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Liao HS, Lee KT, Chung YH, Chen SZ, Hung YJ, Hsieh MH. Glutamine induces lateral root initiation, stress responses, and disease resistance in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 195:2289-2308. [PMID: 38466723 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiae144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
The production of glutamine (Gln) from NO3- and NH4+ requires ATP, reducing power, and carbon skeletons. Plants may redirect these resources to other physiological processes using Gln directly. However, feeding Gln as the sole nitrogen (N) source has complex effects on plants. Under optimal concentrations, Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) seedlings grown on Gln have similar primary root lengths, more lateral roots, smaller leaves, and higher amounts of amino acids and proteins compared to those grown on NH4NO3. While high levels of Gln accumulate in Arabidopsis seedlings grown on Gln, the expression of GLUTAMINE SYNTHETASE1;1 (GLN1;1), GLN1;2, and GLN1;3 encoding cytosolic GS1 increases and expression of GLN2 encoding chloroplastic GS2 decreases. These results suggest that Gln has distinct effects on regulating GLN1 and GLN2 gene expression. Notably, Arabidopsis seedlings grown on Gln have an unexpected gene expression profile. Compared with NH4NO3, which activates growth-promoting genes, Gln preferentially induces stress- and defense-responsive genes. Consistent with the gene expression data, exogenous treatment with Gln enhances disease resistance in Arabidopsis. The induction of Gln-responsive genes, including PATHOGENESIS-RELATED1, SYSTEMIC ACQUIRED RESISTANCE DEFICIENT1, WRKY54, and WALL ASSOCIATED KINASE1, is compromised in salicylic acid (SA) biosynthetic and signaling mutants under Gln treatments. Together, these results suggest that Gln may partly interact with the SA pathway to trigger plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Sheng Liao
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Kim-Teng Lee
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences, The Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Biotechnology Center, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsin Chung
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Soon-Ziet Chen
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jie Hung
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hsiun Hsieh
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences, The Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Biotechnology Center, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan
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Yidilisi K, Wang Y, Guo Z, Guo Y, Kang X, Li S, Zhang W, Chao N, Liu L. The Functional Characterization of MaGS2 and Its Role as a Negative Regulator of Ciboria shiraiana. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1660. [PMID: 38931091 PMCID: PMC11207669 DOI: 10.3390/plants13121660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Glutamine synthetase (GS) is a key enzyme involved in nitrogen metabolism. GS can be divided into cytosolic and plastidic subtypes and has been reported to respond to various biotic and abiotic stresses. However, little research has been reported on the function of GS in mulberry. In this study, the full length of MaGS2 was cloned, resulting in 1302 bp encoding 433 amino acid residues. MaGS2 carried the typical GS2 motifs and clustered with plastidic-subtype GSs in the phylogenetic analysis. MaGS2 localized in chloroplasts, demonstrating that MaGS2 is a plastidic GS. The expression profile showed that MaGS2 is highly expressed in sclerotiniose pathogen-infected fruit and sclerotiniose-resistant fruit, demonstrating that MaGS2 is associated with the response to sclerotiniose in mulberry. Furthermore, the overexpression of MaGS2 in tobacco decreased the resistance against Ciboria shiraiana, and the knockdown of MaGS2 in mulberry by VIGS increased the resistance against C. shiraiana, demonstrating the role of MaGS2 as a negative regulator of mulberry resistance to C. shiraiana infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keermula Yidilisi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Yuqiong Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Zixuan Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Yangyang Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Xiaoru Kang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Shan Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Wenhao Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Nan Chao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Li Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212100, China
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Kobercová E, Melo P, Fischer L. Validating the role of glutamine synthetase GLN2 during photorespiration in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 194:324-328. [PMID: 37787606 PMCID: PMC10756748 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eliška Kobercová
- Faculty of Science, Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Charles University, Viničná 5, Prague 2, 128 44, Czech Republic
| | - Paula Melo
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and GreenUPorto - Research Centre on Sustainable Agrifood Production, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, Porto, 4169-007, Portugal
| | - Lukáš Fischer
- Faculty of Science, Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Charles University, Viničná 5, Prague 2, 128 44, Czech Republic
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Lee KT, Liao HS, Hsieh MH. Glutamine Metabolism, Sensing and Signaling in Plants. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 64:1466-1481. [PMID: 37243703 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcad054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Glutamine (Gln) is the first amino acid synthesized in nitrogen (N) assimilation in plants. Gln synthetase (GS), converting glutamate (Glu) and NH4+ into Gln at the expense of ATP, is one of the oldest enzymes in all life domains. Plants have multiple GS isoenzymes that work individually or cooperatively to ensure that the Gln supply is sufficient for plant growth and development under various conditions. Gln is a building block for protein synthesis and an N-donor for the biosynthesis of amino acids, nucleic acids, amino sugars and vitamin B coenzymes. Most reactions using Gln as an N-donor are catalyzed by Gln amidotransferase (GAT) that hydrolyzes Gln to Glu and transfers the amido group of Gln to an acceptor substrate. Several GAT domain-containing proteins of unknown function in the reference plant Arabidopsis thaliana suggest that some metabolic fates of Gln have yet to be identified in plants. In addition to metabolism, Gln signaling has emerged in recent years. The N regulatory protein PII senses Gln to regulate arginine biosynthesis in plants. Gln promotes somatic embryogenesis and shoot organogenesis with unknown mechanisms. Exogenous Gln has been implicated in activating stress and defense responses in plants. Likely, Gln signaling is responsible for some of the new Gln functions in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim-Teng Lee
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences, The Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Biotechnology Center, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Sheng Liao
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hsiun Hsieh
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences, The Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Biotechnology Center, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
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Chen M, Zhu K, Xie J, Liu J, Qiao Z, Tan P, Peng F. Ammonium-nitrate mixtures dominated by NH 4+-N promote the growth of pecan ( Carya illinoinensis) through enhanced N uptake and assimilation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1186818. [PMID: 37313261 PMCID: PMC10258329 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1186818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) limits plant productivity, and its uptake and assimilation may be regulated by N sources, N assimilating enzymes, and N assimilation genes. Mastering the regulatory mechanisms of N uptake and assimilation is a key way to improve plant nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). However, it is poorly known how these factors interact to influence the growth process of pecans. In this study, the growth, nutrient uptake and N assimilation characteristics of pecan were analyzed by aeroponic cultivation at varying NH4 +/NO3 - ratios (0/0, 0/100,25/75, 50/50, 75/25,100/0 as CK, T1, T2, T3, T4, and T5). The results showed that T4 and T5 treatments optimally promoted the growth, nutrient uptake and N assimilating enzyme activities of pecan, which significantly increased aboveground biomass, average relative growth rate (RGR), root area, root activity, free amino acid (FAA) and total organic carbon (TOC) concentrations, nitrate reductase (NR), nitrite reductase (NiR), glutamine synthetase (GS), glutamate synthase (Fd-GOGAT and NADH-GOGAT), and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) activities. According to the qRT-PCR results, most of the N assimilation genes were expressed at higher levels in leaves and were mainly significantly up-regulated under T1 and T4 treatments. Correlation analysis showed that a correlation between N assimilating enzymes and N assimilating genes did not necessarily exist. The results of partial least squares path model (PLS-PM) analysis indicated that N assimilation genes could affect the growth of pecan by regulating N assimilation enzymes and nutrients. In summary, we suggested that the NH4 +/NO3 - ratio of 75:25 was more beneficial to improve the growth and NUE of pecan. Meanwhile, we believe that the determination of plant N assimilation capacity should be the result of a comprehensive analysis of N concentration, N assimilation enzymes and related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyun Chen
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kaikai Zhu
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Junyi Xie
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Ecology, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Junping Liu
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhenbing Qiao
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Pengpeng Tan
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fangren Peng
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
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Lin YC, Tsay YF. Study of vacuole glycerate transporter NPF8.4 reveals a new role of photorespiration in C/N balance. NATURE PLANTS 2023; 9:803-816. [PMID: 37055555 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-023-01392-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The photorespiratory intermediate glycerate is known to be shuttled between the peroxisome and chloroplast. Here, localization of NPF8.4 in the tonoplast, together with the reduced vacuolar glycerate content displayed by an npf8.4 mutant and the glycerate efflux activity detected in an oocyte expression system, identifies NPF8.4 as a tonoplast glycerate influx transporter. Our study shows that expression of NPF8.4 and most photorespiration-associated genes, as well as the photorespiration rate, is upregulated in response to short-term nitrogen (N) depletion. We report growth retardation and early senescence phenotypes for npf8.4 mutants specifically upon N depletion, suggesting that the NPF8.4-mediated regulatory pathway for sequestering the photorespiratory carbon intermediate glycerate in vacuoles is important to alleviate the impact of an increased C/N ratio under N deficiency. Thus, our study of NPF8.4 reveals a novel role for photorespiration in N flux to cope with short-term N depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chen Lin
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Fang Tsay
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
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