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Harris PR, Grover MA, Rousseau RW, Bommarius AS. Selectivity and kinetic modeling of penicillin G acylase variants for the synthesis of cephalexin under a broad range of substrate concentrations. Biotechnol Bioeng 2022; 119:3117-3126. [PMID: 36030473 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
The kinetics of cephalexin synthesis and hydrolysis of the activated acyl-donor precursor phenylglycine methyl ester (PGME) were characterized under a broad range of substrate concentrations. A previously developed model by Youshko-Svedas involving the formation of the acyl-enzyme complex followed by binding of the nucleophilic β-lactam donor does not fully estimate the maximum reaction yields for cephalexin synthesis at different concentrations using initial-rate data. 7-aminodesacetoxycephalosporanic acid (7-ADCA) was discovered to be a potent inhibitor of cephalexin hydrolysis, which may account for the deviation from model predictions. Three kinetic models were compared for cephalexin synthesis, with the model incorporating competitive inhibition due to 7-ADCA yielding the best fit. Additionally, the βF24A variant and Assemblase® did not exhibit significantly different kinetics for the synthesis of cephalexin compared to the wild-type, for the concentration range evaluated and for both initial-rate experiments and time-course synthesis experiments. Lastly, a continuous stirred-tank reactor for cephalexin synthesis was simulated using the model incorporating competitive inhibition by 7-ADCA, with clear tradeoffs observed between productivity, fractional yield, and PGME conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick R Harris
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Martha A Grover
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ronald W Rousseau
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Andreas S Bommarius
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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2
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Periodic wet milling as a solution to size-based separation of crystal products from biocatalyst for continuous reactive crystallization. Chem Eng Res Des 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2021.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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3
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Sumida Y, Yamasaki M, Nishiya Y, Kumagai S, Yamada T, Azuma M. Protein Engineering of
d
‐Succinylase from
Cupriavidus sp
. for
d
‐Amino Acid Synthesis and the Structural Implications. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202100587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Sumida
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Bioengineering Graduate School of Engineering Osaka City University 3-3-138 Sugimoto Sumiyoshi-ku Osaka 558-8585 Japan
- Biotechnology Research Laboratory Toyobo Co., Ltd. 10-24 Toyo-cho Tsuruga Fukui 914-0047 Japan
| | - Masayuki Yamasaki
- Faculty of Agriculture Ryukoku University 1-5 Yokotani, Ohe-cho Seta Otsu 520-2194 Japan
- Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences Kyoto University 53 Kawahara-cho Shogoin, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8507 Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Nishiya
- Biotechnology Research Laboratory Toyobo Co., Ltd. 10-24 Toyo-cho Tsuruga Fukui 914-0047 Japan
- Department of Life Science Setsunan University 17-8 Ikeda-Nakamachi Neyagawa Osaka 572-8508 Japan
| | - Shinya Kumagai
- R&D Group, Iwate Research & Development Center SEKISUI MEDICAL Co., Ltd. 4-115, Matsuo Hachimantai Iwate 028-7305 Japan
| | - Toshihide Yamada
- R&D Group, Iwate Research & Development Center SEKISUI MEDICAL Co., Ltd. 4-115, Matsuo Hachimantai Iwate 028-7305 Japan
| | - Masayuki Azuma
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Bioengineering Graduate School of Engineering Osaka City University 3-3-138 Sugimoto Sumiyoshi-ku Osaka 558-8585 Japan
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4
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Characteristics of microbial community of soil subjected to industrial production of antibiotics. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2020; 65:1061-1072. [PMID: 32901430 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-020-00819-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Ecosystems worldwide are exposed to pollutants connected to the industrial production of pharmaceuticals. The objective of this study was to study the composition and characteristics of the soil microbial communities that had been exposed to long-term selection pressure caused by the industrial production of penicillin G. Soil samples from four sites among the penicillin G production plant were analysed using 16S rRNA profiling via Illumina MiSeq platform and were compared with the control samples from four sites outside the plant. Total metagenomic DNA from the impacted soil was also used for the preparation of E. coli T1R-based fosmid library which was consequently qualitatively tested for the presence of penicillin G acylase (PGA)-encoding genes using the method of sequence homology. Analyses of alpha diversity revealed that the long-term antibiotic presence in the soil significantly increased the microbial diversity and richness in terms of Shannon diversity index (p = 0.002) and Chao estimates (p = 0.004). Principal component analysis showed that the two types of communities (on-site and control) could be separated at the phylum, class and genus level. The on-site soil was enriched in Betaproteobacteria, Deltaproteobacteria, Gemmatimonadetes, Acidobacteria and Planctomycetia, while a significant decrease in Actinobacteria was observed. Metagenomic fosmid library revealed high hit rates in identifying PGAs (14 different genes identified) and confirmed the biotechnological potential of soils impacted by anthropogenic activity. This study offers new insights into the changes in microbial communities of soils exposed to anthropogenic activity as well as indicates that those soils may represent a hotspot for biotechnologically interesting targets.
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Fang CW, Tsai LC, Fu YS, Cheng TY, Wu PC. Gel-based Microemulsion Design and Evaluation for Topical Application of Rivastigmine. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2019; 21:298-304. [PMID: 31729297 DOI: 10.2174/1389201020666191113144636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to design nanocarriers for the topical application of rivastigmine. METHODS The effect of cosurfactants, hydrophilic gel and loading amount on the permeability of rivastigmine through rat skin was evaluated. Skin irritation tests and stability tests were performed to evaluate the utility of tested formulations. RESULTS The results showed that the microemulsion formation and characteristics of drug-loaded formulations were related to many parameters of the components. When using microemulsion systems as a vehicle, the permeation rate remarkably increased about 13.2~24.3-fold and the lag time was significantly shortened from 24 h to 4.7 h. Formulations containing a cosurfactant of Diethylene Glycol Monobutyl Ether (DEGBE) showed higher enhancement effect, while increasing the loading dose from 0.5% to 5% further increased the flux about 2.1-fold and shortened the lag time. CONCLUSION The drug-loaded experimental formulation did not cause skin irritation and had good stability at 20ºC and 40ºC storage for at least 3 months. The result showed that gel-based microemulsion formulation could be a promising approach for topical administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Wen Fang
- Division of Pharmacy, Zuoying Branch of Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, 553 Junxiao Road, Kaohsiung City 813, Taiwan, China
| | - Ling-Chun Tsai
- School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan, China
| | - Yaw-Syan Fu
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan, China
| | - Ting-Yu Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan, China
| | - Pao-Chu Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan, China.,Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan, China
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6
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Cobos-Puc L, Rodríguez-Herrera R, Cano-Cabrera JC, Aguayo-Morales H, Silva-Belmares SY, Gallegos ACF, Hernández JLM. Classical and New Pharmaceutical Uses of Bacterial Penicillin G Acylase. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2019; 21:287-297. [PMID: 31713475 DOI: 10.2174/1389201020666191111151642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND β-lactam antibiotics are the most used worldwide for the treatment of bacterial infections. The consumption of these classes of drugs is high, and it is increasing around the world. To date, the best way to produce them is using penicillin G Acylase (PGA) as a biocatalyst. OBJECTIVE This manuscript offers an overview of the most recent advances in the current tools to improve the activity of the PGA and its pharmaceutical application. RESULTS Several microorganisms produce PGA, but some bacterial strains represent the primary source of this enzyme. The activity of bacterial PGA depends on its adequate expression and carbon or nitrogen source, as well as a specific pH or temperature depending on the nature of the PGA. Additionally, the PGA activity can be enhanced by immobilizing it to a solid support to recycle it for a prolonged time. Likewise, PGAs more stable and with higher activity are obtained from bacterial hosts genetically modified. CONCLUSION PGA is used to produce b-lactam antibiotics. However, this enzyme has pharmaceutical potential to be used to obtain critical molecules for the synthesis of anti-tumor, antiplatelet, antiemetic, antidepressive, anti-retroviral, antioxidant, and antimutagenic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Cobos-Puc
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Autonomous University of Coahuila, Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico
| | - Raúl Rodríguez-Herrera
- Department of Food Research, Faculty of Chemistry, Autonomous University of Coahuila, Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico
| | - Juan C Cano-Cabrera
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Autonomous University of Coahuila, Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico
| | - Hilda Aguayo-Morales
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Autonomous University of Coahuila, Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico
| | - Sonia Y Silva-Belmares
- Department of Food Research, Faculty of Chemistry, Autonomous University of Coahuila, Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico
| | - Adriana C F Gallegos
- Department of Food Research, Faculty of Chemistry, Autonomous University of Coahuila, Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico
| | - José L M Hernández
- Department of Food Research, Faculty of Chemistry, Autonomous University of Coahuila, Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico
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7
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Poly-lysine supported cross-linked enzyme aggregates of penicillin G acylase and its application in synthesis of β-lactam antibiotics. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 140:423-428. [PMID: 31381925 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Penicillin G acylase (PGA) from Providencia rettgeri PX04 (PrPGA) was utilized to synthesize β-lactam antibiotics. Poly-lysine supported cross-linked enzyme aggregates (PL-CLEAs) were prepared using PGA. Addition of poly-lysine significantly increased retention of PGA activity in CLEAs, with a decrease in the synthesis/hydrolysis (S/H) ratio. PL-CLEAs with 0.56 mg/mL poly-lysine retained 83% of free PGA activity, and displayed a higher S/H ratio than that of the free enzyme. Both PL-CLEAs and CLEAs exhibited high pH and thermal stabilities. PL-CLEAs possessed the best stability profile, and the lowest α value [(kcat/Km)Ps/(kcat/Km)AD], and was most effective at amoxicillin synthesis. A >94% yield of amoxicillin was achieved using a D-HPGME/6-APA ratio of 1.2:1 (240 mM, 200 mM), with fed-batch addition of D-HPGME. PL-CLEAs displayed excellent operational stability during amoxicillin synthesis. Over 97% of initial conversion was retained after twenty rounds of catalysis. PL-CLEAs exhibited greater potency than CLEAs in practical catalysis, permitting a higher concentration of reactants.
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8
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Continuous reactive crystallization of β-lactam antibiotics catalyzed by penicillin G acylase. Part I: Model development. Comput Chem Eng 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compchemeng.2018.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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9
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Deng S, Ma X, Sun M, Wei D, Su E. Efficient enzymatic synthesis of ampicillin using mutant Penicillin G acylase with bio-based solvent glycerol. CATAL COMMUN 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.catcom.2016.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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10
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Deng S, Ma X, Su E, Wei D. Efficient cascade synthesis of ampicillin from penicillin G potassium salt using wild and mutant penicillin G acylase from Alcaligenes faecalis. J Biotechnol 2016; 219:142-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2015.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Isogai Y, Nakayama K. Alteration of substrate selection of antibiotic acylase from β-lactam to echinocandin. Protein Eng Des Sel 2015; 29:49-56. [PMID: 26590167 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzv059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The antibiotic acylases belonging to the N-terminal nucleophile hydrolase superfamily are key enzymes for the industrial production of antibiotic drugs. Cephalosporin acylase (CA) and penicillin G acylase (PGA) are two of the most intensively studied enzymes that catalyze the deacylation of β-lactam antibiotics. On the other hand, aculeacin A acylase (AAC) is known to be an alternative acylase class catalyzing the deacylation of echinocandin or cyclic lipopeptide antibiotic compounds, but its structural and enzymatic properties remain to be explored. In the present study, 3D homology models of AAC were constructed, and docking simulation with substrate ligands was performed for AAC, as well as for CA and PGA. The docking models of AAC with aculeacin A suggest that AAC has the deep narrow binding pocket for the long-chain fatty acyl group of the echinocandin molecule. To confirm this, CA mutants have been designed to form the binding pocket for the long acyl chain. Experimentally synthesized mutant enzymes exhibited lower enzymatic activity for cephalosporin but higher activity for aculeacin A, in comparison with the wild-type enzyme. The present results have clarified the difference in mechanisms of substrate selection between the β-lactam and echinocandin acylases and demonstrate the usefulness of the computational approaches for engineering the enzymatic properties of antibiotic acylases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Isogai
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan
| | - Kazuki Nakayama
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan Present address: Fujiyakuhin Co., Ltd, Itakura 682, Toyama, Toyama 939-2721, Japan
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Chand D, Varshney N, Ramasamy S, Panigrahi P, Brannigan JA, Wilkinson AJ, Suresh CG. Structure mediation in substrate binding and post-translational processing of penicillin acylases: Information from mutant structures of Kluyvera citrophila penicillin G acylase. Protein Sci 2015; 24:1660-70. [PMID: 26243007 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Penicillin acylases are industrially important enzymes for the production of 6-APA, which is used extensively in the synthesis of secondary antibiotics. The enzyme translates into an inactive single chain precursor that subsequently gets processed by the removal of a spacer peptide connecting the chains of the mature active heterodimer. We have cloned the penicillin G acylase from Kluyvera citrophila (KcPGA) and prepared two mutants by site-directed mutagenesis. Replacement of N-terminal serine of the β-subunit with cysteine (Serβ1Cys) resulted in a fully processed but inactive enzyme. The second mutant in which this serine is replaced by glycine (Serβ1Gly) remained in the unprocessed and inactive form. The crystals of both mutants belonged to space group P1 with four molecules in the asymmetric unit. The three-dimensional structures of these mutants were refined at resolutions 2.8 and 2.5 Å, respectively. Comparison of these structures with similar structures of Escherichia coli PGA (EcPGA) revealed various conformational changes that lead to autocatalytic processing and consequent removal of the spacer peptide. The large displacements of residues such as Arg168 and Arg477 toward the N-terminal cleavage site of the spacer peptide or the conformational changes of Arg145 and Phe146 near the active site in these structures suggested probable steps in the processing dynamics. A comparison between the structures of the processed Serβ1Cys mutant and that of the processed form of EcPGA showed conformational differences in residues Argα145, Pheα146, and Pheβ24 at the substrate binding pocket. Three conformational transitions of Argα145 and Pheα146 residues were seen when processed and unprocessed forms of KcPGA were compared with the substrate bound structure of EcPGA. Structure mediation in activity difference between KcPGA and EcPGA toward acyl homoserine lactone (AHL) is elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Chand
- Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008, India
| | - NishantKumar Varshney
- Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008, India
| | - Sureshkumar Ramasamy
- Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008, India
| | - Priyabrata Panigrahi
- Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008, India
| | - James A Brannigan
- Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, Heslington, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony J Wilkinson
- Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, Heslington, United Kingdom
| | - C G Suresh
- Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008, India
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Deng S, Su E, Ma X, Yang S, Wei D. Efficient enzymatic synthesis of ampicillin by mutant Alcaligenes faecalis penicillin G acylase. J Biotechnol 2015; 199:62-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Suplatov D, Panin N, Kirilin E, Shcherbakova T, Kudryavtsev P, Svedas V. Computational design of a pH stable enzyme: understanding molecular mechanism of penicillin acylase's adaptation to alkaline conditions. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100643. [PMID: 24959852 PMCID: PMC4069103 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein stability provides advantageous development of novel properties and can be crucial in affording tolerance to mutations that introduce functionally preferential phenotypes. Consequently, understanding the determining factors for protein stability is important for the study of structure-function relationship and design of novel protein functions. Thermal stability has been extensively studied in connection with practical application of biocatalysts. However, little work has been done to explore the mechanism of pH-dependent inactivation. In this study, bioinformatic analysis of the Ntn-hydrolase superfamily was performed to identify functionally important subfamily-specific positions in protein structures. Furthermore, the involvement of these positions in pH-induced inactivation was studied. The conformational mobility of penicillin acylase in Escherichia coli was analyzed through molecular modeling in neutral and alkaline conditions. Two functionally important subfamily-specific residues, Gluβ482 and Aspβ484, were found. Ionization of these residues at alkaline pH promoted the collapse of a buried network of stabilizing interactions that consequently disrupted the functional protein conformation. The subfamily-specific position Aspβ484 was selected as a hotspot for mutation to engineer enzyme variant tolerant to alkaline medium. The corresponding Dβ484N mutant was produced and showed 9-fold increase in stability at alkaline conditions. Bioinformatic analysis of subfamily-specific positions can be further explored to study mechanisms of protein inactivation and to design more stable variants for the engineering of homologous Ntn-hydrolases with improved catalytic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Suplatov
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Belozersky Institute of Physicochemical Biology and Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikolay Panin
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Belozersky Institute of Physicochemical Biology and Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Evgeny Kirilin
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Belozersky Institute of Physicochemical Biology and Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatyana Shcherbakova
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Belozersky Institute of Physicochemical Biology and Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Pavel Kudryavtsev
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Belozersky Institute of Physicochemical Biology and Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vytas Svedas
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Belozersky Institute of Physicochemical Biology and Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Moscow, Russia
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Current state and perspectives of penicillin G acylase-based biocatalyses. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:2867-79. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5492-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Grulich M, Štěpánek V, Kyslík P. Perspectives and industrial potential of PGA selectivity and promiscuity. Biotechnol Adv 2013; 31:1458-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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17
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Reetz MT. Biocatalysis in organic chemistry and biotechnology: past, present, and future. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:12480-96. [PMID: 23930719 DOI: 10.1021/ja405051f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 522] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Enzymes as catalysts in synthetic organic chemistry gained importance in the latter half of the 20th century, but nevertheless suffered from two major limitations. First, many enzymes were not accessible in large enough quantities for practical applications. The advent of recombinant DNA technology changed this dramatically in the late 1970s. Second, many enzymes showed a narrow substrate scope, often poor stereo- and/or regioselectivity and/or insufficient stability under operating conditions. With the development of directed evolution beginning in the 1990s and continuing to the present day, all of these problems can be addressed and generally solved. The present Perspective focuses on these and other developments which have popularized enzymes as part of the toolkit of synthetic organic chemists and biotechnologists. Included is a discussion of the scope and limitation of cascade reactions using enzyme mixtures in vitro and of metabolic engineering of pathways in cells as factories for the production of simple compounds such as biofuels and complex natural products. Future trends and problems are also highlighted, as is the discussion concerning biocatalysis versus nonbiological catalysis in synthetic organic chemistry. This Perspective does not constitute a comprehensive review, and therefore the author apologizes to those researchers whose work is not specifically treated here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred T Reetz
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein Strasse, 35032 Marburg, Germany.
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Wang B, Liu Y, Zhang D, Feng Y, Li J. Efficient kinetic resolution of amino acids catalyzed by lipase AS ‘Amano’ via cleavage of an amide bond. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2012.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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