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Banach JK, Żywica R, Grzywińska-Rąpca M, Grzybowska-Brzezińska M. Determining the Possibilities of Reducing Visible Quality Defects in Commercial Elements of Turkey Carcasses Using an Alternative Stunning Device. Foods 2023; 12:3141. [PMID: 37685074 PMCID: PMC10486589 DOI: 10.3390/foods12173141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of the quality and commercial value of poultry meat is related to the formation of visible quality defects (hemorrhages) in muscles during the first stage of production (stunning). The production of meat with an unusual appearance for the consumers affects their purchasing decisions and, consequently, the company's economics. The aim of this research was to determine the possibility of reducing visible quality defects (large and small hemorrhages) in commercial turkey carcass elements (fillet, loin, wing) using an alternative device (AD) for the electrical stunning of animals in comparison to the quality effects obtained using the conventional device (CD) in plant X. The factors differentiating the experiment were the electrical current frequency (AD: 125, 400, 800, and 1600 Hz; CD: 50 Hz) and process time (9 and 18 s). The increase in electrical current frequency used in the alternative device stunner (own construction) resulted in changing the percentage share of defective turkey meat production. The greatest reduction of minor and severe meat defects and improvement of its quality were obtained for the alternative device at f = 800 Hz and t = 9 s-considered optimal for specific industrial conditions. Extending the time of stunning turkeys to 18 s had a positive effect on visible quality defects in the evaluated commercial elements of the carcass; however, its application in practice will depend on the efficiency of the slaughter line of the plant. A comparative analysis of the results of the impact of the frequency of electric current in the alternative device and plant X on the improvement of meat quality showed a justified need to commercialize the research results and replace the device currently used in the plant with an alternative one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Katarzyna Banach
- Institute of Management and Quality Sciences, Faculty of Economics, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Ryszard Żywica
- Institute of Management and Quality Sciences, Faculty of Economics, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Małgorzata Grzywińska-Rąpca
- Department of Market and Consumption, Institute of Economics and Finance, Faculty of Economics, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-720 Olsztyn, Poland; (M.G.-R.); (M.G.-B.)
| | - Mariola Grzybowska-Brzezińska
- Department of Market and Consumption, Institute of Economics and Finance, Faculty of Economics, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-720 Olsztyn, Poland; (M.G.-R.); (M.G.-B.)
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Saputra F, Lai YH, Fernandez RAT, Macabeo APG, Lai HT, Huang JC, Hsiao CD. Acute and Sub-Chronic Exposure to Artificial Sweeteners at the Highest Environmentally Relevant Concentration Induce Less Cardiovascular Physiology Alterations in Zebrafish Larvae. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:548. [PMID: 34207293 PMCID: PMC8233861 DOI: 10.3390/biology10060548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Artificial sweeteners are widely used food ingredients in beverages and drinks to lower calorie intake which in turn helps prevent lifestyle diseases such as obesity. However, as their popularity has increased, the release of artificial sweetener to the aquatic environment has also increased at a tremendous rate. Thus, our study aims to systematically explore the potential cardiovascular physiology alterations caused by eight commercial artificial sweeteners, including acesulfame-K, alitame, aspartame, sodium cyclamate, dulcin, neotame, saccharine and sucralose, at the highest environmentally relevant concentration on cardiovascular performance using zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a model system. Embryonic zebrafish were exposed to the eight artificial sweeteners at 100 ppb and their cardiovascular performance (heart rate, ejection fraction, fractional shortening, stroke volume, cardiac output, heartbeat variability, and blood flow velocity) was measured and compared. Overall, our finding supports the safety of artificial sweetener exposure. However, several finding like a significant increase in the heart rate and heart rate variability after incubation in several artificial sweeteners are noteworthy. Biomarker testing also revealed that saccharine significantly increase the dopamine level in zebrafish larvae, which is might be the reason for the cardiac physiology changes observed after saccharine exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferry Saputra
- Department of Bioscience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 320314, Taiwan;
| | - Yu-Heng Lai
- Department of Chemistry, Chinese Culture University, Taipei 11114, Taiwan;
| | - Rey Arturo T. Fernandez
- Laboratory for Organic Reactivity, Discovery and Synthesis (LORDS), Research Center for the Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Santo Tomas, Espana St., Manila 1015, Philippines; (R.A.T.F.); (A.P.G.M.)
| | - Allan Patrick G. Macabeo
- Laboratory for Organic Reactivity, Discovery and Synthesis (LORDS), Research Center for the Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Santo Tomas, Espana St., Manila 1015, Philippines; (R.A.T.F.); (A.P.G.M.)
| | - Hong-Thih Lai
- Department of Aquatic Biosciences, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 600355, Taiwan
| | - Jong-Chin Huang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Pingtung University, Pingtung 90003, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Der Hsiao
- Department of Bioscience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 320314, Taiwan;
- Center for Nanotechnology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 320314, Taiwan
- Research Center for Aquatic Toxicology and Pharmacology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 320314, Taiwan
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Head-Only Stunning of Turkeys Part 1: The Minimum Voltage Necessary to Break Down the Inherent High Resistance. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10122427. [PMID: 33352950 PMCID: PMC7766315 DOI: 10.3390/ani10122427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Pre-slaughter stunning is required for the humane slaughter of turkeys. For the head-only electrical stunning to be effective, the impedance (resistance) in the tissue of the head of the animal between the two electrodes must be overcome by the level of the voltage used. We have assessed the most appropriate voltage to effectively overcome the impedance and provide an effective stun, and that is also safe for the operator to use. Sinusoidal AC at 150 V and 50 Hz was considered to fulfil those requirements and was used for further testing. Abstract Pre-slaughter stunning is required for humane slaughter. For turkeys, head-only electrical stunning is most often used by small scale producers. To ensure immediate and effective stunning, the impedance (resistance) of the tissue of the head of the animal situated between the two electrodes needs to be overcome swiftly. The impedance is a function of the voltage and decreases non-linearly with increasing voltage. In this paper, we describe a method to assess the minimum voltage needed at which the impedance no longer decreases, that is likely to produce an effective stun. For ethical reasons, gas stunned, electrically naïve turkeys were used to measure impedance at various levels of voltage and current. Several combinations of voltage and frequency, alternate current (AC), direct current (DC) and pulsed DC, were identified that would be sufficient to achieve the maximum decrease in the impedance, and therefore would allow the highest current and the most effective stun. A minimum, expressed as Root Mean Squared voltage, of 150 V and 50 Hz. would be required in AC, 175 V in pulsed DC at 30% cycle (150 at 50% cycle), and 225 V if voltage spikes of very short duration were used. Sinusoidal AC applied at 150 V, 50 Hz was selected for further testing.
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Verhoeven MTW, Gerritzen MA, Hellebrekers LJ, Kemp B. Indicators used in livestock to assess unconsciousness after stunning: a review. Animal 2015; 9:320-30. [PMID: 25354537 PMCID: PMC4299535 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731114002596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Assessing unconsciousness is important to safeguard animal welfare shortly after stunning at the slaughter plant. Indicators that can be visually evaluated are most often used when assessing unconsciousness, as they can be easily applied in slaughter plants. These indicators include reflexes originating from the brain stem (e.g. eye reflexes) or from the spinal cord (e.g. pedal reflex) and behavioural indicators such as loss of posture, vocalisations and rhythmic breathing. When physically stunning an animal, for example, captive bolt, most important indicators looked at are posture, righting reflex, rhythmic breathing and the corneal or palpebral reflex that should all be absent if the animal is unconscious. Spinal reflexes are difficult as a measure of unconsciousness with this type of stunning, as they may occur more vigorous. For stunning methods that do not physically destroy the brain, for example, electrical and gas stunning, most important indicators looked at are posture, righting reflex, natural blinking response, rhythmic breathing, vocalisations and focused eye movement that should all be absent if the animal is unconscious. Brain stem reflexes such as the cornea reflex are difficult as measures of unconsciousness in electrically stunned animals, as they may reflect residual brain stem activity and not necessarily consciousness. Under commercial conditions, none of the indicators mentioned above should be used as a single indicator to determine unconsciousness after stunning. Multiple indicators should be used to determine unconsciousness and sufficient time should be left for the animal to die following exsanguination before starting invasive dressing procedures such as scalding or skinning. The recording and subsequent assessment of brain activity, as presented in an electroencephalogram (EEG), is considered the most objective way to assess unconsciousness compared with reflexes and behavioural indicators, but is only applied in experimental set-ups. Studies performed in an experimental set-up have often looked at either the EEG or reflexes and behavioural indicators and there is a scarcity of studies that correlate these different readout parameters. It is recommended to study these correlations in more detail to investigate the validity of reflexes and behavioural indicators and to accurately determine the point in time at which the animal loses consciousness.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. T. W. Verhoeven
- Wageningen University and Research Centre, Livestock
Research, PO Box 65, 8200 AB
Lelystad, The Netherlands
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal
Sciences, Wageningen University, PO Box
338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The
Netherlands
| | - M. A. Gerritzen
- Wageningen University and Research Centre, Livestock
Research, PO Box 65, 8200 AB
Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - L. J. Hellebrekers
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht
University, PO Box 80154, 3508 TD
Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - B. Kemp
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal
Sciences, Wageningen University, PO Box
338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The
Netherlands
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Algers B, Anil H, Blokhuis H, Fuchs K, Hultgren J, Lambooij B, Nunes T, Paulsen P, Smulders F. Project to develop Animal Welfare Risk Assessment Guidelines on Stunning and Killing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.2903/sp.efsa.2009.en-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Algers
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences
| | - Haluk Anil
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences
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Recent concerns about stunning and slaughter. Meat Sci 2005; 70:481-91. [PMID: 22063747 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2004.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2004] [Revised: 05/25/2004] [Accepted: 06/06/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This review summarises information that is relevant to concerns that have recently been expressed about stunning and slaughter. It is known that captive bolt stunning can result in brain material passing to the lungs via the jugular veins. If future studies show that BSE prions pass beyond the lungs to the edible carcass, there will be a move away from captive bolt stunning in large cattle towards electrical stunning. Greater use of electrical stunning in large cattle will increase the importance of blood splash in the beef industry. The theoretical causes of blood splash are reviewed to improve our understanding of this problem. In some situations it can be due to excessive venous pressure causing rupture of a capillary bed some distance from the source of the pressure rise, but it is not known whether this applies to electrical stunning. Gas stunning is replacing electrical stunning for poultry because it can reduce blood spots, which is a similar condition to blood splash. Several gas stunning methods are now being used, but it is not clear which of these is the most humane. Anoxic stunning leads to carcass convulsions and this causes more carcass damage. In fish, recent developments in electrical stunning are showing promise in overcoming problems with carcass damage. It is recommended that rock lobsters should be chilled or frozen before butchery, to ensure a humane death.
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Turcsán Z, Varga L, Szigeti J, Turcsán J, Csurák I, Szalai M. Effects of electrical stunning frequency and voltage combinations on the presence of engorged blood vessels in goose liver. Poult Sci 2003; 82:1816-9. [PMID: 14653479 DOI: 10.1093/ps/82.11.1816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of nine electrical stunning methods using various frequency and voltage combinations on the occurrence of engorged blood vessels in goose liver. Two hundred seventy Gourmaud geese (liver-type line SI 14) were slaughtered at 12 wk of age, in groups of 90 at three different times. Thirty birds each were subjected to one of the nine stunning methods. Neck cutting was performed immediately after stunning. The duration of exsanguination was 11 min. After completion of bleeding, the birds were scalded, defeathered manually, and kept refrigerated. At 1 d postmortem, the carcasses were eviscerated and cut up. From the slaughterhouse, the livers chilled in ice were transported to the cannery where they were weighed and graded at 2 d postmortem and were further processed. All of the veins and capillaries full of blood were removed from livers, because their presence was a hazard to product quality by causing discoloration of the canned liver, and the percentage of liver weight loss was then determined. The loss in liver weight due to removal of engorged blood vessels was reduced (P < 0.05) at 350 Hz, 70 to 90 V, and 80 to 85 mA when compared to the results obtained with any other stunning method tested. It was concluded that the use of high-frequency currents for electrical stunning of liver geese might have considerable commercial advantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zs Turcsán
- Merian Orosháza Inc., 5900 Orosháza, Hungary
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