1
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Dinh-Fricke AV, Hantschel O. Improving the pharmacokinetics, biodistribution and plasma stability of monobodies. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:fphar.2024.1393112. [PMID: 38617793 PMCID: PMC7615827 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1393112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide. Several targeted anticancer drugs entered clinical practice and improved survival of cancer patients with selected tumor types, but therapy resistance and metastatic disease remains a challenge. A major class of targeted anticancer drugs are therapeutic antibodies, but their use is limited to extracellular targets. Hence, alternative binding scaffolds have been investigated for intracellular use and better tumor tissue penetration. Among those, monobodies are small synthetic protein binders that were engineered to bind with high affinity and selectivity to central intracellular oncoproteins and inhibit their signaling. Despite their use as basic research tools, the potential of monobodies as protein therapeutics remains to be explored. In particular, the pharmacological properties of monobodies, including plasma stability, toxicity and pharmacokinetics have not been investigated. Here, we show that monobodies have high plasma stability, are well-tolerated in mice, but have a short half-life in vivo due to rapid renal clearance. Therefore, we engineered monobody fusions with an albumin-binding domain (ABD), which showed enhanced pharmacological properties without affecting their target binding: We found that ABD-monobody fusions display increased stability in mouse plasma. Most importantly, ABD-monobodies have a dramatically prolonged in vivo half-life and are not rapidly excreted by renal clearance, remaining in the blood significantly longer, while not accumulating in specific internal organs. Our results demonstrate the promise and versatility of monobodies to be developed into future therapeutics for cancer treatment. We anticipate that monobodies may be able to extend the spectrum of intracellular targets, resulting in a significant benefit to patient outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Oliver Hantschel
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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2
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Qing R, Hao S, Smorodina E, Jin D, Zalevsky A, Zhang S. Protein Design: From the Aspect of Water Solubility and Stability. Chem Rev 2022; 122:14085-14179. [PMID: 35921495 PMCID: PMC9523718 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Water solubility and structural stability are key merits for proteins defined by the primary sequence and 3D-conformation. Their manipulation represents important aspects of the protein design field that relies on the accurate placement of amino acids and molecular interactions, guided by underlying physiochemical principles. Emulated designer proteins with well-defined properties both fuel the knowledge-base for more precise computational design models and are used in various biomedical and nanotechnological applications. The continuous developments in protein science, increasing computing power, new algorithms, and characterization techniques provide sophisticated toolkits for solubility design beyond guess work. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the protein design field with respect to water solubility and structural stability. After introducing fundamental design rules, we discuss the transmembrane protein solubilization and de novo transmembrane protein design. Traditional strategies to enhance protein solubility and structural stability are introduced. The designs of stable protein complexes and high-order assemblies are covered. Computational methodologies behind these endeavors, including structure prediction programs, machine learning algorithms, and specialty software dedicated to the evaluation of protein solubility and aggregation, are discussed. The findings and opportunities for Cryo-EM are presented. This review provides an overview of significant progress and prospects in accurate protein design for solubility and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Qing
- State
Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and
Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Media
Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- The
David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Shilei Hao
- Media
Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Key
Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Eva Smorodina
- Department
of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo
University Hospital, Oslo 0424, Norway
| | - David Jin
- Avalon GloboCare
Corp., Freehold, New Jersey 07728, United States
| | - Arthur Zalevsky
- Laboratory
of Bioinformatics Approaches in Combinatorial Chemistry and Biology, Shemyakin−Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic
Chemistry RAS, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Shuguang Zhang
- Media
Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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3
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Komuro H, Aminova S, Lauro K, Woldring D, Harada M. Design and Evaluation of Engineered Extracellular Vesicle (EV)-Based Targeting for EGFR-Overexpressing Tumor Cells Using Monobody Display. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9020056. [PMID: 35200409 PMCID: PMC8869414 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9020056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are attracting interest as a new class of drug delivery vehicles due to their intrinsic nature of biomolecular transport in the body. We previously demonstrated that EV surface modification with tissue-specific molecules accomplished targeted EV-mediated DNA delivery. Methods: Here, we describe reliable methods for (i) generating EGFR tumor-targeting EVs via the display of high-affinity monobodies and (ii) in vitro measurement of EV binding using fluorescence and bioluminescence labeling. Monobodies are a well-suited class of small (10 kDa) non-antibody scaffolds derived from the human fibronectin type III (FN3) domain. Results: The recombinant protein consists of the EGFR-targeting monobody fused to the EV-binding domain of lactadherin (C1C2), enabling the monobody displayed on the surface of the EVs. In addition, the use of bioluminescence or fluorescence molecules on the EV surface allows for the assessment of EV binding to the target cells. Conclusions: In this paper, we describe methods of EV engineering to generate targeted delivery vehicles using monobodies that will have diverse applications to furnish future EV therapeutic development, including qualitative and quantitative in vitro evaluation for their binding capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Komuro
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering (IQ), Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (H.K.); (S.A.); (K.L.); (D.W.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Shakhlo Aminova
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering (IQ), Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (H.K.); (S.A.); (K.L.); (D.W.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Katherine Lauro
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering (IQ), Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (H.K.); (S.A.); (K.L.); (D.W.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Daniel Woldring
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering (IQ), Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (H.K.); (S.A.); (K.L.); (D.W.)
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Masako Harada
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering (IQ), Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (H.K.); (S.A.); (K.L.); (D.W.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-517-884-6940
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4
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Sirois AR, Deny DA, Li Y, Fall YD, Moore SJ. Engineered Fn3 protein has targeted therapeutic effect on mesothelin-expressing cancer cells and increases tumor cell sensitivity to chemotherapy. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 117:330-341. [PMID: 31631324 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mesothelin is a protein expressed at high levels on the cell surface in a variety of cancers, with limited expression in healthy tissues. The presence of mesothelin on tumor tissue correlates with increased invasion and metastasis, and resistance to traditional chemotherapies, through mechanisms that remain poorly understood. Molecules that specifically recognize mesothelin and interrupt its contribution to tumor progression have significant potential for targeted therapy and targeted drug delivery applications. A number of mesothelin-targeting therapies are in preclinical and clinical development, although none are currently approved for routine clinical use. In this work, we report the development of a mesothelin-targeting protein based on the fibronectin type-III non-antibody protein scaffold, which offers opportunities for applications where antibodies have limitations. We engineered protein variants that bind mesothelin with high affinity and selectively initiate apoptosis in tumor cells expressing mesothelin. Interestingly, apoptosis does not occur through a caspase-mediated pathway and does not require downregulation of cell-surface mesothelin, suggesting a currently unknown pathway through which mesothelin contributes to cancer progression. Importantly, simultaneous treatment with mesothelin-binding protein and chemotherapeutic mitomycin C had a greater cytotoxic effect on mesothelin-positive cells compared to either molecule alone, underscoring the potential for combination therapy including biologics targeting mesothelin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison R Sirois
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts.,Picker Engineering Program, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts
| | - Daniela A Deny
- Biochemistry Program, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts
| | - Yanxuan Li
- Picker Engineering Program, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts
| | - Yacine D Fall
- Biochemistry Program, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts
| | - Sarah J Moore
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts.,Picker Engineering Program, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts.,Department of Biological Sciences, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts
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5
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Klesmith JR, Su L, Wu L, Schrack IA, Dufort FJ, Birt A, Ambrose C, Hackel BJ, Lobb RR, Rennert PD. Retargeting CD19 Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells via Engineered CD19-Fusion Proteins. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:3544-3558. [PMID: 31242389 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
CD19-targeted chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells (CAR19s) show remarkable efficacy in the treatment of relapsed/refractory acute lymphocytic leukemia and Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. However, the use of CAR T-cell therapy against CD19-negative hematological cancers and solid tumors has been challenging. We propose CD19-fusion proteins (CD19-FPs) to leverage the benefits of CAR19s while retargeting this validated cellular therapy to alternative tumor antigens. We demonstrate the ability of a fusion of CD19 extracellular domain (ECD) and a human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) single-chain antibody fragment to retarget CAR19s to kill HER2+ CD19- tumor cells. To enhance the modularity of this technology, we engineered a more robust CD19 ECD via deep mutational scanning with yeast display and flow cytometric selections for improved protease resistance and anti-CD19 antibody binding. These enhanced CD19 ECDs significantly increase, and in some cases recover, fusion protein expression while maintaining target antigen affinity. Importantly, CD19-FPs retarget CAR19s to kill tumor cells expressing multiple distinct antigens, including HER2, CD20, EGFR, BCMA, and Clec12A as N- or C-terminal fusions and linked to both antibody fragments and fibronectin ligands. This study provides fundamental insights into CD19 sequence-function relationships and defines a flexible and modular platform to retarget CAR19s to any tumor antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin R Klesmith
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , University of Minnesota Twin Cities , 421 Washington Avenue SE , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Lihe Su
- Aleta Biotherapeutics , 27 Strathmore Road , Natick , Massachusetts 01760 , United States
| | - Lan Wu
- Aleta Biotherapeutics , 27 Strathmore Road , Natick , Massachusetts 01760 , United States
| | - Ian A Schrack
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , University of Minnesota Twin Cities , 421 Washington Avenue SE , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Fay J Dufort
- Aleta Biotherapeutics , 27 Strathmore Road , Natick , Massachusetts 01760 , United States
| | - Alyssa Birt
- Aleta Biotherapeutics , 27 Strathmore Road , Natick , Massachusetts 01760 , United States
| | - Christine Ambrose
- Aleta Biotherapeutics , 27 Strathmore Road , Natick , Massachusetts 01760 , United States
| | - Benjamin J Hackel
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , University of Minnesota Twin Cities , 421 Washington Avenue SE , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Roy R Lobb
- Aleta Biotherapeutics , 27 Strathmore Road , Natick , Massachusetts 01760 , United States
| | - Paul D Rennert
- Aleta Biotherapeutics , 27 Strathmore Road , Natick , Massachusetts 01760 , United States
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6
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Chemotaxis Model for Breast Cancer Cells Based on Signal/Noise Ratio. Biophys J 2018; 115:2034-2043. [PMID: 30366624 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2018.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotaxis, a biased migration of cells under a chemical gradient, plays a significant role in diverse biological phenomena including cancer metastasis. Stromal cells release signaling proteins to induce chemotaxis, which leads to organ-specific metastasis. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) is an example of the chemical attractants, and its gradient stimulates metastasis of breast cancer cells. Hence, the interactions between EGF and breast cancer cells have long been a subject of interest for oncologists and clinicians. However, most current approaches do not systematically separate the effects of gradient and absolute concentration of EGF on chemotaxis of breast cancer cells. In this work, we develop a theoretical model based on signal/noise ratio to represent stochastic properties and report our microfluidic experiments to verify the analytical predictions from the model. The results demonstrate that even under the same EGF concentration gradients (0-50 or 0-150 ng/mL), breast cancer cells reveal a more evident chemotaxis pattern when the absolute EGF concentrations are low. Moreover, we found that reducing the number of EGF receptors (EGFRs) with addition of EGFR antibody (1 ng/mL) can promote chemotaxis at an EGF gradient of 0-1 ng/mL as shown by chemotaxis index (0.121 ± 0.037, reduced EGFRs vs. 0.003 ± 0.041, control). This counterintuitive finding suggests that EGFR-targeted therapy may stimulate metastasis of breast cancer because the partial suppression of the receptors makes the number of receptors close to the optimal one for chemotaxis. This analysis should be considered in anticancer drug design.
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7
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Bommu UD, Konidala KK, Pamanji R, Yeguvapalli S. Computational screening, ensemble docking and pharmacophore analysis of potential gefitinib analogues against epidermal growth factor receptor. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2018; 38:48-60. [PMID: 29369008 DOI: 10.1080/10799893.2018.1426603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The observable mutated isoforms of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) are important considerable therapeutic benchmarks in moderating the non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Recently, quinazoline-based ATP competitive inhibitors have been developed against the EGFR; however, these imply the mutation probabilities, which contribute to the discovery of high probable novel inhibitors for EGFR mutants. Therefore, SAR-based bioactivity analysis, molecular docking and computational toxicogenomics approaches were performed to identify and evaluate new analogs of gefitinib against the ligand-binding domain of the EGFR double-mutated model. From the diverse groups of molecular clustering and molecular screening strategies, top high-binding gefitinib-analogues were identified and studied against EGFR core cavity through three-phase ensemble docking approach. Resulted high possible leads showed good binding orientations than gefitinib (positive control) thus they were subjected to pharmacophore analysis that possesses possible molecular assets to tight binding with EGFR domain. Residues Ser720, Arg841 and Trp880 were observed as novel hot spots and involved in H-bonds, pi-stacking and π-cation interactions that contribute additional electrostatic potency to sustain stability and complexity of protein-ligand complexes, thus they have ability to profoundly adopted by pharmacophoric features. Furthermore, lead molecules have an inhibition percent probability, anticancer potency, toxic impacts, flexible pharmacokinetics, potential gene-chemical interactions towards EGFR were revealed by computational systems biology tools. Our multiple screening strategies confirmed that the druggable sub-pocket was crucial to strong EGFR-ligand binding. The essential pharmacophoric features of ligands provided viewpoints for new inhibitors envisaging, and predicted scaffolds could used as anticancer agents against selected EGFR mutated isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uma Devi Bommu
- a Department of Zoology , Sri Venkateswara University , Tirupati , India
| | | | - Rishika Pamanji
- b Department of Computer Science Engineering , Sri Venkateswara University , Tirupati , India
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8
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Könning D, Kolmar H. Beyond antibody engineering: directed evolution of alternative binding scaffolds and enzymes using yeast surface display. Microb Cell Fact 2018; 17:32. [PMID: 29482656 PMCID: PMC6389260 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-018-0881-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pioneered exactly 20 years ago, yeast surface display (YSD) continues to take a major role in protein engineering among the high-throughput display methodologies that have been developed to date. The classical yeast display technology relies on tethering an engineered protein to the cell wall by genetic fusion to one subunit of a dimeric yeast-mating agglutination receptor complex. This method enables an efficient genotype-phenotype linkage while exploiting the benefits of a eukaryotic expression machinery. Over the past two decades, a plethora of protein engineering efforts encompassing conventional antibody Fab and scFv fragments have been reported. In this review, we will focus on the versatility of YSD beyond conventional antibody engineering and, instead, place the focus on alternative scaffold proteins and enzymes which have successfully been tailored for purpose with regard to improving binding, activity or specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doreen Könning
- Antibody-Drug Conjugates and Targeted NBE Therapeutics, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Harald Kolmar
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
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9
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van Lith SAM, van den Brand D, Wallbrecher R, van Duijnhoven SMJ, Brock R, Leenders WPJ. A Conjugate of an Anti-Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) VHH and a Cell-Penetrating Peptide Drives Receptor Internalization and Blocks EGFR Activation. Chembiochem 2017; 18:2390-2394. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201700444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sanne A. M. van Lith
- Radboud University Medical Centre; Department of Pathology; P. O. Box 9101 6500 HB Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Dirk van den Brand
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences; Department of Biochemistry; Geert-Grooteplein 26 6525 GA Nijmegen The Netherlands
- Radboud University Medical Centre; Department of Gynecology; P. O. Box 9101 6500 HB Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Rike Wallbrecher
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences; Department of Biochemistry; Geert-Grooteplein 26 6525 GA Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | | | - Roland Brock
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences; Department of Biochemistry; Geert-Grooteplein 26 6525 GA Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - William P. J. Leenders
- Radboud University Medical Centre; Department of Pathology; P. O. Box 9101 6500 HB Nijmegen The Netherlands
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences; Department of Biochemistry; Geert-Grooteplein 26 6525 GA Nijmegen The Netherlands
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10
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Yang NJ, Kauke MJ, Sun F, Yang LF, Maass KF, Traxlmayr MW, Yu Y, Xu Y, Langer RS, Anderson DG, Wittrup KD. Cytosolic delivery of siRNA by ultra-high affinity dsRNA binding proteins. Nucleic Acids Res 2017. [PMID: 28641400 PMCID: PMC5570165 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein-based methods of siRNA delivery are capable of uniquely specific targeting, but are limited by technical challenges such as low potency or poor biophysical properties. Here, we engineered a series of ultra-high affinity siRNA binders based on the viral protein p19 and developed them into siRNA carriers targeted to the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Combined in trans with a previously described endosome-disrupting agent composed of the pore-forming protein Perfringolysin O (PFO), potent silencing was achieved in vitro with no detectable cytotoxicity. Despite concerns that excessively strong siRNA binding could prevent the discharge of siRNA from its carrier, higher affinity continually led to stronger silencing. We found that this improvement was due to both increased uptake of siRNA into the cell and improved pharmacodynamics inside the cell. Mathematical modeling predicted the existence of an affinity optimum that maximizes silencing, after which siRNA sequestration decreases potency. Our study characterizing the affinity dependence of silencing suggests that siRNA-carrier affinity can significantly affect the intracellular fate of siRNA and may serve as a handle for improving the efficiency of delivery. The two-agent delivery system presented here possesses notable biophysical properties and potency, and provide a platform for the cytosolic delivery of nucleic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole J Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Monique J Kauke
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Fangdi Sun
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Lucy F Yang
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Katie F Maass
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Michael W Traxlmayr
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Yao Yu
- Protein Analytics, Adimab LLC, Lebanon, NH 03766, USA
| | - Yingda Xu
- Protein Analytics, Adimab LLC, Lebanon, NH 03766, USA
| | - Robert S Langer
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Harvard-MIT Division of Health Science and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Daniel G Anderson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Harvard-MIT Division of Health Science and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - K Dane Wittrup
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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11
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Superior Suppression of ErbB2-positive Tumor Cells by a Novel Human Triparatopic Tribody. J Immunother 2017; 40:117-128. [DOI: 10.1097/cji.0000000000000152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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12
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Levine RM, Kokkoli E. Dual-ligand α5β1 and α6β4 integrin targeting enhances gene delivery and selectivity to cancer cells. J Control Release 2017; 251:24-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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13
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Stern LA, Schrack IA, Johnson SM, Deshpande A, Bennett NR, Harasymiw LA, Gardner MK, Hackel BJ. Geometry and expression enhance enrichment of functional yeast-displayed ligands via cell panning. Biotechnol Bioeng 2016; 113:2328-41. [PMID: 27144954 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Yeast surface display has proven to be an effective tool in the discovery and evolution of ligands with new or improved binding activity. Selections for binding activity are generally carried out using immobilized or fluorescently labeled soluble domains of target molecules such as recombinant ectodomain fragments. While this method typically provides ligands with high affinity and specificity for the soluble molecular target, translation to binding true membrane-bound cellular target is commonly problematic. Direct selections against mammalian cell surfaces can be carried out either exclusively or in combination with soluble target-based selections to further direct towards ligands for genuine cellular target. Using a series of fibronectin domain, affibody, and Gp2 ligands and human cell lines expressing a range of their targets, epidermal growth factor receptor and carcinoembryonic antigen, this study quantitatively identifies the elements that dictate ligand enrichment and yield. Most notably, extended flexible linkers between ligand and yeast enhance enrichment ratios from 1.4 ± 0.8 to 62 ± 57 for a low-affinity (>600 nM) binder on cells with high target expression and from 14 ± 13 to 74 ± 25 for a high-affinity binder (2 nM) on cells with medium valency. Inversion of the yeast display fusion from C-terminal display to N-terminal display still enables enrichment albeit with 40-97% reduced efficacy. Collectively, this study further enlightens the conditions-while highlighting new approaches-that yield successful enrichment of yeast-displayed binding ligands via panning on mammalian cells. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 2328-2341. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence A Stern
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455
| | - Ian A Schrack
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455
| | - Sadie M Johnson
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455
| | - Aakash Deshpande
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455
| | - Nathaniel R Bennett
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455
| | - Lauren A Harasymiw
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Melissa K Gardner
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Benjamin J Hackel
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455.
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14
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Osaki T, Wang CX, Tachibana T, Azuma M, Kitamura M, Nakanishi T. Generation and Characterization of Rat Monoclonal Antibodies Against Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2015; 34:418-22. [PMID: 26683181 DOI: 10.1089/mab.2015.0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene and dysregulation of EGFR signaling are observed in various cancer cells, and EGFR is a validated target for cancer therapy. In the present study, we report on the generation of two rat anti-EGFR antibodies (clones 2C2D3 and 4H7F4) by using the rat lymph node method. Flow cytometric analysis and immunofluorescence showed that both antibodies specifically bound to EGFR on the surface of cancer cells. Competitive analysis demonstrated that the epitope of each antibody had no overlap with that of the therapeutic anti-EGFR antibody cetuximab. These results suggest that 2C2D3 and 4H7F4 are potentially useful in EGFR-targeted cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Osaki
- 1 Department of Applied Chemistry and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University , Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, Japan
| | - Cai-Xia Wang
- 1 Department of Applied Chemistry and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University , Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, Japan
| | - Taro Tachibana
- 1 Department of Applied Chemistry and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University , Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, Japan .,2 Cell Engineering Corporation, Tennoji-ku, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masayuki Azuma
- 1 Department of Applied Chemistry and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University , Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masaya Kitamura
- 1 Department of Applied Chemistry and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University , Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nakanishi
- 1 Department of Applied Chemistry and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University , Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, Japan
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15
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Heinzelman P, Schoborg JA, Jewett MC. pH responsive granulocyte colony-stimulating factor variants with implications for treating Alzheimer's disease and other central nervous system disorders. Protein Eng Des Sel 2015; 28:481-9. [PMID: 25877663 PMCID: PMC4596278 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzv022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic injection of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) has yielded encouraging results in treating Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and other central nervous system (CNS) disorders. Making G-CSF a viable AD therapeutic will, however, require increasing G-CSF's ability to stimulate neurons within the brain. This objective could be realized by increasing transcytosis of G-CSF across the blood brain barrier (BBB). An established correlation between G-CSF receptor (G-CSFR) binding pH responsiveness and increased recycling of G-CSF to the cell exterior after endocytosis motivated development of G-CSF variants with highly pH responsive G-CSFR binding affinities. These variants will be used in future validation of our hypothesis that increased BBB transcytosis can enhance G-CSF therapeutic efficacy. Flow cytometric screening of a yeast-displayed library in which G-CSF/G-CSFR interface residues were mutated to histidine yielded a G-CSF triple His mutant (L109H/D110H/Q120H) with highly pH responsive binding affinity. This variant's KD, measured by surface plasmon resonance (SPR), increases ∼20-fold as pH decreases from 7.4 to below histidine's pKa of ∼6.0; an increase 2-fold greater than for previously reported G-CSF His mutants. Cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) enabled expression and purification of soluble, bioactive G-CSF triple His variant protein, an outcome inaccessible via Escherichia coli inclusion body refolding. This purification and bioactivity validation will enable future identification of correlations between pH responsiveness and transcytosis in BBB cell culture model and animal experiments. Furthermore, the library screening and CFPS methods employed here could be applied to developing other pH responsive hematopoietic or neurotrophic factors for treating CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pete Heinzelman
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Materials Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Sarkeys Energy Center, 100 East Boyd Street, Room T-301, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Jennifer A Schoborg
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208-3120, USA
| | - Michael C Jewett
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208-3120, USA
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16
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Yang NJ, Liu DV, Sklaviadis D, Gui DY, Vander Heiden MG, Wittrup KD. Antibody-mediated neutralization of perfringolysin o for intracellular protein delivery. Mol Pharm 2015; 12:1992-2000. [PMID: 25881713 PMCID: PMC4876977 DOI: 10.1021/mp500797n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Perfringolysin O (PFO) is a member of the cholesterol-dependent cytolysin (CDC) family of bacterial pore-forming proteins, which are highly efficient in delivering exogenous proteins to the cytoplasm. However, the indiscriminate and potent cytotoxicity of PFO limits its practical use as an intracellular delivery system. In this study, we describe the design and engineering of a bispecific, neutralizing antibody against PFO, which targets reversibly attenuated PFO to endocytic compartments via receptor-mediated internalization. This PFO-based system efficiently mediated the endosomal release of a co-targeted gelonin construct with high specificity and minimal toxicity in vitro. Consequently, the therapeutic window of PFO was improved by more than 5 orders of magnitude. Our results demonstrating that the activity of pore-forming proteins can be controlled by antibody-mediated neutralization present a novel strategy for utilizing these potent membrane-lytic agents as a safe and effective intracellular delivery vehicle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole J. Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - David V. Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Demetra Sklaviadis
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Dan Y. Gui
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Matthew G. Vander Heiden
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - K. Dane Wittrup
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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17
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Heinzelman P, Krais J, Ruben E, Pantazes R. Engineering pH responsive fibronectin domains for biomedical applications. J Biol Eng 2015; 9:6. [PMID: 26106447 PMCID: PMC4477602 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-015-0004-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Engineered antibodies with pH responsive cell surface target antigen-binding affinities that decrease at the acidic pH (5.5-5.8) within the endosomes have been found to have reduced susceptibility to degradation within the lysosomes and increased serum half-life. Such pH responsive recombinant antibodies have been developed for the treatment of cancer and cardiovascular disease. Engineered tenth type III human fibronectin (Fn3) domains are emerging as a class of target antigen-binding biopharmaceuticals that could complement or be superior to recombinant antibodies in a number of biomedical contexts. As such, there is strong motivation for demonstrating the feasibility of engineering Fn3s with pH responsive antigen binding behavior that could lead to improved Fn3 pharmacokinetics. RESULTS A yeast surface-displayed Fn3 histidine (His) mutant library screening approach yielded epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-binding Fn3 domains with EGFR binding affinities that markedly decrease at endosomal pH; the first reported case of engineering Fn3s with pH responsive antigen binding. Yeast surface-displayed His mutant Fn3s, which contain either one or two His mutations, have equilibrium binding dissociation constants (KDs) that increase up to four-fold relative to wild type when pH is decreased from 7.4 to 5.5. Assays in which Fn3-displaying yeast were incubated with soluble EGFR after ligand-free incubation in respective neutral and acidic buffers showed that His mutant Fn3 pH responsiveness is due to reversible changes in Fn3 conformation and/or EGFR binding interface properties rather than irreversible unfolding. CONCLUSIONS We have established a generalizable method for efficiently constructing and screening Fn3 His mutant libraries that could enable both our laboratory and others to develop pH responsive Fn3s for use in a wide range of biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pete Heinzelman
- Department of Chemical, Biological & Materials Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Sarkeys Energy Center, 100 East Boyd Street, Room T-301, 73019 Norman, OK USA
| | - John Krais
- Department of Chemical, Biological & Materials Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Sarkeys Energy Center, 100 East Boyd Street, Room T-301, 73019 Norman, OK USA
| | - Eliza Ruben
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, 73019 Norman, OK USA
| | - Robert Pantazes
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California-Santa Barbara, 93106 Santa Barbara, CA USA
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18
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Deyev SM, Lebedenko EN, Petrovskaya LE, Dolgikh DA, Gabibov AG, Kirpichnikov MP. Man-made antibodies and immunoconjugates with desired properties: function optimization using structural engineering. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2015. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Kovacs E, Zorn JA, Huang Y, Barros T, Kuriyan J. A structural perspective on the regulation of the epidermal growth factor receptor. Annu Rev Biochem 2015; 84:739-64. [PMID: 25621509 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biochem-060614-034402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a receptor tyrosine kinase that plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of many cancers. The structure of intact forms of this receptor has yet to be determined, but intense investigations of fragments of the receptor have provided a detailed view of its activation mechanism, which we review here. Ligand binding converts the receptor to a dimeric form, in which contacts are restricted to the receptor itself, allowing heterodimerization of the four EGFR family members without direct ligand involvement. Activation of the receptor depends on the formation of an asymmetric dimer of kinase domains, in which one kinase domain allosterically activates the other. Coupling between the extracellular and intracellular domains may involve a switch between alternative crossings of the transmembrane helices, which form dimeric structures. We also discuss how receptor regulation is compromised by oncogenic mutations and the structural basis for negative cooperativity in ligand binding.
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20
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Heukers R, Vermeulen JF, Fereidouni F, Bader AN, Voortman J, Roovers RC, Gerritsen HC, van Bergen En Henegouwen PMP. Endocytosis of EGFR requires its kinase activity and N-terminal transmembrane dimerization motif. J Cell Sci 2013; 126:4900-12. [PMID: 23943881 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.128611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
EGFR signaling is attenuated by endocytosis and degradation of receptor-ligand complexes in lysosomes. Endocytosis of EGFR is known to be regulated by multiple post-translational modifications. The observation that prevention of these modifications does not block endocytosis completely, suggests the involvement of other mechanism(s). Recently, receptor clustering has been suggested to induce internalization of multiple types of membrane receptors. However, the mechanism of clustering-induced internalization remains unknown. We have used biparatopic antibody fragments from llama (VHHs) to induce EGFR clustering without stimulating tyrosine kinase activity. Using this approach, we have found an essential role for the N-terminal GG4-like dimerization motif in the transmembrane domain (TMD) for clustering-induced internalization. Moreover, conventional EGF-induced receptor internalization depends exclusively on this TMD dimerization and kinase activity. Mutations in this dimerization motif eventually lead to reduced EGFR degradation and sustained signaling. We propose a novel role for the TMD dimerization motif in the negative-feedback control of EGFR. The widely conserved nature of GG4-like dimerization motifs in transmembrane proteins suggests a general role for these motifs in clustering-induced internalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raimond Heukers
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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21
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Klöhn PC, Wuellner U, Zizlsperger N, Zhou Y, Tavares D, Berger S, Zettlitz KA, Proetzel G, Yong M, Begent RH, Reichert JM. IBC's 23rd Annual Antibody Engineering, 10th Annual Antibody Therapeutics international conferences and the 2012 Annual Meeting of The Antibody Society: December 3-6, 2012, San Diego, CA. MAbs 2013; 5:178-201. [PMID: 23575266 PMCID: PMC3893229 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.23655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The 23rd Annual Antibody Engineering, 10th Annual Antibody Therapeutics international conferences, and the 2012 Annual Meeting of The Antibody Society, organized by IBC Life Sciences with contributions from The Antibody Society and two Scientific Advisory Boards, were held December 3-6, 2012 in San Diego, CA. The meeting drew over 800 participants who attended sessions on a wide variety of topics relevant to antibody research and development. As a prelude to the main events, a pre-conference workshop held on December 2, 2012 focused on intellectual property issues that impact antibody engineering. The Antibody Engineering Conference was composed of six sessions held December 3-5, 2012: (1) From Receptor Biology to Therapy; (2) Antibodies in a Complex Environment; (3) Antibody Targeted CNS Therapy: Beyond the Blood Brain Barrier; (4) Deep Sequencing in B Cell Biology and Antibody Libraries; (5) Systems Medicine in the Development of Antibody Therapies/Systematic Validation of Novel Antibody Targets; and (6) Antibody Activity and Animal Models. The Antibody Therapeutics conference comprised four sessions held December 4-5, 2012: (1) Clinical and Preclinical Updates of Antibody-Drug Conjugates; (2) Multifunctional Antibodies and Antibody Combinations: Clinical Focus; (3) Development Status of Immunomodulatory Therapeutic Antibodies; and (4) Modulating the Half-Life of Antibody Therapeutics. The Antibody Society's special session on applications for recording and sharing data based on GIATE was held on December 5, 2012, and the conferences concluded with two combined sessions on December 5-6, 2012: (1) Development Status of Early Stage Therapeutic Antibodies; and (2) Immunomodulatory Antibodies for Cancer Therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter-Christian Klöhn
- MRC Prion Unit; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases; UCL Institute of Neurology; London, UK
| | | | - Nora Zizlsperger
- Protein Engineering and Antibody Technologies; EMD Serono Research Institute, Inc.; Billerica MA USA
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Anesthesia; University of California, San Francisco; San Francisco, CA USA
| | | | - Sven Berger
- Institut de Recherche, Centre d'Immunologie Pierre Fabre; St Julien en Genevois, France
| | - Kirstin A. Zettlitz
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging; Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA; California NanoSystems Institute; University of California Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA USA
| | | | - May Yong
- UCL Cancer Institute; London, UK
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Abstract
Yeast surface display (YSD) presents proteins on the surface of yeast through interaction of the agglutinin subunits Aga1p and Aga2p. The human 10th type III fibronectin (Fn3) is a small, 10-kDa protein domain that maintains its native fold without disulfide bonds. A YSD library of Fn3s has been engineered with a loop amino acid composition similar to that of human antibody complementarity-determining region heavy chain loop 3 (CDR-H3) and varying loop lengths, which has been shown to improve binding ability. There are many advantages of using these small, stable domains that maintain binding capabilities similar to that of antibodies. Here, we outline a YSD methodology to isolate Fn3 binders to a diverse set of target antigens.
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Spangler JB, Manzari MT, Rosalia EK, Chen TF, Wittrup KD. Triepitopic antibody fusions inhibit cetuximab-resistant BRAF and KRAS mutant tumors via EGFR signal repression. J Mol Biol 2012; 422:532-44. [PMID: 22706026 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2012.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Revised: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a hallmark of many epithelial cancers, rendering this receptor an attractive target for cancer therapy. Much effort has been focused on the development of EGFR-directed antibody-based therapeutics, culminating in the clinical approval of the drugs cetuximab and panitumumab. Unfortunately, the clinical efficacy of these drugs has been disappointingly low, and a particular challenge to targeting EGFR with antibody therapeutics has been resistance, resulting from mutations in the downstream raf and ras effector proteins. Recent work demonstrating antibody cocktail-induced synergistic downregulation of EGFR motivated our design of cetuximab-based antibody-fibronectin domain fusion proteins that exploit downregulation-based EGFR inhibition by simultaneously targeting multiple receptor epitopes. We establish that, among our engineered multiepitopic formats, trans-triepitopic antibody fusions demonstrate optimal efficacy, inducing rapid EGFR clustering and internalization and consequently ablating downstream signaling. The combined effects of EGFR downregulation, ligand competition, and immune effector function conspire to inhibit tumor growth in xenograft models of cetuximab-resistant BRAF and KRAS mutant cancers. Our designed triepitopic constructs have the potential to enhance the efficacy and expand the scope of EGFR-directed therapies, and our multiepitopic may be readily applied to other receptor targets to formulate a new class of antibody-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie B Spangler
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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