to phloem loading, as well as decreased sugar production and exportation from leaves and petioles. The opposite trend was observed in CsAGA2-OE lines. Overall, we conclude that CsAGA2 is essential for cucumber fruit set and development through mediation of sugar communication between sink strength and source activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yalong Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jing Nie
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xuehui Yao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lijun Lv
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Junwei Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ning Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yicong Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yaxin Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xueyong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Sino-Dutch Joint Laboratory of Horticultural Genomics, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Tao Lin
- Authors for correspondence: (T.L.); (X.S.)
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14
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McCubbin TJ, Braun DM. Phloem anatomy and function as shaped by the cell wall. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 266:153526. [PMID: 34555540 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2021.153526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The partitioning of assimilated carbon is a complex process that involves the loading, long-distance transport, and subsequent unloading of carbohydrates from source to sink tissues. The network of plumbing that facilitates this coordinated process is the phloem tissue. Our understanding of the physiology of phloem transport has grown tremendously since the modern theory of mass flow was first put forward, aided by the concomitant progress of technology and experimental methodologies. Recent findings have put a renewed emphasis on the underlying anatomy of the phloem, and in particular the important role that cell walls play in enabling the high-pressure flow of photoassimilates through the sieve element. This review will briefly summarize the foundational work in phloem anatomy and highlight recent work exploring the physiology of phloem cell wall structure and mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J McCubbin
- Division of Plant Science and Technology, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, The Missouri Maize Center, University of Missouri,Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - David M Braun
- Division of Plant Science and Technology, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, The Missouri Maize Center, University of Missouri,Columbia, MO, 65211, USA; Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
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15
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Cai Y. Sugar traffic jam: impaired cellulose deposition in the phloem retards long-distance sucrose transport. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:3187-3188. [PMID: 35233594 PMCID: PMC8505868 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yingqi Cai
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
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