1
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Budyak IL, Huang L, Dukor RK. Higher Order Structure Characterization of Two Interdomain Disulfide Bond Variants of a Bispecific Monoclonal Antibody. J Pharm Sci 2024; 113:2651-2655. [PMID: 38750935 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2024.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Characterization and understanding of protein higher order structure (HOS) is essential at all stages of biologics development. Here, two folding variants of a bispecific monoclonal antibody, the correctly folded form and an alternative configuration with reduced potency, were characterized by several HOS characterization techniques. Specifically, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), circular dichroism (CD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman and Raman optical activity (ROA) spectroscopy were used together to elucidate the impacts of disulfide bond scrambling in the fused scFv domains on the structure and thermal stability of the antibody. This study illustrates the importance of selecting appropriate biophysical characterization techniques based on the nature and magnitude of the HOS change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan L Budyak
- Biopharmaceutical Research and Development, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, United States.
| | - Lihua Huang
- Biopharmaceutical Research and Development, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, United States
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2
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Ozgul M, Nesburn AB, Nasralla N, Katz B, Taylan E, Kuppermann BD, Kenney MC. Stability Determination of Intact Humanin-G with Characterizations of Oxidation and Dimerization Patterns. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13030515. [PMID: 36979450 PMCID: PMC10046509 DOI: 10.3390/biom13030515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Humanin is the first identified mitochondrial-derived peptide. Humanin-G (HNG) is a variant of Humanin that has significantly higher cytoprotective properties. Here, we describe the stability features of HNG in different conditions and characterize HNG degradation, oxidation, and dimerization patterns over short-term and long-term periods. HNG solutions were prepared in high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) water or MO formulation and stored at either 4 °C or 37 °C. Stored HNG samples were analyzed using HPLC and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). Using HPLC, full-length HNG peptides in HPLC water decreased significantly with time and higher temperature, while HNG in MO formulation remained stable up to 95% at 4 °C on day 28. HNG peptides in HPLC water, phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and MO formulation were incubated at 37 °C and analyzed at day 1, day 7 and day 14 using HRMS. Concentrations of full-length HNG peptide in HPLC water and PBS declined over time with a corresponding appearance of new peaks that increased over time. These new peaks were identified to be singly oxidized HNG, doubly oxidized HNG, homodimerized HNG, singly oxidized homodimerized HNG, and doubly oxidized homodimerized HNG. Our results may help researchers improve the experimental design to further understand the critical role of HNG in human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Ozgul
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617, USA
- Correspondence: (M.O.); (M.C.K.)
| | - Anthony B. Nesburn
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617, USA
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | | | - Benjamin Katz
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Enes Taylan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Baruch D. Kuppermann
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617, USA
| | - Maria Cristina Kenney
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617, USA
- Correspondence: (M.O.); (M.C.K.)
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3
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Krekora M, Nawrocka A. The influence of selected polyphenols on the gluten structure - A study on gluten dough with application of FT-IR and FT-Raman spectroscopy. J Cereal Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2022.103570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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4
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Xu P, Wang L, Zhang X, Yan J, Liu W. High-Performance Smart Hydrogels with Redox-Responsive Properties Inspired by Scallop Byssus. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:214-224. [PMID: 34935338 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c18610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Smart hydrogels with versatile properties, including a tunable gelation time, nonswelling attributes, and biocompatibility, are in great need in the biomedical field. To meet this urgent demand, we explored novel biomaterials with the desired properties from sessile marine organisms. To this end, a novel protein, Sbp9, derived from scallop byssus was extensively investigated, which features typical epidermal growth factor-like (EGFL) multiple repetitive motifs. Our current work demonstrated that the key fragment of Sbp9 (calcium-binding domain (CBD) and 4 EGFL repeats (CE4)) was able to form a smart hydrogel driven by noncovalent interactions and facilitated by disulfide bonds. More importantly, this smart hydrogel demonstrates several desirable and beneficial features, which could offset the drawbacks of typical protein-based hydrogels, including (1) a redox-responsive gelation time (from <1 to 60 min); (2) tunable mechanical properties, nonswelling abilities, and an appropriate microstructure; and (3) good biocompatibility and degradability. Furthermore, proof-of-concept demonstrations showed that the newly discovered hydrogel could be used for anticancer drug delivery and cell encapsulation. Taken together, a smart hydrogel inspired by marine sessile organisms with desirable properties was generated and characterized and demonstrated to have extensive applicability potential in biomedical applications, including tissue engineering and drug release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingping Xu
- Sars-Fang Centre, MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Lulu Wang
- Sars-Fang Centre, MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Xiaokang Zhang
- Sars-Fang Centre, MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Jicheng Yan
- Sars-Fang Centre, MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Weizhi Liu
- Sars-Fang Centre, MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
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5
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Kłosok K, Welc R, Fornal E, Nawrocka A. Effects of Physical and Chemical Factors on the Structure of Gluten, Gliadins and Glutenins as Studied with Spectroscopic Methods. Molecules 2021; 26:508. [PMID: 33478043 PMCID: PMC7835854 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26020508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This review presents applications of spectroscopic methods, infrared and Raman spectroscopies in the studies of the structure of gluten network and gluten proteins (gliadins and glutenins). Both methods provide complimentary information on the secondary and tertiary structure of the proteins including analysis of amide I and III bands, conformation of disulphide bridges, behaviour of tyrosine and tryptophan residues, and water populations. Changes in the gluten structure can be studied as an effect of dough mixing in different conditions (e.g., hydration level, temperature), dough freezing and frozen storage as well as addition of different compounds to the dough (e.g., dough improvers, dietary fibre preparations, polysaccharides and polyphenols). Additionally, effect of above mentioned factors can be determined in a common wheat dough, model dough (prepared from reconstituted flour containing only wheat starch and wheat gluten), gluten dough (lack of starch), and in gliadins and glutenins. The samples were studied in the hydrated state, in the form of powder, film or in solution. Analysis of the studies presented in this review indicates that an adequate amount of water is a critical factor affecting gluten structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Kłosok
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland; (K.K.); (R.W.)
| | - Renata Welc
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland; (K.K.); (R.W.)
| | - Emilia Fornal
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka Nawrocka
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland; (K.K.); (R.W.)
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6
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FT-Raman and FT-IR studies of the gluten structure as a result of model dough supplementation with chosen oil pomaces. J Cereal Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2020.102961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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7
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Nawrocka A, Krekora M, Niewiadomski Z, Szymańska-Chargot M, Krawęcka A, Sobota A, Miś A. Effect of moisturizing pre-treatment of dietary fibre preparations on formation of gluten network during model dough mixing – A study with application of FT-IR and FT-Raman spectroscopy. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2019.108959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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8
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Aggregation of gluten proteins in model dough after fibre polysaccharide addition. Food Chem 2017; 231:51-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.03.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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9
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Žuža MG, Milašinović NZ, Jonović MM, Jovanović JR, Kalagasidis Krušić MT, Bugarski BM, Knežević-Jugović ZD. Design and characterization of alcalase–chitosan conjugates as potential biocatalysts. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2017; 40:1713-1723. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-017-1826-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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10
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Pepinsky B, Gong BJ, Gao Y, Lehmann A, Ferrant J, Amatucci J, Sun Y, Bush M, Walz T, Pederson N, Cameron T, Wen D. A Prodomain Fragment from the Proteolytic Activation of Growth Differentiation Factor 11 Remains Associated with the Mature Growth Factor and Keeps It Soluble. Biochemistry 2017; 56:4405-4418. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b00302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Blake Pepinsky
- Department
of Biotherapeutics and Medicinal Sciences, Biogen, 115 Broadway, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Bang-Jian Gong
- Department
of Biotherapeutics and Medicinal Sciences, Biogen, 115 Broadway, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Yan Gao
- Department
of Biotherapeutics and Medicinal Sciences, Biogen, 115 Broadway, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Andreas Lehmann
- Department
of Biotherapeutics and Medicinal Sciences, Biogen, 115 Broadway, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Janine Ferrant
- Department
of Biotherapeutics and Medicinal Sciences, Biogen, 115 Broadway, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Joseph Amatucci
- Department
of Biotherapeutics and Medicinal Sciences, Biogen, 115 Broadway, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Yaping Sun
- Department
of Biotherapeutics and Medicinal Sciences, Biogen, 115 Broadway, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Martin Bush
- Laboratory
of Molecular Electron Microscopy, Rockefeller University, 1230 York
Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Thomas Walz
- Laboratory
of Molecular Electron Microscopy, Rockefeller University, 1230 York
Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Nels Pederson
- Department
of Biotherapeutics and Medicinal Sciences, Biogen, 115 Broadway, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Thomas Cameron
- Department
of Biotherapeutics and Medicinal Sciences, Biogen, 115 Broadway, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Dingyi Wen
- Department
of Biotherapeutics and Medicinal Sciences, Biogen, 115 Broadway, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
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11
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Effect of dietary fibre polysaccharides on structure and thermal properties of gluten proteins – A study on gluten dough with application of FT-Raman spectroscopy, TGA and DSC. Food Hydrocoll 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2017.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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12
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Dorado JB, Dlugogorski BZ, Kennedy EM, Mackie JC, Gore J, Altarawneh M. Decomposition of S-nitroso species. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra03292j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Not an ordinary day for Mario and Luigi; this work explores the decomposition pathways of RSNO+ species.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. B. Dorado
- Process Safety and Environment Protection Research Group
- School of Engineering
- The University of Newcastle
- Callaghan
- Australia
| | - B. Z. Dlugogorski
- School of Engineering and Information Technology
- Murdoch University
- Murdoch
- Australia
| | - E. M. Kennedy
- Process Safety and Environment Protection Research Group
- School of Engineering
- The University of Newcastle
- Callaghan
- Australia
| | - J. C. Mackie
- Process Safety and Environment Protection Research Group
- School of Engineering
- The University of Newcastle
- Callaghan
- Australia
| | - J. Gore
- Dyno Nobel Asia Pacific Pty. Ltd
- Mt. Thorley
- Australia
| | - M. Altarawneh
- School of Engineering and Information Technology
- Murdoch University
- Murdoch
- Australia
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13
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Bruinzeel W, Masure S. Recombinant expression, purification and dimerization of the neurotrophic growth factor Artemin for in vitro and in vivo use. Protein Expr Purif 2011; 81:25-32. [PMID: 21907286 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2011.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2011] [Revised: 08/18/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Artemin (ARTN) is a neurotrophic growth factor of the GDNF ligand family that signals through the specific GFRα-3 coreceptor/cRet tyrosine kinase-mediated signaling cascade. Its expression and signaling action in adults are restricted to nociceptive sensory neurons in the dorsal root ganglia. Consequently, Artemin supports survival and growth of sensory neurons and has been studied as a possible treatment for neuropathic pain paradigms. In this paper, we describe the development of an efficient method for the recombinant bacterial production of large quantities of highly pure, biologically active ARTN for in vitro and in vivo studies. Using Escherichia coli expression of an NH(2)-terminal SUMO-Artemin fusion protein and subsequent refolding from inclusion bodies followed by cleavage of the SUMO fusion part, mature Artemin with a native NH(2)-terminal amino acid sequence was obtained at high purity (>99%). Experiments using the reducing agent dithiothreitol (DTT) demonstrated that the intermolecular disulphide bridge in the cysteine knot is dispensable for dimerization of stable ARTN monomers. Our production method could facilitate in vitro and in vivo experimentation for the possible development of Artemin as a therapeutic agent for neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter Bruinzeel
- Department of Assay Development & Target Validation, C.R.E.A. Te, Janssen Research & Development, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Stefan Masure
- Department of Assay Development & Target Validation, C.R.E.A. Te, Janssen Research & Development, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium.
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14
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15
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Pande A, Gillot D, Pande J. The cataract-associated R14C mutant of human gamma D-crystallin shows a variety of intermolecular disulfide cross-links: a Raman spectroscopic study. Biochemistry 2009; 48:4937-45. [PMID: 19382745 DOI: 10.1021/bi9004182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The Arg14 to Cys (R14C) mutation in the human gammaD-crystallin (HGD) gene has been associated with a juvenile-onset hereditary cataract. We showed previously [Pande, A., et al. (2000) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97, 1993-1998] that rapid oxidation of Cys14 in the mutant leads to the formation of intermolecular, disulfide-cross-linked aggregates at physiological pH. Here we present a Raman spectroscopic analysis of R14C and HGD and show that R14C forms such aggregates even at pH 4.5. The lower pH enabled us to monitor the evolution of a variety of disulfide cross-links with distinct conformations around the CC-SS-CC dihedral angles. At least three cysteine residues are involved, forming protein-protein cross-links through disulfide-exchange reactions. From the pattern of the S-S and Trp Raman bands, we infer that Cys32 is likely to be involved in the cross-linking. The data suggest that protein precipitation in the mutant may not be the direct result of disulfide cross-linking, although such cross-linking is the initiating event. Thus, our Raman data not only enhance the understanding of the reactivity of Cys14 in the R14C mutant and the mechanism of opacity, but also shed light on the mechanism of oxidative degradation during long-term storage of thiol-containing pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Pande
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences Research Building, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York 12222, USA
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16
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Ackermann K, Koster J, Schlücker S. Conformations and vibrational properties of disulfide bridges: Potential energy distribution in the model system diethyl disulfide. Chem Phys 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2008.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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17
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Thangudu RR, Manoharan M, Srinivasan N, Cadet F, Sowdhamini R, Offmann B. Analysis on conservation of disulphide bonds and their structural features in homologous protein domain families. BMC STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2008; 8:55. [PMID: 19111067 PMCID: PMC2628669 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6807-8-55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2008] [Accepted: 12/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Disulphide bridges are well known to play key roles in stability, folding and functions of proteins. Introduction or deletion of disulphides by site-directed mutagenesis have produced varying effects on stability and folding depending upon the protein and location of disulphide in the 3-D structure. Given the lack of complete understanding it is worthwhile to learn from an analysis of extent of conservation of disulphides in homologous proteins. We have also addressed the question of what structural interactions replaces a disulphide in a homologue in another homologue. Results Using a dataset involving 34,752 pairwise comparisons of homologous protein domains corresponding to 300 protein domain families of known 3-D structures, we provide a comprehensive analysis of extent of conservation of disulphide bridges and their structural features. We report that only 54% of all the disulphide bonds compared between the homologous pairs are conserved, even if, a small fraction of the non-conserved disulphides do include cytoplasmic proteins. Also, only about one fourth of the distinct disulphides are conserved in all the members in protein families. We note that while conservation of disulphide is common in many families, disulphide bond mutations are quite prevalent. Interestingly, we note that there is no clear relationship between sequence identity between two homologous proteins and disulphide bond conservation. Our analysis on structural features at the sites where cysteines forming disulphide in one homologue are replaced by non-Cys residues show that the elimination of a disulphide in a homologue need not always result in stabilizing interactions between equivalent residues. Conclusion We observe that in the homologous proteins, disulphide bonds are conserved only to a modest extent. Very interestingly, we note that extent of conservation of disulphide in homologous proteins is unrelated to the overall sequence identity between homologues. The non-conserved disulphides are often associated with variable structural features that were recruited to be associated with differentiation or specialisation of protein function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratna R Thangudu
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Génétique Moléculaire, Université de La Réunion, BP 7151, 15 avenue René Cassin, 97715 Saint Denis Messag Cedex 09, La Réunion, France.
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18
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Abstract
Recent advances in optical and spectroscopic technologies have enabled a plethora of Raman spectrometers that are suitable for studies of protein pharmaceuticals. Highly sensitive Raman spectrometers have overcome the handicap of the fundamentally weak Raman effect that hampered their applications to protein pharmaceuticals in the past. These Raman spectrometers can now routinely measure protein therapeutics at the low concentration of 1 mg/mL, which is on par with other spectroscopic methods such as CD, fluorescence and FTIR spectroscopies. In this article, various Raman techniques that can be used for protein pharmaceutical studies are reviewed. Novel Raman marker of proteins discovered from fundamental studies of protein complexes are examined along with established Raman spectra and structure correlations. Examples of Raman spectroscopic studies of protein pharmaceuticals are demonstrated. Future applications of Raman spectroscopy to protein pharmaceuticals are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zai-Qing Wen
- Department of Global Cellular & Analytical Resources, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320, USA.
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19
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Ejima D, Ono K, Tsumoto K, Arakawa T, Eto Y. A novel “reverse screening” to identify refolding additives for activin-A. Protein Expr Purif 2006; 47:45-51. [PMID: 16226036 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2005.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2005] [Revised: 08/23/2005] [Accepted: 08/23/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A general approach for refolding recombinant proteins from inclusion bodies (IBs) is to screen conditions, that facilitate a conversion of unfolded to folded structure and minimize a conversion of unfolded to misfolded and aggregated structures. In this simplified model, such conditions may be those that stabilize the native protein and/or reduce aggregation. In this paper, a novel screening approach, termed reverse screening, was developed using a native activin. Activin-A, a member of transforming growth factor beta superfamily, is a homodimeric protein with nine disulfide bonds. We examined partial unfolding process of native activin-A dissolved in a buffer containing moderate concentrations of denaturant and reducing reagent (i.e., 1.5 M urea and 0.2 mM dithiothreitol). The recovery of the protein was followed by reverse-phase high performance chromatography analysis. Without additives, activin-A showed about 60% loss of the protein due to aggregation after 12-h incubation in the above condition. We then tested various additives for their effects on the recovery after partial unfolding. One of these additives, sodium taurodeoxycholate (TDCA), greatly increased recovery and suppressed aggregation of the protein. These additives were then tested for refolding activin-A from IBs. TDCA among others is proved to be a highly effective refolding additive. These results strongly suggest that reverse screening using native proteins, if available, may be another approach to discovering effective refolding additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Ejima
- Applied Research Department, Amino Science Laboratories, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., The University of Tokyo, Kawasaki 210-8681, Japan.
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20
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Schlücker S, Liang C, Strehle KR, DiGiovanna JJ, Kraemer KH, Levin IW. Conformational differences in protein disulfide linkages between normal hair and hair from subjects with trichothiodystrophy: A quantitative analysis by Raman microspectroscopy. Biopolymers 2006; 82:615-22. [PMID: 16557500 DOI: 10.1002/bip.20515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Raman spectra of normal hair shafts and hair shafts from patients exhibiting trichothiodystrophy (TTD) were obtained using line focus laser illumination. Because hair from TTD patients has a significant decrease in the content of the sulfur-containing amino acids in comparison to normal hair, the 550-500 cm(-1) disulfide stretching mode region of the Raman spectrum was examined in detail. A quantitative spectral analysis demonstrates significant increases in the two energetically less favored gauche-gauche-trans (g-g-t) and trans-gauche-trans (t-g-t) forms. These observations suggest that the increased amounts of these less stable disulfide conformers are contributing factors to or associated with the hair brittleness observed for this congenital disorder. Structure-spectra correlations for the three dominant disulfide conformers are confirmed by quantum chemical calculations using modern density functional theory (DFT).
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Affiliation(s)
- S Schlücker
- Laboratory of Chemical Physics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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21
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Darlington PJ, Kirchhof MG, Criado G, Sondhi J, Madrenas J. Hierarchical Regulation of CTLA-4 Dimer-Based Lattice Formation and Its Biological Relevance for T Cell Inactivation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:996-1004. [PMID: 16002699 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.2.996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CTLA-4 is an activation-induced, homodimeric inhibitory receptor in T cells. Recent crystallographic reports have suggested that it may form lattice-like arrays on the cell surface upon binding B7.1/B7.2 (CD80, CD86) molecules. To test the biological relevance of these CTLA-4-B7 lattices, we introduced a C122A point mutation in human CTLA-4, because this residue was shown to be essential for dimerization in solution. Surprisingly, we found that up to 35% of C122A CTLA-4 dimerized in human T lymphocytes. Moreover, C122A CTLA-4 partitioned within lipid rafts, colocalized with the TCR in the immunological synapse, and inhibited T cell activation. C122-independent dimerization of CTLA-4 involved N-glycosylation, because further mutation of the N78 and N110 glycosylation sites abrogated dimerization. Despite being monomeric, the N78A/N110A/C122A triple mutant CTLA-4 localized in the immunological synapse and inhibited T cell activation. Such functionality correlated with B7-induced dimerization of these mutant molecules. Based on these data, we propose a model of hierarchical regulation of CTLA-4 oligomerization by which B7 binding ultimately determines the formation of dimer-dependent CTLA-4 lattices that may be necessary for triggering B7-dependent T cell inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Darlington
- FOCIS Center for Clinical Immunology and Immunotherapeutics, Robarts Research Institute, 100 Perth Drive, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5K8
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