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Shu X, Yin D, Liang J, Xiang T, Zhang C, Li H, Zheng A, Li P, Wang A. Tilletia horrida glycoside hydrolase family 128 protein, designated ThGhd_7, modulates plant immunity by blocking reactive oxygen species production. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:2459-2474. [PMID: 38501941 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Tilletia horrida is an important soilborne fungal pathogen that causes rice kernel smut worldwide. We found a glycoside hydrolase family 128 protein, designated ThGhd_7, caused cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. The predicted signal peptide (SP) of ThGhd_7 targets it for secretion. However, loss of the SP did not affect its ability to induce cell death. The 23-201 amino acid sequence of ThGhd_7 was sufficient to trigger cell death in N. benthamiana. ThGhd_7 expression was induced and upregulated during T. horrida infection. ThGhd_7 localised to both the cytoplasm and nucleus of plant cells, and nuclear localisation was required to induce cell death. The ability of ThGhd_7 to trigger cell death in N. benthamiana depends on RAR1 (required for Mla12 resistance), SGT1 (suppressor of G2 allele of Skp1), and BAK1/SERK3 (somatic embryogenesis receptor-like kinase 3). Heterologous overexpression of ThGhd_7 in rice reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and enhanced susceptibility to T. horrida. Further research revealed that ThGhd_7 interacted with and destabilised OsSGT1, which is required for ROS production and is a positive regulator of rice resistance to T. horrida. Taken together, these findings suggest that T. horrida employs ThGhd_7 to disrupt ROS production and thereby promote infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Shu
- The Engineering Research Center for Plant Health Protection Technology in Henan Province, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Desuo Yin
- Food Crop Research Institute, Hubei Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Juan Liang
- The Engineering Research Center for Plant Health Protection Technology in Henan Province, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ting Xiang
- The Engineering Research Center for Plant Health Protection Technology in Henan Province, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- The Engineering Research Center for Plant Health Protection Technology in Henan Province, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Honglian Li
- The Engineering Research Center for Plant Health Protection Technology in Henan Province, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Aiping Zheng
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ping Li
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Aijun Wang
- The Engineering Research Center for Plant Health Protection Technology in Henan Province, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
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2
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Li GB, Liu J, He JX, Li GM, Zhao YD, Liu XL, Hu XH, Zhang X, Wu JL, Shen S, Liu XX, Zhu Y, He F, Gao H, Wang H, Zhao JH, Li Y, Huang F, Huang YY, Zhao ZX, Zhang JW, Zhou SX, Ji YP, Pu M, He M, Chen X, Wang J, Li W, Wu XJ, Ning Y, Sun W, Xu ZJ, Wang WM, Fan J. Rice false smut virulence protein subverts host chitin perception and signaling at lemma and palea for floral infection. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:2000-2020. [PMID: 38299379 PMCID: PMC11062437 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koae027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
The flower-infecting fungus Ustilaginoidea virens causes rice false smut, which is a severe emerging disease threatening rice (Oryza sativa) production worldwide. False smut not only reduces yield, but more importantly produces toxins on grains, posing a great threat to food safety. U. virens invades spikelets via the gap between the 2 bracts (lemma and palea) enclosing the floret and specifically infects the stamen and pistil. Molecular mechanisms for the U. virens-rice interaction are largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that rice flowers predominantly employ chitin-triggered immunity against U. virens in the lemma and palea, rather than in the stamen and pistil. We identify a crucial U. virens virulence factor, named UvGH18.1, which carries glycoside hydrolase activity. Mechanistically, UvGH18.1 functions by binding to and hydrolyzing immune elicitor chitin and interacting with the chitin receptor CHITIN ELICITOR BINDING PROTEIN (OsCEBiP) and co-receptor CHITIN ELICITOR RECEPTOR KINASE1 (OsCERK1) to impair their chitin-induced dimerization, suppressing host immunity exerted at the lemma and palea for gaining access to the stamen and pistil. Conversely, pretreatment on spikelets with chitin induces a defense response in the lemma and palea, promoting resistance against U. virens. Collectively, our data uncover a mechanism for a U. virens virulence factor and the critical location of the host-pathogen interaction in flowers and provide a potential strategy to control rice false smut disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Bang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jia-Xue He
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Gao-Meng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Ya-Dan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xiao-Ling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Ecological Security and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Mianyang Normal University, Mianyang 621023, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jin-Long Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Shuai Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xin-Xian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Feng He
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Han Gao
- College of Plant Protection and the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - He Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jing-Hao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Fu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yan-Yan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zhi-Xue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Ji-Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Shi-Xin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yun-Peng Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Mei Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Min He
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xuewei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Weitao Li
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xian-Jun Wu
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yuese Ning
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wenxian Sun
- College of Plant Protection and the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zheng-Jun Xu
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Wen-Ming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jing Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Yazhouwan National Laboratory, Sanya 572024, China
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Chen X, Liu C, Wang H, Liu Q, Yue Y, Duan Y, Wang Z, Zheng L, Chen X, Wang Y, Huang J, Xu Q, Pan Y. Ustilaginoidea virens-secreted effector Uv1809 suppresses rice immunity by enhancing OsSRT2-mediated histone deacetylation. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2024; 22:148-164. [PMID: 37715970 PMCID: PMC10754013 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
Rice false smut caused by Ustilaginoidea virens is a devastating rice (Oryza sativa) disease worldwide. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying U. virens-rice interactions are largely unknown. In this study, we identified a secreted protein, Uv1809, as a key virulence factor. Heterologous expression of Uv1809 in rice enhanced susceptibility to rice false smut and bacterial blight. Host-induced gene silencing of Uv1809 in rice enhanced resistance to U. virens, suggesting that Uv1809 inhibits rice immunity and promotes infection by U. virens. Uv1809 suppresses rice immunity by targeting and enhancing rice histone deacetylase OsSRT2-mediated histone deacetylation, thereby reducing H4K5ac and H4K8ac levels and interfering with the transcriptional activation of defence genes. CRISPR-Cas9 edited ossrt2 mutants showed no adverse effects in terms of growth and yield but displayed broad-spectrum resistance to rice pathogens, revealing a potentially valuable genetic resource for breeding disease resistance. Our study provides insight into defence mechanisms against plant pathogens that inactivate plant immunity at the epigenetic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Chen
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest ManagementAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefeiChina
| | - Chen Liu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest ManagementAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefeiChina
| | - Hailin Wang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest ManagementAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefeiChina
| | - Qi Liu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest ManagementAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefeiChina
| | - Yaping Yue
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Yuhang Duan
- The Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei ProvinceHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Zhaoyun Wang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest ManagementAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefeiChina
| | - Lu Zheng
- The Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei ProvinceHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Xiaolin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Yaohui Wang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest ManagementAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefeiChina
- Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Junbin Huang
- The Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei ProvinceHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Qiutao Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Yuemin Pan
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest ManagementAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefeiChina
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4
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Zou J, Jiang C, Qiu S, Duan G, Wang G, Li D, Yu S, Zhao D, Sun W. An Ustilaginoidea virens glycoside hydrolase 42 protein is an essential virulence factor and elicits plant immunity as a PAMP. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2023; 24:1414-1429. [PMID: 37452482 PMCID: PMC10576179 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Rice false smut, caused by the ascomycete fungus Ustilaginoidea virens, which infects rice florets before heading, severely threatens rice grain yield and quality worldwide. The U. virens genome encodes a number of glycoside hydrolase (GH) proteins. So far, the functions of these GHs in U. virens are largely unknown. In this study, we identified a GH42 protein secreted by U. virens, named UvGHF1, that exhibits β-galactosidase activity. UvGHF1 not only functions as an essential virulence factor during U. virens infection, but also serves as a pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) in Nicotiana benthamiana and rice. The PAMP activity of UvGHF1 is independent of its β-galactosidase activity. Moreover, UvGHF1 triggers cell death in N. benthamiana in a BAK1-dependent manner. Ectopic expression of UvGHF1 in rice induces pattern-triggered immunity and enhances rice resistance to fungal and bacterial diseases. RNA-seq analysis revealed that UvGHF1 expression in rice not only activates expression of many defence-related genes encoding leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases and WRKY and ERF transcription factors, but also induces diterpenoid biosynthesis and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathways. Therefore, UvGHF1 contributes to U. virens virulence, but is also recognized by the rice surveillance system to trigger plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaying Zou
- College of Plant ProtectionJilin Agricultural UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Chunquan Jiang
- College of Plant ProtectionJilin Agricultural UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Shanshan Qiu
- Department of Plant PathologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Guohua Duan
- College of Plant ProtectionJilin Agricultural UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Guanqun Wang
- College of Plant ProtectionJilin Agricultural UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Dayong Li
- College of Plant ProtectionJilin Agricultural UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Siwen Yu
- College of Plant ProtectionJilin Agricultural UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Dan Zhao
- College of Plant ProtectionJilin Agricultural UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Wenxian Sun
- College of Plant ProtectionJilin Agricultural UniversityChangchunChina
- Department of Plant PathologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
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5
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Chen X, Duan Y, Ren Z, Niu T, Xu Q, Wang Z, Zheng L, Wang Y, Chen X, Huang J, Pan Y. Post-Translational Modification β-Hydroxybutyrylation Regulates Ustilaginoidea virens Virulence. Mol Cell Proteomics 2023; 22:100616. [PMID: 37442371 PMCID: PMC10423879 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2023.100616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysine β-hydroxybutyrylation (Kbhb) is an evolutionarily conserved and widespread post-translational modification that is associated with active gene transcription and cellular proliferation. However, its role in phytopathogenic fungi remains unknown. Here, we characterized Kbhb in the rice false smut fungus Ustilaginoidea virens. We identified 2204 Kbhb sites in 852 proteins, which are involved in diverse biological processes. The mitogen-activated protein kinase UvSlt2 is a Kbhb protein, and a strain harboring a point mutation at K72, the Kbhb site of this protein, had decreased UvSlt2 activity and reduced fungal virulence. Molecular dynamic simulations revealed that K72bhb increases the hydrophobic solvent-accessible surface area of UvSlt2, thereby affecting its binding to its substrates. The mutation of K298bhb in the septin UvCdc10 resulted in reduced virulence and altered the subcellular localization of this protein. Moreover, we confirmed that the NAD+-dependent histone deacetylases UvSirt2 and UvSirt5 are the major enzymes that remove Kbhb in U. virens. Collectively, our findings identify regulatory elements of the Kbhb pathway and reveal important roles for Kbhb in regulating protein localization and enzymatic activity. These findings provide insight into the regulation of virulence in phytopathogenic fungi via post-translational modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Chen
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yuhang Duan
- The Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhiyong Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Taotao Niu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Qiutao Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhaoyun Wang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Lu Zheng
- The Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yaohui Wang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China; Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaolin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Junbin Huang
- The Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuemin Pan
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China.
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Xu L, Liu H, Zhu S, Meng Y, Wang Y, Li J, Zhang F, Huang L. VmPacC-mediated pH regulation of Valsa mali confers to host acidification identified by comparative proteomics analysis. STRESS BIOLOGY 2023; 3:18. [PMID: 37676527 PMCID: PMC10441875 DOI: 10.1007/s44154-023-00097-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Apple valsa canker caused by the Ascomycete fungus Valsa mali is one of the most serious diseases of apple, resulting in huge economic losses in the apple-growing area of China. Previous study found that the pathogen could acidify the infected tissues to make lower ambient pH (from 6.0 to 3.5) for their successfully colonization. The pH signaling transcription factor VmPacC is required for acidification of its environment and for full virulence in V. mali. It is known that the functional cooperation of proteins secreted by V. mali plays pivotal role in its successful colonization of host plants. In this study, we used tandem mass tag (TMT) labeling coupled with LC-MS/MS-based quantitative proteomics to analyze the VmPacC-mediated pH regulation in V. mali, focusing on differentially expressed proteins (DEPs). We identified 222 DEPs specific to VmPacC deletion, and 921 DEPs specific to different pH conditions (pH 6.0 and 3.4). Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses indicated that these DEPs were mainly involved in pathways associated with carbon metabolism, biosynthesis of antibiotics, citrate cycle (TCA cycle), glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, glutathione metabolism, ribosomes, and pentose phosphate pathways. Additionally, we identified 119 DEPs that were shared among the VmPacC deletion mutant and different pH conditions, which were mainly related to energy metabolism pathways, providing the energy required for the hyphal growth and responses to environmental stresses. A protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis indicated that most of the shared proteins were mapped to an interaction network with a medium confidence score of 0.4. Notably, one uncharacterized protein (KUI69106.1), and two known proteins (heat shock protein 60 (KUI73579.1), aspartate aminotransferase (KUI73864.1)) located in the core of the network were highly connected (with ≥ 38 directed edges) with the other shared DEPs. Our results suggest that VmPacC participates in the pathogen's regulation to ambient pH through the regulation of energy metabolism pathways such as the glycolysis/gluconeogenesis pathway and TCA cycle. Finally, we proposed a sophisticated molecular regulatory network to explain pH decrease in V. mali. Our study, by providing insights into V. mali regulating pH, helps to elucidate the mechanisms of host acidification during pathogen infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangsheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Hailong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Shan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yangguang Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yinghao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Jianyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Feiran Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Lili Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
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Wang Q, Kawano Y. Improving disease resistance to rice false smut without yield penalty by manipulating the expression of effector target. MOLECULAR PLANT 2022; 15:1834-1837. [PMID: 36415132 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2022.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wang
- School of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yoji Kawano
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Okayama 710-0046, Japan; Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, Kanagawa 244-0813, Japan.
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ThSCSP_12: Novel Effector in Tilletia horrida That Induces Cell Death and Defense Responses in Non-Host Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314752. [PMID: 36499087 PMCID: PMC9736266 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The basidiomycete fungus Tilletia horrida causes rice kernel smut (RKS), a crucial disease afflicting hybrid-rice-growing areas worldwide, which results in significant economic losses. However, few studies have investigated the pathogenic mechanisms and functions of effectors in T. horrida. In this study, we found that the candidate effector ThSCSP_12 caused cell necrosis in the leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana. The predicted signal peptide (SP) of this protein has a secreting function, which is required for ThSCSP_12 to induce cell death. The 1- 189 amino acid (aa) sequences of ThSCSP_12 are sufficient to confer it the ability to trigger cell death in N. benthamiana. The expression of ThSCSP_12 was induced and up-regulated during T. horrida infection. In addition, we also found that ThSCSP_12 localized in both the cytoplasm and nucleus of plant cells and that nuclear localization of this protein is required to induce cell death. Furthermore, the ability of ThSCSP_12 to trigger cell death in N. benthamiana depends on the (RAR1) protein required for Mla12 resistance but not on the suppressor of the G2 allele of Skp1 (SGT1), heat shock protein 90 (HSP90), or somatic embryogenesis receptor-like kinase (SERK3). Crucially, however, ThSCSP_12 induced a defense response in N. benthamiana leaves; yet, the expression of multiple defense-related genes was suppressed in response to heterologous expression in host plants. To sum up, these results strongly suggest that ThSCSP_12 operates as an effector in T. horrida-host interactions.
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