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Monjil MS, Kato H, Ota S, Matsuda K, Suzuki N, Tenhiro S, Tatsumi A, Pring S, Miura A, Camagna M, Suzuki T, Tanaka A, Terauchi R, Sato I, Chiba S, Kawakita K, Ojika M, Takemoto D. Two structurally different oomycete lipophilic microbe-associated molecular patterns induce distinctive plant immune responses. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024:kiae255. [PMID: 38828881 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiae255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Plants recognize a variety of external signals and induce appropriate mechanisms to increase their tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Precise recognition of attacking pathogens and induction of effective resistance mechanisms are critical functions for plant survival. Some molecular patterns unique to a certain group of microbes, microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs), are sensed by plant cells as nonself molecules via pattern recognition receptors. While MAMPs of bacterial and fungal origin have been identified, reports on oomycete MAMPs are relatively limited. This study aimed to identify MAMPs from an oomycete pathogen Phytophthora infestans, the causal agent of potato late blight. Using reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and phytoalexin production in potato (Solanum tuberosum) as markers, two structurally different groups of elicitors, namely ceramides and diacylglycerols, were identified. P. infestans ceramides (Pi-Cer A, B, and D) induced ROS production, while diacylglycerol (Pi-DAG A and B), containing eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) as a substructure, induced phytoalexins production in potato. The molecular patterns in Pi-Cers and Pi-DAGs essential for defense induction were identified as 9-methyl-4,8-sphingadienine (9Me-Spd) and 5,8,11,14-tetraene-type fatty acid (5,8,11,14-TEFA), respectively. These structures are not found in plants, but in oomycetes and fungi, indicating that they are microbe molecular patterns recognized by plants. When Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) was treated with Pi-Cer D and EPA, partially overlapping but different sets of genes were induced. Furthermore, expression of some genes is upregulated only after the simultaneous treatment with Pi-Cer D and EPA, indicating that plants combine the signals from simultaneously recognized MAMPs to adapt their defense response to pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Shahjahan Monjil
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
- Department of Plant Pathology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Hiroaki Kato
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Muko, Kyoto 617-0001, Japan
| | - Satomi Ota
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Kentaro Matsuda
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Natsumi Suzuki
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Shiho Tenhiro
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Ayane Tatsumi
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Sreynich Pring
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Atsushi Miura
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Maurizio Camagna
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Takamasa Suzuki
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi 478-8501, Japan
| | - Aiko Tanaka
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Ryohei Terauchi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Muko, Kyoto 617-0001, Japan
| | - Ikuo Sato
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Sotaro Chiba
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Kawakita
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Makoto Ojika
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Daigo Takemoto
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
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Bulasag AS, Ashida A, Miura A, Pring S, Kuroyanagi T, Camagna M, Tanaka A, Sato I, Chiba S, Ojika M, Takemoto D. Botrytis cinerea detoxifies the sesquiterpenoid phytoalexin rishitin through multiple metabolizing pathways. Fungal Genet Biol 2024; 172:103895. [PMID: 38679292 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2024.103895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea is a necrotrophic pathogen that infects across a broad range of plant hosts, including high-impact crop species. Its generalist necrotrophic behavior stems from its ability to detoxify structurally diverse phytoalexins. The current study aims to provide evidence of the ability of B. cinerea to tolerate the sesquiterpenoid phytoalexin rishitin, which is produced by potato and tomato. While the growth of potato pathogens Phytophthora infestans (late blight) and Alternaria solani (early blight) was severely inhibited by rishitin, B. cinerea was tolerant to rishitin. After incubation of rishitin with the mycelia of B. cinerea, it was metabolized to at least six oxidized forms. Structural analysis of these purified rishitin metabolites revealed a variety of oxidative metabolism including hydroxylation at C7 or C12, ketone formation at C5, and dihydroxylation at the 10,11-olefin. Six rishitin metabolites showed reduced toxicity to P. infestans and A. solani, indicating that B. cinerea has at least 5 distinct enzymatic reactions to detoxify rishitin. Four host-specialized phytopathogenic Botrytis species, namely B. elliptica, B. allii, B. squamosa, and B. tulipae also had at least a partial ability to metabolize rishitin as B. cinerea, but their metabolic capacity was significantly weaker than that of B. cinerea. These results suggest that the ability of B. cinerea to rapidly metabolize rishitin through multiple detoxification mechanisms could be critical for its pathogenicity in potato and tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abriel Salaria Bulasag
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan; College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna 4031, Philippines
| | - Akira Ashida
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Atsushi Miura
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Sreynich Pring
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Teruhiko Kuroyanagi
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Maurizio Camagna
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Aiko Tanaka
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Ikuo Sato
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Sotaro Chiba
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Makoto Ojika
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Daigo Takemoto
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
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Ngah N, Thomas RL, Fellowes MDE. Does This Look Infected? Hidden Host Plant Infection by the Pathogen Botrytis cinerea Alters Interactions between Plants, Aphids and Their Natural Enemies in the Field. INSECTS 2024; 15:347. [PMID: 38786903 PMCID: PMC11121772 DOI: 10.3390/insects15050347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Few studies have considered whether hidden (asymptomatic) plant pathogen infection alters ecological interactions at the higher trophic levels, even though such infection still affects plant physiology. We explored this question in two field experiments, where two varieties of lettuce (Little Gem, Tom Thumb) infected with Botrytis cinerea were either (1) naturally colonised by aphids or (2) placed in the field with an established aphid colony. We then recorded plant traits and the numbers and species of aphids, their predators, parasitoids and hyperparasitoids. Infection significantly affected plant quality. In the first experiment, symptomatically infected plants had the fewest aphids and natural enemies of aphids. The diversity and abundance of aphids did not differ between asymptomatically infected and uninfected Little Gem plants, but infection affected the aphid assemblage for Tom Thumb plants. Aphids on asymptomatically infected plants were less attractive to predators and parasitoids than those on uninfected plants, while hyperparasitoids were not affected. In the second experiment, when we excluded natural enemies, aphid numbers were lower on asymptomatically and symptomatically infected plants, but when aphid natural enemies were present, this difference was removed, most likely because aphids on uninfected plants attracted more insect natural enemies. This suggests that hidden pathogen infection may have important consequences for multitrophic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norhayati Ngah
- East Coast Environmental Research Institute, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Gong Badak Campus, Kuala Nerus 21300, Terengganu, Malaysia
- Faculty of Bioresources and Food Industry, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Besut Campus, Besut 22200, Terengganu, Malaysia
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AS, UK
| | - Rebecca L Thomas
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AS, UK
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Mark D E Fellowes
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AS, UK
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK
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Wu Z, Bi Y, Zhang J, Gao T, Li X, Hao J, Li G, Liu P, Liu X. Multidrug resistance of Botrytis cinerea associated with its adaptation to plant secondary metabolites. mBio 2024; 15:e0223723. [PMID: 38259067 PMCID: PMC10865845 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02237-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Fungicides are an effective way to control gray mold of grapes, but the pathogen Botrytis cinerea can develop resistance, overcoming the effectiveness of a fungicide that is repeatedly applied. More importantly, the emergence of multidrug resistance (MDR) in the field, where multiple fungicides with different modes of action simultaneously lose their efficacies, is a significant concern. MDR is associated with ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters of the pathogen, and certain plant secondary metabolites (PSMs) stimulate the upregulation of ABC transporters, we hypothesized that the pathogen's preadaptation to PSMs might contribute to MDR development. To test this in B. cinerea, ten PSMs, namely, resveratrol, reserpine, chalcone, flavanone, eugenol, farnesol, anethene, camptothecin, salicylic acid, and psoralen, were selected based on their association with ABC transporters involved in fungicide resistance. B. cinerea strain B05.10 was continuously transferred for 15 generations on potato dextrose agar amended with a PSM (PDAP), and sensitivities to PSMs and fungicides were examined on the 5th, 10th, and 15th generations. RNA was extracted from B. cinerea from the selected generations. After 15 generations of culture transfers, an up-regulation was observed in the expression of ABC transporter-encoding genes BcatrB, BcatrD, and BcatrK using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). This upregulation was found to contribute to MDR of B. cinerea against two or more fungicides, among azoxystrobin, boscalid, fludioxonil, difenoconazole, prochloraz, and pyrimethanil. This finding was confirmed through genetic transformation. The decreased sensitivity of B. cinerea to fungicides was confirmed as a subsequent MDR phenotype after exposure to camptothecin, flavanone, and resveratrol. Besides, transcriptome analysis also revealed the upregulation of transcription factors related to ABC expression following resveratrol exposure. This suggests that PSMs contributed to inducing preadaptation of B. cinerea, leading to subsequent MDR.IMPORTANCEThe emergence of MDR in plant pathogens is a threat to plant disease management and leads to the use of excessive fungicides. Botrytis cinerea is of particular concern because its MDR has widely emerged in the field. Understanding its genesis is the first step for controlling MDR. In this study, the contribution of PSMs to MDR has been examined. Effective management of this pathogen in agroecosystems relies on a better understanding of how it copes with phytochemicals or fungicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaochen Wu
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Bi
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Department of Plant Pathology, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China
| | - Junting Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Tuqiang Gao
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xueming Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianjun Hao
- School of Food and Agriculture, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, USA
| | - Guihua Li
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Pengfei Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xili Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Singh R, Caseys C, Kliebenstein DJ. Genetic and molecular landscapes of the generalist phytopathogen Botrytis cinerea. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2024; 25:e13404. [PMID: 38037862 PMCID: PMC10788480 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea Pers. Fr. (teleomorph: Botryotinia fuckeliana) is a necrotrophic fungal pathogen that attacks a wide range of plants. This updated pathogen profile explores the extensive genetic diversity of B. cinerea, highlights the progress in genome sequencing, and provides current knowledge of genetic and molecular mechanisms employed by the fungus to attack its hosts. In addition, we also discuss recent innovative strategies to combat B. cinerea. TAXONOMY Kingdom: Fungi, phylum: Ascomycota, subphylum: Pezizomycotina, class: Leotiomycetes, order: Helotiales, family: Sclerotiniaceae, genus: Botrytis, species: cinerea. HOST RANGE B. cinerea infects almost all of the plant groups (angiosperms, gymnosperms, pteridophytes, and bryophytes). To date, 1606 plant species have been identified as hosts of B. cinerea. GENETIC DIVERSITY This polyphagous necrotroph has extensive genetic diversity at all population levels shaped by climate, geography, and plant host variation. PATHOGENICITY Genetic architecture of virulence and host specificity is polygenic using multiple weapons to target hosts, including secretory proteins, complex signal transduction pathways, metabolites, and mobile small RNA. DISEASE CONTROL STRATEGIES Efforts to control B. cinerea, being a high-diversity generalist pathogen, are complicated. However, integrated disease management strategies that combine cultural practices, chemical and biological controls, and the use of appropriate crop varieties will lessen yield losses. Recently, studies conducted worldwide have explored the potential of small RNA as an efficient and environmentally friendly approach for combating grey mould. However, additional research is necessary, especially on risk assessment and regulatory frameworks, to fully harness the potential of this technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Singh
- Department of Plant ScienceUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Celine Caseys
- Department of Plant ScienceUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCaliforniaUSA
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Pring S, Kato H, Imano S, Camagna M, Tanaka A, Kimoto H, Chen P, Shrotri A, Kobayashi H, Fukuoka A, Saito M, Suzuki T, Terauchi R, Sato I, Chiba S, Takemoto D. Induction of plant disease resistance by mixed oligosaccharide elicitors prepared from plant cell wall and crustacean shells. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2023; 175:e14052. [PMID: 37882264 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Basal plant immune responses are activated by the recognition of conserved microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs), or breakdown molecules released from the plants after damage by pathogen penetration, so-called damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). While chitin-oligosaccharide (CHOS), a primary component of fungal cell walls, is most known as MAMP, plant cell wall-derived oligosaccharides, cello-oligosaccharides (COS) from cellulose, and xylo-oligosaccharide (XOS) from hemicellulose are representative DAMPs. In this study, elicitor activities of COS prepared from cotton linters, XOS prepared from corn cobs, and chitin-oligosaccharide (CHOS) from crustacean shells were comparatively investigated. In Arabidopsis, COS, XOS, or CHOS treatment triggered typical defense responses such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, phosphorylation of MAP kinases, callose deposition, and activation of the defense-related transcription factor WRKY33 promoter. When COS, XOS, and CHOS were used at concentrations with similar activity in inducing ROS production and callose depositions, CHOS was particularly potent in activating the MAPK kinases and WRKY33 promoters. Among the COS and XOS with different degrees of polymerization, cellotriose and xylotetraose showed the highest activity for the activation of WRKY33 promoter. Gene ontology enrichment analysis of RNAseq data revealed that simultaneous treatment of COS, XOS, and CHOS (oligo-mix) effectively activates plant disease resistance. In practice, treatment with the oligo-mix enhanced the resistance of tomato to powdery mildew, but plant growth was not inhibited but rather tended to be promoted, providing evidence that treatment with the oligo-mix has beneficial effects on improving disease resistance in plants, making them a promising class of compounds for practical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreynich Pring
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kato
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Sayaka Imano
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Maurizio Camagna
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Aiko Tanaka
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hisashi Kimoto
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, Awara, Japan
| | - Pengru Chen
- Institute for Catalysis, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Abhijit Shrotri
- Institute for Catalysis, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | - Atsushi Fukuoka
- Institute for Catalysis, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Makoto Saito
- Resonac Corporation (Showa Denko K.K.), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takamasa Suzuki
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, Kasugai, Japan
| | - Ryohei Terauchi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ikuo Sato
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Sotaro Chiba
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Daigo Takemoto
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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Bulasag AS, Camagna M, Kuroyanagi T, Ashida A, Ito K, Tanaka A, Sato I, Chiba S, Ojika M, Takemoto D. Botrytis cinerea tolerates phytoalexins produced by Solanaceae and Fabaceae plants through an efflux transporter BcatrB and metabolizing enzymes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1177060. [PMID: 37332725 PMCID: PMC10273015 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1177060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea, a plant pathogenic fungus with a wide host range, has reduced sensitivity to fungicides as well as phytoalexins, threatening cultivation of economically important fruits and vegetable crops worldwide. B. cinerea tolerates a wide array of phytoalexins, through efflux and/or enzymatic detoxification. Previously, we provided evidence that a distinctive set of genes were induced in B. cinerea when treated with different phytoalexins such as rishitin (produced by tomato and potato), capsidiol (tobacco and bell pepper) and resveratrol (grape and blueberry). In this study, we focused on the functional analyses of B. cinerea genes implicated in rishitin tolerance. LC/MS profiling revealed that B. cinerea can metabolize/detoxify rishitin into at least 4 oxidized forms. Heterologous expression of Bcin08g04910 and Bcin16g01490, two B. cinerea oxidoreductases upregulated by rishitin, in a plant symbiotic fungus Epichloë festucae revealed that these rishitin-induced enzymes are involved in the oxidation of rishitin. Expression of BcatrB, encoding an exporter of structurally unrelated phytoalexins and fungicides, was significantly upregulated by rishitin but not by capsidiol and was thus expected to be involved in the rishitin tolerance. Conidia of BcatrB KO (ΔbcatrB) showed enhanced sensitivity to rishitin, but not to capsidiol, despite their structural similarity. ΔbcatrB showed reduced virulence on tomato, but maintained full virulence on bell pepper, indicating that B. cinerea activates BcatrB by recognizing appropriate phytoalexins to utilize it in tolerance. Surveying 26 plant species across 13 families revealed that the BcatrB promoter is mainly activated during the infection of B. cinerea in plants belonging to the Solanaceae, Fabaceae and Brassicaceae. The BcatrB promoter was also activated by in vitro treatments of phytoalexins produced by members of these plant families, namely rishitin (Solanaceae), medicarpin and glyceollin (Fabaceae), as well as camalexin and brassinin (Brassicaceae). Consistently, ΔbcatrB showed reduced virulence on red clover, which produces medicarpin. These results suggest that B. cinerea distinguishes phytoalexins and induces differential expression of appropriate genes during the infection. Likewise, BcatrB plays a critical role in the strategy employed by B. cinerea to bypass the plant innate immune responses in a wide variety of important crops belonging to the Solanaceae, Brassicaceae and Fabaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abriel Salaria Bulasag
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
| | - Maurizio Camagna
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Teruhiko Kuroyanagi
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Akira Ashida
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kento Ito
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Aiko Tanaka
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ikuo Sato
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Sotaro Chiba
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Makoto Ojika
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Daigo Takemoto
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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