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Cai K, Zhu S, Jiang Z, Xu K, Sun X, Li X. Biological macromolecules mediated by environmental signals affect flowering regulation in plants: A comprehensive review. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 214:108931. [PMID: 39003975 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 07/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Flowering time is a crucial developmental stage in the life cycle of plants, as it determines the reproductive success and overall fitness of the organism. The precise regulation of flowering time is influenced by various internal and external factors, including genetic, environmental, and hormonal cues. This review provided a comprehensive overview of the molecular mechanisms and regulatory pathways of biological macromolecules (e.g. proteins and phytohormone) and environmental factors (e.g. light and temperature) involved in the control of flowering time in plants. We discussed the key proteins and signaling pathways that govern the transition from vegetative growth to reproductive development, highlighting the intricate interplay between genetic networks, environmental cues, and phytohormone signaling. Additionally, we explored the impact of flowering time regulation on plant adaptation, crop productivity, and agricultural practices. Moreover, we summarized the similarities and differences of flowering mechanisms between annual and perennial plants. Understanding the mechanisms underlying flowering time control is not only essential for fundamental plant biology research but also holds great potential for crop improvement and sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kefan Cai
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Siting Zhu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zeyu Jiang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kai Xu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xuepeng Sun
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Xiaolong Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China.
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Kunitake E, Kawaguchi T, Tani S. Independent, cooperative regulation of cellulolytic genes by paralogous transcription factors ClbR and ClbR2 in Aspergillus aculeatus. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2024; 88:212-219. [PMID: 37947258 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbad156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
The cellobiose-responsive regulator ClbR, a Zn(II)2Cys6 binuclear-cluster transcription factor, is a positive regulator of carbohydrate-active enzyme (CAZyme) genes responsive to cellulose in Aspergillus aculeatus. Because Zn(II)2Cys6 transcription factors tend to dimerize with proteins of the same family, we searched for a counterpart of ClbR and identified ClbR2, which is 42% identical to ClbR, as an interacting partner of ClbR by yeast two-hybrid screening. Genetic analyses suggested that ClbR and ClbR2 cooperatively regulate the expression of CAZyme genes in response to cellulose and 1,4-β-mannobiose in A. aculeatus. CAZyme genes under the control of the transcription factor ManR were regulated by ClbR and ClbR2, whereas those controlled by the transcription factor XlnR were regulated by ClbR, but not ClbR2. These findings suggest that ClbR participates in multiple regulatory pathways in A. aculeatus by altering an interacting factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emi Kunitake
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University , Sakai, Japan
- Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University , Tsu, Japan
| | - Takashi Kawaguchi
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University , Sakai, Japan
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Osaka Metropolitan University , Sakai, Japan
| | - Shuji Tani
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University , Sakai, Japan
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Osaka Metropolitan University , Sakai, Japan
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Li Y, Xia HX, Cushman SA, Zhao H, Guo P, Liu YP, Lin N, Shang FD. A new mechanism of flowering regulation by the competition of isoforms in Osmanthus fragrans. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2023; 132:1089-1102. [PMID: 37666004 PMCID: PMC10809039 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
The regulation of flowering time is typically governed by transcription factors or epigenetic modifications. Transcript isoforms can play important roles in flowering regulation. Recently, transcript isoforms were discovered in the key genes, OfAP1 and OfTFL1, of the flowering regulatory network in Osmanthus fragrans. OfAP1-b generates a full-length isoform of OfAP1-b1 as well as an isoform of OfAP1-b2 that lacks the C-terminal domain. Although OfAP1-b2 does not possess an activation domain, it has a complete K domain that allows it to form heterodimers. OfAP1-b2 competes with OfAP1-b1 by binding with OfAGL24 to create non-functional and functional heterodimers. As a result, OfAP1-b1 promotes flowering while OfAP1-b2 delays flowering. OfTFL1 produces two isoforms located in different areas: OfTFL1-1 in the cytoplasm and OfTFL1-2 in the nucleus. When combined with OfFD, OfTFL1-1 does not enter the nucleus to repress AP1 expression, leading to early flowering. Conversely, when combined with OfFD, OfTFL1-2 enters the nucleus to repress AP1 expression, resulting in later flowering. Tissue-specific expression and functional conservation testing of OfAP1 and OfTFL1 support the new model's effectiveness in regulating flowering. Overall, this study provides new insights into regulating flowering time by the competition of isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Li
- College of Life Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Huhehaote 010022, China
| | - He-Xiao Xia
- College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Samuel A Cushman
- Northern Arizona University, School of Forestry, Flagstaff, AZ 86011-4084, USA
| | - Heng Zhao
- College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Peng Guo
- College of Life Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Yan-Pei Liu
- College of Life Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Nan Lin
- College of Life Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Fu-De Shang
- College of Life Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
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