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Fernández JD, Miño I, Canales J, Vidal EA. Gene regulatory networks underlying sulfate deficiency responses in plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:2781-2798. [PMID: 38366662 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Sulfur (S) is an essential macronutrient for plants and its availability in soils is an important determinant for growth and development. Current regulatory policies aimed at reducing industrial S emissions together with changes in agronomical practices have led to a decline in S contents in soils worldwide. Deficiency of sulfate-the primary form of S accessible to plants in soil-has adverse effects on both crop yield and nutritional quality. Hence, recent research has increasingly focused on unraveling the molecular mechanisms through which plants detect and adapt to a limiting supply of sulfate. A significant part of these studies involves the use of omics technologies and has generated comprehensive catalogs of sulfate deficiency-responsive genes and processes, principally in Arabidopsis together with a few studies centering on crop species such as wheat, rice, or members of the Brassica genus. Although we know that sulfate deficiency elicits an important reprogramming of the transcriptome, the transcriptional regulators orchestrating this response are not yet well understood. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge of gene expression responses to sulfate deficiency and recent efforts towards the identification of the transcription factors that are involved in controlling these responses. We further compare the transcriptional response and putative regulators between Arabidopsis and two important crop species, rice and tomato, to gain insights into common mechanisms of the response to sulfate deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- José David Fernández
- Centro de Genómica y Bioinformática, Facultad de Ciencias, Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad Mayor, 8580745, Santiago, Chile
- Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo - Millennium Science Initiative Program, Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology, 7500565, Santiago, Chile
- Programa de Doctorado en Genómica Integrativa, Vicerrectoría de Investigación, Universidad Mayor, 8580745, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ignacio Miño
- Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo - Millennium Science Initiative Program, Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology, 7500565, Santiago, Chile
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, 5110566, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Javier Canales
- Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo - Millennium Science Initiative Program, Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology, 7500565, Santiago, Chile
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, 5110566, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Elena A Vidal
- Centro de Genómica y Bioinformática, Facultad de Ciencias, Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad Mayor, 8580745, Santiago, Chile
- Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo - Millennium Science Initiative Program, Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology, 7500565, Santiago, Chile
- Escuela de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad Mayor, 8580745, Santiago, Chile
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2
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Kliebenstein DJ. Is specialized metabolite regulation specialized? JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:4942-4948. [PMID: 37260397 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Recent technical and theoretical advances have generated an explosion in the identification of specialized metabolite pathways. In comparison, our understanding of how these pathways are regulated is relatively lagging. This and the relatively young age of specialized metabolite pathways has partly contributed to a default and common paradigm whereby specialized metabolite regulation is theorized as relatively simple with a few key transcription factors and the compounds are non-regulatory end-products. In contrast, studies into model specialized metabolites, such as glucosinolates, are beginning to identify a new understanding whereby specialized metabolites are highly integrated into the plants' core metabolic, physiological, and developmental pathways. This model includes a greatly extended compendium of transcription factors controlling the pathway, key transcription factors that co-evolve with the pathway and simultaneously control core metabolic and developmental components, and finally the compounds themselves evolve regulatory connections to integrate into the plants signaling machinery. In this review, these concepts are illustrated using studies in the glucosinolate pathway within the Brassicales. This suggests that the broader community needs to reconsider how they do or do not integrate specialized metabolism into the regulatory network of their study species.
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Girija A, Hacham Y, Dvir S, Panda S, Lieberman-Lazarovich M, Amir R. Cystathionine γ-synthase expression in seeds alters metabolic and DNA methylation profiles in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 193:595-610. [PMID: 37300538 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) seeds expressing the feedback-insensitive form of cystathionine γ-synthase (AtD-CGS), the key gene of methionine (Met) synthesis, under the control of a seed-specific phaseolin promoter (SSE plants) show a significant increase in Met content. This elevation is accompanied by increased levels of other amino acids (AAs), sugars, total protein, and starch, which are important from a nutritional aspect. Here, we investigated the mechanism behind this phenomenon. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of SSE leaves, siliques, and seeds collected at 3 different developmental stages showed high levels of Met, AAs, and sugars compared to the control plants. A feeding experiment with isotope-labeled AAs showed an increased flux of AAs from nonseed tissues toward the developing seeds of SSE. Transcriptome analysis of leaves and seeds displayed changes in the status of methylation-related genes in SSE plants that were further validated by methylation-sensitive enzymes and colorimetric assay. These results suggest that SSE leaves have higher DNA methylation rates than control plants. This occurrence apparently led to accelerated senescence, together with enhanced monomer synthesis, which further resulted in increased transport of monomers from the leaves toward the seeds. The developing seeds of SSE plants, however, show reduced Met levels and methylation rates. The results provide insights into the role of Met in DNA methylation and gene expression and how Met affects the metabolic profile of the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiswarya Girija
- MIGAL-Galilee Research Institute, Plant Metabolism Lab, Kiryat Shmona 11016, Israel
| | - Yael Hacham
- MIGAL-Galilee Research Institute, Plant Metabolism Lab, Kiryat Shmona 11016, Israel
- Department of Biotechnology, Tel Hai College, Upper Galilee 1220800, Israel
| | - Shachar Dvir
- MIGAL-Galilee Research Institute, Plant Metabolism Lab, Kiryat Shmona 11016, Israel
- Department of Biotechnology, Tel Hai College, Upper Galilee 1220800, Israel
| | - Sayantan Panda
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Michal Lieberman-Lazarovich
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Department of Vegetables and Field Crops, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
| | - Rachel Amir
- MIGAL-Galilee Research Institute, Plant Metabolism Lab, Kiryat Shmona 11016, Israel
- Department of Biotechnology, Tel Hai College, Upper Galilee 1220800, Israel
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4
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Aarabi F, Salem MA, Arrivault S, Bulut M, Schöttler MA, Giavalisco P, Fernie AR, Hoefgen R. The regulation of sulfolipids under sulfur starvation. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023:10.1007/s11103-023-01364-2. [PMID: 37347368 PMCID: PMC10352420 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-023-01364-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fayezeh Aarabi
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, Golm, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Mohamed A Salem
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, Golm, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, Menoufia University, Gamal Abd El Nasr St, Shibin Elkom, 32511, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Stephanie Arrivault
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, Golm, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Mustafa Bulut
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, Golm, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Mark Aurel Schöttler
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, Golm, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Patrick Giavalisco
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, Golm, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Joseph Stelzmann Str. 9b, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, Golm, 14476, Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Rainer Hoefgen
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, Golm, 14476, Potsdam, Germany.
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Sun SK, Chen J, Zhao FJ. Regulatory mechanisms of sulfur metabolism affecting tolerance and accumulation of toxic trace metals and metalloids in plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:3286-3299. [PMID: 36861339 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Soil contamination with trace metals and metalloids can cause toxicity to plants and threaten food safety and human health. Plants have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to cope with excess trace metals and metalloids in soils, including chelation and vacuolar sequestration. Sulfur-containing compounds, such as glutathione and phytochelatins, play a crucial role in their detoxification, and sulfur uptake and assimilation are regulated in response to the stress of toxic trace metals and metalloids. This review focuses on the multi-level connections between sulfur homeostasis in plants and responses to such stresses, especially those imposed by arsenic and cadmium. We consider recent progress in understanding the regulation of biosynthesis of glutathione and phytochelatins and of the sensing mechanism of sulfur homeostasis for tolerance of trace metals and metalloids in plants. We also discuss the roles of glutathione and phytochelatins in controlling the accumulation and distribution of arsenic and cadmium in plants, and possible strategies for manipulating sulfur metabolism to limit their accumulation in food crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Kai Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Fang-Jie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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Apodiakou A, Hoefgen R. New insights into the regulation of plant metabolism by O-acetylserine: sulfate and beyond. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:3361-3378. [PMID: 37025061 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Under conditions of sulfur deprivation, O-acetylserine (OAS) accumulates, which leads to the induction of a common set of six genes, called OAS cluster genes. These genes are induced not only under sulfur deprivation, but also under other conditions where OAS accumulates, such as shift to darkness and stress conditions leading to reactive oxygen species (ROS) or methyl-jasmonate accumulation. Using the OAS cluster genes as a query in ATTED-II, a co-expression network is derived stably spanning several hundred conditions. This allowed us not only to describe the downstream function of the OAS cluster genes but also to score for functions of the members of the co-regulated co-expression network and hence the effects of the OAS signal on the sulfate assimilation pathway and co-regulated pathways. Further, we summarized existing knowledge on the regulation of the OAS cluster and the co-expressed genes. We revealed that the known sulfate deprivation-related transcription factor EIL3/SLIM1 exhibits a prominent role, as most genes are subject to regulation by this transcription factor. The role of other transcription factors in response to OAS awaits further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Apodiakou
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Rainer Hoefgen
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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Rakpenthai A, Apodiakou A, Whitcomb SJ, Hoefgen R. In silico analysis of cis-elements and identification of transcription factors putatively involved in the regulation of the OAS cluster genes SDI1 and SDI2. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 110:1286-1304. [PMID: 35315155 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis thaliana sulfur deficiency-induced 1 and sulfur deficiency-induced 2 (SDI1 and SDI2) are involved in partitioning sulfur among metabolite pools during sulfur deficiency, and their transcript levels strongly increase in this condition. However, little is currently known about the cis- and trans-factors that regulate SDI expression. We aimed at identifying DNA sequence elements (cis-elements) and transcription factors (TFs) involved in regulating expression of the SDI genes. We performed in silico analysis of their promoter sequences cataloging known cis-elements and identifying conserved sequence motifs. We screened by yeast-one-hybrid an arrayed library of Arabidopsis TFs for binding to the SDI1 and SDI2 promoters. In total, 14 candidate TFs were identified. Direct association between particular cis-elements in the proximal SDI promoter regions and specific TFs was established via electrophoretic mobility shift assays: sulfur limitation 1 (SLIM1) was shown to bind SURE cis-element(s), the basic domain/leucine zipper (bZIP) core cis-element was shown to be important for HY5-homolog (HYH) binding, and G-box binding factor 1 (GBF1) was shown to bind the E box. Functional analysis of GBF1 and HYH using mutant and over-expressing lines indicated that these TFs promote a higher transcript level of SDI1 in vivo. Additionally, we performed a meta-analysis of expression changes of the 14 TF candidates in a variety of conditions that alter SDI expression. The presented results expand our understanding of sulfur pool regulation by SDI genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apidet Rakpenthai
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Anastasia Apodiakou
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Sarah J Whitcomb
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Rainer Hoefgen
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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8
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Li B, Zheng L, Wang R, Xue C, Shen R, Lan P. A proteomic analysis of Arabidopsis ribosomal phosphoprotein P1A mutant. J Proteomics 2022; 262:104594. [PMID: 35483651 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2022.104594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Ribosomal proteins are involved in the regulation of plant growth and development. However, the regulatory processes of most ribosomal proteins remain unclear. In this study, Arabidopsis plants with the mutation in ribosomal phosphoprotein P1A (RPP1A) produce larger and heavier seeds than wild-type plants. A comparative quantitative label-free proteomic analysis revealed that a total of 215 proteins were differentially accumulated between the young siliques of the wild type and rpp1a mutant. Knockout of RPP1A significantly reduced the abundance of proteins involved in carboxylic acid metabolism and lipid biosynthesis. Consistent with this, a metabolic analysis showed that the organic acids in the tricarboxylic acid cycle and the carbohydrates in the pentose phosphate pathway were severely reduced in the mature rpp1a mutant seeds. In contrast, the abundance of proteins related to seed maturation, especially seed storage proteins, was markedly increased during seed development. Indeed, seed storage proteins were accumulated in the mature rpp1a mutant seeds, and the seed nitrogen and sulfur contents were also increased. These results indicate that more carbon intermediates probably enter the nitrogen flow for the enhanced synthesis of seed storage proteins, which might subsequently contribute to the enlarged seed size in the rpp1a mutant. SIGNIFICANCE: Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis and are generally perceived as the housekeeping components in the cells. In this study, the knockout of RPP1A leads to an increased seed size through repressing carbon metabolism and lipid biosynthesis, and increasing the synthesis of seed storage proteins. Meanwhile, the abundance of seed storage proteins and the nitrogen and sulfur concentrations were increased in the mature rpp1a mutant seeds. The results provide a novel insight into the genetic regulatory networks for the control of seed size and seed storage protein accumulation, and this knowledge may facilitate the improvement of crop seed size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingjuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Lu Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China.
| | - Ruonan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Caiwen Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Renfang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Ping Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Angelovici R, Kliebenstein D. A plant balancing act: Meshing new and existing metabolic pathways towards an optimized system. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 66:102173. [PMID: 35144143 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2022.102173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Specialized metabolic pathways evolve from existing pathways, creating new functionality potentially boosting fitness. However, how these pathways are integrated into a pre-existing working and well-balanced metabolic system is unclear. They could be integrated to the system as a functional appendage, or they could be fully embedded into primary metabolism by establishing new biochemical and regulatory connections. A full integration into the primary metabolic system requires substantial system re-wiring and because of this complexity, the latter is often not experimentally pursued. New studies provide evidence that some specialized metabolic pathways are fully embedded in primary metabolism with extensive new regulatory and biochemical connections. This suggests, that we should consider whether other specialized metabolic pathways could be fully integrated rather than being simple appendages. In this mini review, we survey compelling evidence supporting that some specialized metabolic pathways are fully integrated and ask if these metabolites now act as de-facto primary metabolites?
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruthie Angelovici
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
| | - Dan Kliebenstein
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA; DynaMo Center of Excellence, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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Mondal S, Pramanik K, Panda D, Dutta D, Karmakar S, Bose B. Sulfur in Seeds: An Overview. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11030450. [PMID: 35161431 PMCID: PMC8838887 DOI: 10.3390/plants11030450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Sulfur is a growth-limiting and secondary macronutrient as well as an indispensable component for several cellular components of crop plants. Over the years various scientists have conducted several experiments on sulfur metabolism based on different aspects of plants. Sulfur metabolism in seeds has immense importance in terms of the different sulfur-containing seed storage proteins, the significance of transporters in seeds, the role of sulfur during the time of seed germination, etc. The present review article is based on an overview of sulfur metabolism in seeds, in respect to source to sink relationships, S transporters present in the seeds, S-regulated seed storage proteins and the importance of sulfur at the time of seed germination. Sulfur is an essential component and a decidable factor for seed yield and the quality of seeds in terms of oil content in oilseeds, storage of qualitative proteins in legumes and has a significant role in carbohydrate metabolism in cereals. In conclusion, a few future perspectives towards a more comprehensive knowledge on S metabolism/mechanism during seed development, storage and germination have also been stated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sananda Mondal
- Department of Crop Physiology, Institute of Agriculture, Visva-Bharati University, Sriniketan 731236, India;
| | - Kalipada Pramanik
- Department of Agronomy, Institute of Agriculture, Visva-Bharati University, Sriniketan 731236, India;
| | - Debasish Panda
- Department of Crop Physiology, Institute of Agriculture, Visva-Bharati University, Sriniketan 731236, India;
| | - Debjani Dutta
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur 741252, India; (D.D.); (S.K.)
| | - Snehashis Karmakar
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur 741252, India; (D.D.); (S.K.)
| | - Bandana Bose
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India;
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Copeland C. Making do: SULFUR DEFICIENCY INDUCED1 regulates seed sulfur content when sulfur is limiting. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:2344-2345. [PMID: 34890465 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Charles Copeland
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
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