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Costa MG, Mantovani C, de Mello Prado R. Optimizing nutrient solution for vegetative growth of Dendrobium Tubtim Siam and Phalaenopsis Taisuco Swan through plant tissue nutrient balance estimation. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:280. [PMID: 38609857 PMCID: PMC11015735 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-04931-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Orchids are grown without soil in many regions of the world, but there is a lack of studies to define the balanced and adequate nutrient solution for their cultivation, mainly in the vegetative growth phase. Therefore, this paper aims to evaluate the optimal concentration of the nutrient solution based on the proposal by Hoagland and Arnon (1950) in the vegetative growth phase capable of increasing the nutrient contents, growth, and dry matter production of Dendrobium Tubtim Siam and Phalaenopsis Taisuco Swan. In addition, this paper aims to estimate a new nutrient solution from the optimal nutrient contents in the dry matter of these orchid species to be used in the vegetative growth phase. RESULTS Nutrient contents, growth, and dry matter production increased as the nutrient solution concentration increased up to an average concentration of 62 and 77% for D. Tubtim Siam and P. Taisuco Swan, respectively. We found that the Hoagland and Arnon solution presented a group of nutrients with concentrations above the requirement for P. Taisuco Swan (nitrogen, phosphor, calcium, and sulfur) and D. Tubtim Siam (phosphor, calcium, magnesium, and sulfur), while other nutrients in the solution did not meet the nutritional demand of these orchid species, inducing nutritional imbalance in the vegetative growth phase. CONCLUSION We conclude that using a balanced nutrient solution created specifically for each orchid species in vegetative growth might favor their sustainable cultivation by optimizing the use of nutrients in the growing medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milton G Costa
- Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Department of Agricultural Production Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Via de acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, 14884900, Brazil.
| | - Cibele Mantovani
- Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Department of Agricultural Production Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Via de acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, 14884900, Brazil
| | - Renato de Mello Prado
- Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Department of Agricultural Production Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Via de acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, 14884900, Brazil
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Gulzar F, Ahmad R, Kwan SY, Khan Z, Alharbi SA, Shah MM, Rehman SU, Siddique M, Ansari MJ, Shahzadi I, Saddique MAB, Ishaq MZ, Waheed U. Understanding the role of the fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase gene for enhancing the photosynthetic rate in Arabidopsis thaliana. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2024; 51:FP24034. [PMID: 38640358 DOI: 10.1071/fp24034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana (ecotype Columbia) was successfully transformed with the gene fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPas e) and named as AtFBPase plants. Transgenic plants exhibited stable transformation, integration and significantly higher expressions for the transformed gene. Morphological evaluation of transgenic plants showed increased plant height (35cm), number of leaves (25), chlorophyll contents (28%), water use efficiency (increased from 1.5 to 2.6μmol CO2 μmol-1 H2 O) and stomatal conductance (20%), which all resulted in an enhanced photosynthetic rate (2.7μmolm-2 s-1 ) compared to wild type plants. This study suggests the vital role of FBPase gene in the modification of regulatory pathways to enhance the photosynthetic rate, which can also be utilised for economic crops in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Gulzar
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Raza Ahmad
- Department of Biotechnology, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Suk-Yoon Kwan
- Plant System Engineering, Korea Research Institute of Bio Sciences and Biotechnology, Daejon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Zulqurnain Khan
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Sulaiman Ali Alharbi
- Department of Botany & Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohmmad Maroof Shah
- Department of Biotechnology, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Shoaib Ur Rehman
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Maria Siddique
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Mohammad Javed Ansari
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 1451, Saudi Arabia; and Department of Botany, Hindu College Moradabad, Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Rohilkhand University, Bareilly 244001, India
| | - Irum Shahzadi
- Department of Biotechnology, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Abu Bakar Saddique
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Muhmmad Zahid Ishaq
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Nishtar Medical University and Hospital, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Ummara Waheed
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture, Multan, Pakistan
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Sage RF, Edwards EJ, Heyduk K, Cushman JC. Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) at the crossroads: a special issue to honour 50 years of CAM research by Klaus Winter. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2023; 132:553-561. [PMID: 37856823 PMCID: PMC10799977 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rowan F Sage
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, Ontario M5R3C6, Canada
| | - Erika J Edwards
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Karolina Heyduk
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - John C Cushman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada–Reno, Reno, NV 89557, USA
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Chomthong M, Griffiths H. Prospects and perspectives: inferring physiological and regulatory targets for CAM from molecular and modelling approaches. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2023; 132:583-596. [PMID: 37742290 PMCID: PMC10799989 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND SCOPE This review summarizes recent advances in our understanding of Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM) by integrating evolutionary, ecological, physiological, metabolic and molecular perspectives. A number of key control loops which moderate the expression of CAM phases, and their metabolic and molecular control, are explored. These include nocturnal stomatal opening, activation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase by a specific protein kinase, interactions with circadian clock control, as well as daytime decarboxylation and activation of Rubisco. The vacuolar storage and release of malic acid and the interplay between the supply and demand for carbohydrate reserves are also key metabolic control points. FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES We identify open questions and opportunities, with experimentation informed by top-down molecular modelling approaches allied with bottom-up mechanistic modelling systems. For example, mining transcriptomic datasets using high-speed systems approaches will help to identify targets for future genetic manipulation experiments to define the regulation of CAM (whether circadian or metabolic control). We emphasize that inferences arising from computational approaches or advanced nuclear sequencing techniques can identify potential genes and transcription factors as regulatory targets. However, these outputs then require systematic evaluation, using genetic manipulation in key model organisms over a developmental progression, combining gene silencing and metabolic flux analysis and modelling to define functionality across the CAM day-night cycle. From an evolutionary perspective, the origins and function of CAM succulents and responses to water deficits are set against the mesophyll and hydraulic limitations imposed by cell and tissue succulence in contrasting morphological lineages. We highlight the interplay between traits across shoots (3D vein density, mesophyll conductance and cell shrinkage) and roots (xylem embolism and segmentation). Thus, molecular, biophysical and biochemical processes help to curtail water losses and exploit rapid rehydration during restorative rain events. In the face of a changing climate, we hope such approaches will stimulate opportunities for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Methawi Chomthong
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Howard Griffiths
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
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Sage RF, Gilman IS, Smith JAC, Silvera K, Edwards EJ. Atmospheric CO2 decline and the timing of CAM plant evolution. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2023; 132:753-770. [PMID: 37642245 PMCID: PMC10799994 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS CAM photosynthesis is hypothesized to have evolved in atmospheres of low CO2 concentration in recent geological time because of its ability to concentrate CO2 around Rubisco and boost water use efficiency relative to C3 photosynthesis. We assess this hypothesis by compiling estimates of when CAM clades arose using phylogenetic chronograms for 73 CAM clades. We further consider evidence of how atmospheric CO2 affects CAM relative to C3 photosynthesis. RESULTS Where CAM origins can be inferred, strong CAM is estimated to have appeared in the past 30 million years in 46 of 48 examined clades, after atmospheric CO2 had declined from high (near 800 ppm) to lower (<450 ppm) values. In turn, 21 of 25 clades containing CAM species (but where CAM origins are less certain) also arose in the past 30 million years. In these clades, CAM is probably younger than the clade origin. We found evidence for repeated weak CAM evolution during the higher CO2 conditions before 30 million years ago, and possible strong CAM origins in the Crassulaceae during the Cretaceous period prior to atmospheric CO2 decline. Most CAM-specific clades arose in the past 15 million years, in a similar pattern observed for origins of C4 clades. CONCLUSIONS The evidence indicates strong CAM repeatedly evolved in reduced CO2 conditions of the past 30 million years. Weaker CAM can pre-date low CO2 and, in the Crassulaceae, strong CAM may also have arisen in water-limited microsites under relatively high CO2. Experimental evidence from extant CAM species demonstrates that elevated CO2 reduces the importance of nocturnal CO2 fixation by increasing the contribution of C3 photosynthesis to daily carbon gain. Thus, the advantage of strong CAM would be reduced in high CO2, such that its evolution appears less likely and restricted to more extreme environments than possible in low CO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowan F Sage
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Ian S Gilman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - J Andrew C Smith
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Katia Silvera
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Erika J Edwards
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
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Heyduk K, McAssey EV, Field R, Leebens-Mack J. The Agavoideae: an emergent model clade for CAM evolutionary biology. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2023; 132:727-737. [PMID: 37191440 PMCID: PMC10799990 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Crassulacean acid metabolism - or CAM photosynthesis - was described in the early to mid-20th century, and our understanding of this metabolic pathway was later expanded upon through detailed biochemical analyses of carbon balance. Soon after, scientists began to study the ecophysiological implications of CAM, and a large part of this early work was conducted in the genus Agave, in the subfamily Agavoideae of the family Asparagaceae. Today, the Agavoideae continues to be important for the study of CAM photosynthesis, from the ecophysiology of CAM species, to the evolution of the CAM phenotype and to the genomics underlying CAM traits. Here we review past and current work on CAM in the Agavoideae, in particular highlighting the work of Park Nobel in Agave, and focusing on the powerful comparative system the Agavoideae has become for studying the origins of CAM. We also highlight new genomics research and the potential for studying intraspecific variation within species of the Agavoideae, particularly species in the genus Yucca. The Agavoideae has served as an important model clade for CAM research for decades, and undoubtedly will continue to help push our understanding of CAM biology and evolution in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Heyduk
- School of Life Sciences, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Edward V McAssey
- School of Life Sciences, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Richard Field
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Jim Leebens-Mack
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Tan B, Chen S. Defining Mechanisms of C 3 to CAM Photosynthesis Transition toward Enhancing Crop Stress Resilience. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13072. [PMID: 37685878 PMCID: PMC10487458 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Global climate change and population growth are persistently posing threats to natural resources (e.g., freshwater) and agricultural production. Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) evolved from C3 photosynthesis as an adaptive form of photosynthesis in hot and arid regions. It features the nocturnal opening of stomata for CO2 assimilation, diurnal closure of stomata for water conservation, and high water-use efficiency. To cope with global climate challenges, the CAM mechanism has attracted renewed attention. Facultative CAM is a specialized form of CAM that normally employs C3 or C4 photosynthesis but can shift to CAM under stress conditions. It not only serves as a model for studying the molecular mechanisms underlying the CAM evolution, but also provides a plausible solution for creating stress-resilient crops with facultative CAM traits. This review mainly discusses the recent research effort in defining the C3 to CAM transition of facultative CAM plants, and highlights challenges and future directions in this important research area with great application potential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sixue Chen
- Department of Biology, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA;
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Kupriyanova EV, Pronina NA, Los DA. Adapting from Low to High: An Update to CO 2-Concentrating Mechanisms of Cyanobacteria and Microalgae. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1569. [PMID: 37050194 PMCID: PMC10096703 DOI: 10.3390/plants12071569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The intracellular accumulation of inorganic carbon (Ci) by microalgae and cyanobacteria under ambient atmospheric CO2 levels was first documented in the 80s of the 20th Century. Hence, a third variety of the CO2-concentrating mechanism (CCM), acting in aquatic photoautotrophs with the C3 photosynthetic pathway, was revealed in addition to the then-known schemes of CCM, functioning in CAM and C4 higher plants. Despite the low affinity of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) of microalgae and cyanobacteria for the CO2 substrate and low CO2/O2 specificity, CCM allows them to perform efficient CO2 fixation in the reductive pentose phosphate (RPP) cycle. CCM is based on the coordinated operation of strategically located carbonic anhydrases and CO2/HCO3- uptake systems. This cooperation enables the intracellular accumulation of HCO3-, which is then employed to generate a high concentration of CO2 molecules in the vicinity of Rubisco's active centers compensating up for the shortcomings of enzyme features. CCM functions as an add-on to the RPP cycle while also acting as an important regulatory link in the interaction of dark and light reactions of photosynthesis. This review summarizes recent advances in the study of CCM molecular and cellular organization in microalgae and cyanobacteria, as well as the fundamental principles of its functioning and regulation.
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Genome-Based Analysis of the Potential Bioactivity of the Terrestrial Streptomyces vinaceusdrappus Strain AC-40. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12030345. [PMID: 36979037 PMCID: PMC10044865 DOI: 10.3390/biology12030345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Streptomyces are factories of antimicrobial secondary metabolites. We isolated a Streptomyces species associated with the Pelargonium graveolens rhizosphere. Its total metabolic extract exhibited potent antibacterial and antifungal properties against all the tested pathogenic microbes. Whole genome sequencing and genome analyses were performed to take a look at its main characteristics and to reconstruct the metabolic pathways that can be associated with biotechnologically useful traits. AntiSMASH was used to identify the secondary metabolite gene clusters. In addition, we searched for known genes associated with plant growth-promoting characteristics. Finally, a comparative and pan-genome analysis with three closely related genomes was conducted. It was identified as Streptomyces vinaceusdrappus strain AC-40. Genome mining indicated the presence of several secondary metabolite gene clusters. Some of them are identical or homologs to gene clusters of known metabolites with antimicrobial, antioxidant, and other bioactivities. It also showed the presence of several genes related to plant growth promotion traits. The comparative genome analysis indicated that at least five of these gene clusters are highly conserved through rochei group genomes. The genotypic and phenotypic characteristics of S. vinaceusdrappus strain AC-40 indicate that it is a promising source of beneficial secondary metabolites with pharmaceutical and biotechnological applications.
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Shlosberg Y, Schuster G, Adir N. Self-Enclosed Bio-Photoelectrochemical Cell in Succulent Plants. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:53761-53766. [PMID: 36416535 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c15123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Harvesting an electrical current from biological photosynthetic systems (live cells or isolated complexes) is typically achieved by immersion of the system into an electrolyte solution. In this study, we show that the aqueous solution found in the tissues of succulent plants can be used directly as a natural bio-photo electrochemical cell. Here, the thick water-preserving outer cuticle of the succulent Corpuscularia lehmannii serves as the electrochemical container, the inner water content as the electrolyte into which an iron anode and platinum cathode are introduced. We produce up to 20 μA/cm2 bias-free photocurrent. When 0.5 V bias is added to the iron anode, the current density increases ∼10-fold, and evolved hydrogen gas can be collected with a Faradaic efficiency of 2.1 and 3.5% in dark or light, respectively. The addition of the photosystem II inhibitor 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea inhibits the photocurrent, indicating that water oxidation is the primary source of electrons in the light. Two-dimensional fluorescence measurements show that NADH and NADPH serve as the major mediating electron transfer molecules, functionally connecting photosynthesis to metal electrodes. This work presents a method to simultaneously absorb CO2 while producing an electrical current with minimal engineering requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaniv Shlosberg
- Grand Technion Energy Program, Technion, Haifa 32000, Israel
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion, Haifa 320000, Israel
| | - Gadi Schuster
- Grand Technion Energy Program, Technion, Haifa 32000, Israel
- Faculty of Biology, Technion, Haifa 32000 Israel
| | - Noam Adir
- Grand Technion Energy Program, Technion, Haifa 32000, Israel
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion, Haifa 320000, Israel
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Preston JC, Sinha NR, Torii KU, Kellogg EA. Plant structure and function: Evolutionary origins and underlying mechanisms. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 190:1-4. [PMID: 35775936 PMCID: PMC9434258 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jill C Preston
- Department of Plant Biology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Vermont, Vermont 05405, USA
| | - Neelima R Sinha
- Department of Plant Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Keiko U Torii
- Molecular Biosciences, College of Natural Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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