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Zhao W, Zhu J, Yang S, Liu J, Sun Z, Sun H. Microalgal metabolic engineering facilitates precision nutrition and dietary regulation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 951:175460. [PMID: 39137841 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Revised: 07/27/2024] [Accepted: 08/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Microalgae have gained considerable attention as promising candidates for precision nutrition and dietary regulation due to their versatile metabolic capabilities. This review innovatively applies system metabolic engineering to utilize microalgae for precision nutrition and sustainable diets, encompassing the construction of microalgal cell factories, cell cultivation and practical application of microalgae. Manipulating the metabolic pathways and key metabolites of microalgae through multi-omics analysis and employing advanced metabolic engineering strategies, including ZFNs, TALENs, and the CRISPR/Cas system, enhances the production of valuable bioactive compounds, such as omega-3 fatty acids, antioxidants, and essential amino acids. This work begins by providing an overview of the metabolic diversity of microalgae and their ability to thrive in diverse environmental conditions. It then delves into the principles and strategies of metabolic engineering, emphasizing the genetic modifications employed to optimize microalgal strains for enhanced nutritional content. Enhancing PSY, BKT, and CHYB benefits carotenoid synthesis, whereas boosting ACCase, fatty acid desaturases, and elongases promotes polyunsaturated fatty acid production. Here, advancements in synthetic biology, evolutionary biology and machine learning are discussed, offering insights into the precision and efficiency of metabolic pathway manipulation. Also, this review highlights the potential impact of microalgal precision nutrition on human health and aquaculture. The optimized microalgal strains could serve as sustainable and cost-effective sources of nutrition for both human consumption and aquaculture feed, addressing the growing demand for functional foods and environmentally friendly feed alternatives. The tailored microalgal strains are anticipated to play a crucial role in meeting the nutritional needs of diverse populations and contributing to sustainable food production systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyang Zhao
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Jiale Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology; Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Shufang Yang
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Jin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, and Center for Algae Innovation & Engineering Research, School of Resources and Environment, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Zheng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology; Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Marine Biomedical Science and Technology Innovation Platform of Lin-gang Special Area, Shanghai 201306, China.
| | - Han Sun
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, and Center for Algae Innovation & Engineering Research, School of Resources and Environment, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China.
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Knjaz M, Baricevic A, Tankovic MS, Kuzat N, Vlasicek I, Grizancic L, Podolsak I, Pfannkuchen M, Kogovsek T, Pfannkuchen DM. First regional reference database of northern Adriatic diatom transcriptomes. Sci Rep 2024; 14:16209. [PMID: 39003315 PMCID: PMC11246432 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-67043-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Marine microbial communities form the basis for the functioning of marine ecosystems and the conservation of biodiversity. With the application of metagenomics and metatranscriptomics in marine environmental studies, significant progress has been made in analysing the functioning of microbial communities as a whole. These molecular techniques are highly dependent on reliable, well-characterised, comprehensive and taxonomically diverse sequenced reference transcriptomes of microbial organisms. Here we present a set of 12 individual transcriptome assemblies derived from 6 representative diatom species from the northern Adriatic Sea grown under 2 environmentally relevant growth conditions (phosphate replete vs. phosphate deprived). After filtering the reads and assembly, an average number of 64,932 transcripts per assembly was obtained, of which an average of 8856 were assigned to functionally known proteins. Of all assigned transcripts, an average of 6483 proteins were taxonomically assigned to diatoms (Bacillariophyta). On average, a higher number of assigned proteins was detected in the transcriptome assemblies of diatoms grown under replete media condition. On average, 50% of the mapped proteins were shared between the two growth conditions. All recorded proteins in the dataset were classified into 24 COG categories, with approximately 25% belonging to the unknown function and the remaining 75% belonging to all other categories. The resulting diatom reference database for the northern Adriatic, focussing on the response to nutrient limitation as characteristic for the region and predicted for the future world oceans, provides a valuable resource for analysing environmental metatranscriptome and metagenome data. Each northern Adriatic transcriptome can also be used by itself as a reference database for the (meta)transcriptomes and gene expression studies of the associated species that will be generated in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia Knjaz
- Center for Marine Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Rovinj, Croatia
| | - Ana Baricevic
- Center for Marine Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Rovinj, Croatia.
| | | | - Natasa Kuzat
- Center for Marine Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Rovinj, Croatia
| | - Ivan Vlasicek
- Center for Marine Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Rovinj, Croatia
| | - Lana Grizancic
- Center for Marine Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Rovinj, Croatia
| | - Ivan Podolsak
- Center for Marine Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Rovinj, Croatia
| | | | - Tjasa Kogovsek
- Center for Marine Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Rovinj, Croatia
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Volpe C, Nymark M, Andersen T, Winge P, Lavaud J, Vadstein O. Skeletonema marinoi ecotypes show specific habitat-related responses to fluctuating light supporting high potential for growth under photobioreactor light regime. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 243:145-161. [PMID: 38736026 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Diatoms are a diverse group of phytoplankton usually dominating areas characterized by rapidly shifting light conditions. Because of their high growth rates and interesting biochemical profile, their biomass is considered for various commercial applications. This study aimed at identifying strains with superior growth in a photobioreactor (PBR) by screening the natural intraspecific diversity of ecotypes isolated from different habitats. We investigated the effect of PBR light fluctuating on a millisecond scale (FL, simulating the light in a PBR) on 19 ecotypes of the diatom Skeletonema marinoi isolated from the North Sea-Baltic Sea area. We compare growth, pigment ratios, phylogeny, photo-physiological variables and photoacclimation strategies between all strains and perform qPCR and absorption spectra analysis on a subset of strains. Our results show that the ecotypes responded differently to FL, and have contrasting photo-physiological and photoprotective strategies. The strains from Kattegat performed better in FL, and shared common photoacclimation and photoprotection strategies that are the results of adaptation to the specific light climate of the Kattegat area. The strains that performed better with FL conditions had a high light (HL)-acclimated phenotype coupled with unique nonphotochemical quenching features. Based on their characteristics, three strains were identified as good candidates for growth in PBRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Volpe
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7491, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Fisheries and New Biomarine Industry, SINTEF Ocean, N-7465, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Marianne Nymark
- Department of Fisheries and New Biomarine Industry, SINTEF Ocean, N-7465, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Tom Andersen
- Department of Biosciences, Section for Aquatic Biology and Toxicology (AQUA), University of Oslo, N-0316, Oslo, Norway
| | - Per Winge
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Johann Lavaud
- LEMAR-Laboratory of Marine Environmental Sciences, UMR6539 CNRS, Univ Brest, Ifremer, IRD, Institut Européen de la Mer, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, rue Dumont d'Urville, Plouzané, 29280, France
| | - Olav Vadstein
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7491, Trondheim, Norway
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Im SH, Lepetit B, Mosesso N, Shrestha S, Weiss L, Nymark M, Roellig R, Wilhelm C, Isono E, Kroth PG. Identification of promoter targets by Aureochrome 1a in the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:1834-1851. [PMID: 38066674 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Aureochromes (AUREOs) are unique blue light receptors and transcription factors found only in stramenopile algae. While each of the four AUREOs identified in the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum may have a specific function, PtAUREO1a has been shown to have a strong impact on overall gene regulation, when light changes from red to blue light conditions. Despite its significance, the molecular mechanism of PtAUREO1a is largely unexplored. To comprehend the overall process of gene regulation by PtAUREO1a, we conducted a series of in vitro and in vivo experiments, including pull-down assays, yeast one-hybrid experiments, and phenotypical characterization using recombinant PtAUREOs and diatom mutant lines expressing a modified PtAureo1a gene. We describe the distinct light absorption properties of four PtAUREOs and the formation of all combinations of their potential dimers. We demonstrate the capability of PtAUREO1a and 1b to activate the genes, diatom-specific cyclin 2, PtAureo1a, and PtAureo1c under both light and dark conditions. Using mutant lines expressing a modified PtAUREO1a protein with a considerably reduced light absorption, we found novel evidence that PtAUREO1a regulates the expression of PtLHCF15, which is essential for red light acclimation. Based on current knowledge, we present a working model of PtAUREO1a gene regulation properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Hyun Im
- Plant Ecophysiology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Bernard Lepetit
- Plant Ecophysiology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
- Molecular Stress Physiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Rostock, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Niccolò Mosesso
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Sandeep Shrestha
- Plant Ecophysiology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Laura Weiss
- Plant Ecophysiology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Marianne Nymark
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, N-7491, Norway
| | - Robert Roellig
- Institute of Biology, Department of Plant Physiology, University of Leipzig, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christian Wilhelm
- Institute of Biology, Department of Plant Physiology, University of Leipzig, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Erika Isono
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Peter G Kroth
- Plant Ecophysiology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
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Wang L, Yang M, Guo C, Jiang Y, Zhu Z, Hu C, Zhang X. Toxicity of tigecycline on the freshwater microalga Scenedesmus obliquus: Photosynthetic and transcriptional responses. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 349:140885. [PMID: 38061560 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Tigecycline (TGC) is a new tetracycline antibiotic medication against multidrug-resistant bacteria. However, the toxicity of TGC to microalgae remains largely unknown. In this study, the toxicity of TGC on Scenedesmus obliquus was examined, focusing on changes in algal growth, photosynthetic activity, and transcriptome. According to an acute toxicity test, the IC10 and IC50 values were 0.72 mg/L and 4.15 mg/L, respectively. Analyses of photosynthetic efficiency and related parameters, such as light absorption, energy capture, and electron transport, identified a 35% perturbation in the IC50 group, while the IC10 group remained largely unaffected. Transcriptomic analysis showed that in the IC10 and IC50 treatment groups, there were 874 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (220 upregulated and 654 downregulated) and 4289 DEGs (2660 upregulated and 1629 downregulated), respectively. Gene Ontology enrichment analysis showed that TGC treatment markedly affected photosynthesis, electron transport, and chloroplast functions. In the IC50 group, a clear upregulation of genes related to photosynthesis and chloroplast functions was observed, which could be an adaptive stress response. In the IC10 group, significant downregulation of DEGs involved in ribosomal pathways and peptide biosynthesis processes was observed. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Gene and Genomes enrichment analysis showed that treatment with TGC also disrupted energy production, protein synthesis, and metabolic processes in S. obliquus. Significant downregulation of key proteins related to Photosystem II was observed under the IC10 TGC treatment. Conversely, IC50 TGC treatment resulted in substantial upregulation across a broad array of photosystem-related proteins from both Photosystems II and I. IC10 and IC50 TGC treatments differentially influenced proteins involved in the photosynthetic electron transport process. This study emphasizes the potential risks of TGC pollution to microalgae, which contributes to a better understanding of the effects of antibiotic contamination in aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyan Wang
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China
| | - Maoxian Yang
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China
| | - Canyang Guo
- College of Biological, Chemical Science and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China
| | - Yeqiu Jiang
- College of Biological, Chemical Science and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China
| | - Zhihong Zhu
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China
| | - Changwei Hu
- College of Biological, Chemical Science and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China.
| | - Xiaoping Zhang
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China.
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Gao S, Yang W, Li X, Zhou L, Liu X, Wu S, Wang L, Wang G. Cryptochrome PtCPF1 regulates high temperature acclimation of marine diatoms through coordination of iron and phosphorus uptake. THE ISME JOURNAL 2024; 18:wrad019. [PMID: 38365245 PMCID: PMC10837835 DOI: 10.1093/ismejo/wrad019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Increasing ocean temperatures threaten the productivity and species composition of marine diatoms. High temperature response and regulation are important for the acclimation of marine diatoms to such environments. However, the molecular mechanisms behind their acclimation to high temperature are still largely unknown. In this study, the abundance of PtCPF1 homologs (a member of the cryptochrome-photolyase family in the model diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum) transcripts in marine phytoplankton is shown to increase with rising temperature based on Tara Oceans datasets. Moreover, the expression of PtCPF1 in P. tricornutum at high temperature (26 °C) was much higher than that at optimum temperature (20 °C). Deletion of PtCPF1 in P. tricornutum disrupted the expression of genes encoding two phytotransferrins (ISIP2A and ISIP1) and two Na+/P co-transporters (PHATRDRAFT_47667 and PHATRDRAFT_40433) at 26 °C. This further impacted the uptake of Fe and P, and eventually caused the arrest of cell division. Gene expression, Fe and P uptake, and cell division were restored by rescue with the native PtCPF1 gene. Furthermore, PtCPF1 interacts with two putative transcription factors (BolA and TF IIA) that potentially regulate the expression of genes encoding phytotransferrins and Na+/P co-transporters. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to reveal PtCPF1 as an essential regulator in the acclimation of marine diatoms to high temperature through the coordination of Fe and P uptake. Therefore, these findings help elucidate how marine diatoms acclimate to high temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Gao
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Wenting Yang
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xin Li
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
- College of Earth Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lu Zhou
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xuehua Liu
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Songcui Wu
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Lijun Wang
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Guangce Wang
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
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Kan C, Zhao Y, Sun KM, Tang X, Zhao Y. The inhibition and recovery mechanisms of the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum in response to high light stress - A study combining physiological and transcriptional analysis. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2023; 59:418-431. [PMID: 36798977 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.13323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
By combining physiological/biochemical and transcriptional analysis, the inhibition and recovery mechanisms of Phaeodactylum tricornutum in response to extreme high light stress (1300 μmol photons · m-2 · s-1 ) were elucidated. The population growth was inhibited in the first 24 h and started to recover from 48 h. At 24 h, photoinhibition was exhibited as the changes of PSII photosynthetic parameters and decrease in cellular pigments, corresponding to the downregulation of genes encoding light-harvesting complex and pigments synthesis. Changes in those photosynthetic parameters and genes were kept until 96 h, indicating that the decrease of light absorption abilities might be one strategy for photoacclimation. In the meanwhile, we observed elevated cellular ROS levels, dead cells proportions, and upregulation of genes encoding antioxidant materials and proteasome pathway at 24 h. Those stress-related parameters and genes recovered to the controls at 96 h, indicating a stable intracellular environment after photoacclimation. Finally, genes involving carbon metabolisms were upregulated from 24 to 96 h, which ensured the energy supply for keeping high base and nucleotide excision repair abilities, leading to the recovery of cell cycle progression. We concluded that P. tricornutum could overcome photoinhibition by decreasing light-harvesting abilities, enhancing carbon metabolisms, activating anti-oxidative functions, and elevating repair abilities. The parameters of light harvesting, carbon metabolisms, and repair processes were responsible for the recovery phase, which could be considered long-term adaptive strategies for diatoms under high light stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengxiang Kan
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Department of Marine Ecology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Yirong Zhao
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Department of Marine Ecology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Kai-Ming Sun
- Institute of Oceanographic Instrumentation, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Qingdao, China
| | - Xuexi Tang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Department of Marine Ecology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Department of Marine Ecology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
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