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Pourazadi Z, Salari S, Tabandeh MR, Abdollahi MR. Insoluble fibre and enzyme supplementation in mash or pellets diets on growth performance, apparent ileal digestibility and intestinal morphology of broiler chickens fed barley containing diets. Vet Med Sci 2024; 10:e1399. [PMID: 38419291 PMCID: PMC10902562 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enzyme supplementation and the inclusion of fibre in the barley-based diets have been some of the alternatives proposed to improve productivity in the absence of growth promoters. OBJECTIVE This study was performed to investigate the effect of adding sunflower hulls (SFH), a multi-enzyme carbohydrate, and feed forms (mash and pellet) on performance and some physiological parameters in broiler chickens fed barley containing diets. METHODS Treatments were two feed forms (mash vs. pelleted), and four diets consisted of a barley-based diet (control, CTL) or test diets which contained either SFH at 30 g/kg, enzyme (ENZ; 0.2 g/kg) or combination of SFH and enzyme (SFH + ENZ). RESULTS The results showed that average daily feed intake and average daily gain were significantly increased in chickens that were fed ENZ (p < 0.05). The highest digestibility of ether extract (EE) was observed in the treatment containing SFH and SFH + ENZ (p < 0.05). The highest population of Lactobacillus spp. was observed in the treatment containing SFH (p < 0.05). The villus height and villus height to crypt depth ratios of duodenum and jejunum were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in broilers fed pellet diets compared to the mash. CONCLUSION It can be concluded that pellet diets reduce digesta viscosity and harmful microorganisms (Escherichia coli), increase growth performance, and improve intestinal morphology in barley-based diets. Moreover, SFH and ENZ had favourable effects on EE digestibility and caecal microbial population of broilers fed with barley containing diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Pourazadi
- Department of Animal Science, Animal Science and Food Technology FacultyAgricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of KhuzestanAhvazIran
| | - Somayyeh Salari
- Department of Animal Science, Animal Science and Food Technology FacultyAgricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of KhuzestanAhvazIran
| | - Mohammad Reza Tabandeh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular, Veterinary Medicine FacultyShahid Chamran University of AhvazAhvazIran
| | - Mohammad Reza Abdollahi
- Monogastric Research Centre, School of Agriculture and EnvironmentMassey UniversityPalmerston NorthNew Zealand
- A2Z Poultry Feed DynamikZVilleurbanneFrance
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Nguyen Van D, Moula N, Moyse E, Do Duc L, Vu Dinh T, Farnir F. Productive performance and egg and meat quality of two indigenous poultry breeds in Vietnam, Ho and Dong Tao, fed on commercial feed. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10030408. [PMID: 32121548 PMCID: PMC7143232 DOI: 10.3390/ani10030408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this work was the evaluation of the meat production and laying performances, and the meat and egg quality of two breeds of Vietnamese broiler chickens, Ho and Dong Tao, fed on a commercial diet. In a survey, we continuously recorded for 28 weeks, the data on the production performance and meat quality of 250 chicks from each breed. We investigated egg laying and egg quality using 36 Ho and 32 Dong Tao hens during 52 weeks of laying. The growth patterns were similar for the two breeds. Feed conversion ratios were also similar, and demonstrated the low efficiency of these two breeds when compared to commercial broilers. Slaughter age proved to affect several carcass yield characteristics, showing that slaughtering between 16 and 20 weeks might be better than at the usual age of 28 weeks. Yield, carcass composition and meat quality differed between the two studied breeds. The eggs production and number of embryonated eggs were low for the two breeds when compared to other breeds, with a lower hatching performance in Ho than in Dong Tao. In summary, the production performances of Ho and Dong Tao chickens were low, even when birds were fed a commercial diet. The study demonstrates the need to find ways to improve the production and reproduction performances of these animals, in order to contribute to the program of conservation and exploitation of these two breeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duy Nguyen Van
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research on Rural Development, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Trau Quy, Gia Lam, Hanoi 100803, Vietnam;
- Fundamental and Applied Research in Animal and Health (FARAH) Department of Veterinary Management of Animal Resources, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Liege 4000, Belgium; (N.M.); (E.M.)
| | - Nassim Moula
- Fundamental and Applied Research in Animal and Health (FARAH) Department of Veterinary Management of Animal Resources, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Liege 4000, Belgium; (N.M.); (E.M.)
| | - Evelyne Moyse
- Fundamental and Applied Research in Animal and Health (FARAH) Department of Veterinary Management of Animal Resources, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Liege 4000, Belgium; (N.M.); (E.M.)
| | - Luc Do Duc
- Faculty of Animal Science, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Trau Quy, Gia Lam, Hanoi 100803, Vietnam;
| | - Ton Vu Dinh
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research on Rural Development, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Trau Quy, Gia Lam, Hanoi 100803, Vietnam;
- Faculty of Animal Science, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Trau Quy, Gia Lam, Hanoi 100803, Vietnam;
- Correspondence: (T.V.D.); (F.F.)
| | - Frederic Farnir
- Fundamental and Applied Research in Animal and Health (FARAH) Department of Veterinary Management of Animal Resources, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Liege 4000, Belgium; (N.M.); (E.M.)
- Correspondence: (T.V.D.); (F.F.)
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Renema R, Robinson F. Defining normal: comparison of feed restriction and full feeding of female broiler breeders. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2019. [DOI: 10.1079/wps200434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R.A. Renema
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T5G 2P5
| | - F.E. Robinson
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T5G 2P5
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Genetic Determinism of Fearfulness, General Activity and Feeding Behavior in Chickens and Its Relationship with Digestive Efficiency. Behav Genet 2016; 47:114-124. [PMID: 27604231 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-016-9807-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The genetic relationships between behavior and digestive efficiency were studied in 860 chickens from a cross between two lines divergently selected on digestive efficiency. At 2 weeks of age each chick was video-recorded in the home pen to characterize general activity and feeding behavior. Tonic immobility and open-field tests were also carried out individually to evaluate emotional reactivity (i.e. the propensity to express fear responses). Digestive efficiency was measured at 3 weeks. Genetic parameters of behavior traits were estimated. Birds were genotyped on 3379 SNP markers to detect QTLs. Heritabilities of behavioral traits were low, apart from tonic immobility (0.17-0.18) and maximum meal length (0.14). The genetic correlations indicated that the most efficient birds fed more frequently and were less fearful. We detected 14 QTL (9 for feeding behavior, 3 for tonic immobility, 2 for frequency of lying). Nine of them co-localized with QTL for efficiency, anatomy of the digestive tract, feed intake or microbiota composition. Four genes involved in fear reactions were identified in the QTL for tonic immobility on GGA1.
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Romero LF, Zuidhof MJ, Renema RA, Naeima A, Robinson FE. Effects of maternal energy efficiency on broiler chicken growth, feed conversion, residual feed intake, and residual maintenance metabolizable energy requirements. Poult Sci 2012; 90:2904-12. [PMID: 22080032 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2011-01665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of maternal energy efficiency on broiler chicken growth and energy efficiency from 7 to 40 d of age. Residual feed intake (RFI) and residual maintenance ME requirement (RME) were used to measure energetic efficiency. Residual feed intake was defined as the difference between observed and predicted ME intake, and RME(m) as the difference between observed and predicted maintenance ME requirements. A total of 144 Ross-708 broiler breeder pullets were placed in individual laying cages at 16 wk of age. Hens with the greatest RFI (n = 32) and lowest RFI (n = 32) values from 20 to 56 wk of age were selected (maternal RFI; RFI(mat)). Selected hens were retrospectively assigned to a high- or low-RME(m) category (maternal RME(m); RME(mmat)). At 59 wk, eggs were collected for 8 d and pedigree hatched. A total of 338 broilers grouped by dam and sex were raised in 128 cages where feed intake, BW, and temperature were recorded from 7 to 40 d to calculate broiler feed conversion ratios, RFI, and RME(m). The design was a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial with 2 levels of RFI(mat), 2 levels of RME(mmat), and 2 sexes. Neither the RFI(mat) nor RME(mmat) category affected broiler offpring BW or total conversion ratio. The high-RFI(mat) × low-RME(mmat) broilers had decreased growth to 40 d. Low-RFI(mat) × low-RME(mmat) broilers had a lower RME(m) (-5.93 kcal of ME/kg(0.60) per day) and RFI (-0.86 kcal of ME/d) than high-RFI(mat) × low-RME(mmat) broilers (RME(m) = 1.70 kcal of ME/kg(0.60) per day; RFI = 0.38 kcal of ME/d). Overall, hens with low maintenance requirements (low RME(m)) produced more efficient broilers when other efficiency related traits, represented in a lower RFI, were present. Exclusion of high-RFI × low-RME(m) hens from selection programs may improve energy efficiency at the broiler level. The RME(m) methodology is a viable alternative to evaluate energy efficiency in broilers because it avoids confounding environmental effects and allows measurement standardization.
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Skinner-Noble DO, Teeter RG. An examination of anatomic, physiologic, and metabolic factors associated with well-being of broilers differing in field gait score. Poult Sci 2009; 88:2-9. [PMID: 19096050 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2006-00450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An experiment was conducted to evaluate potential differences for indicators of well-being in birds classified as having field gait score (FGS)2 and 3 and to evaluate potential causal factors affecting gait score. In 2 trials, birds with FGS2 and FGS3 were similar for most broiler traits (BW, feed conversion ratio) and fearfulness. Birds with FGS3, however, had improved breast conformation score in both studies and greater breast angle in the second trial compared with birds with FGS2. This improved breast conformation, along with differing ratios of length (hip to neck/hip to tail; P < 0.05), appears to be highly related to gait score. In other words, varying a bird's physical proportions necessitates that the bird's gait changes to maintain center of gravity during locomotion. In trial 2, behaviors were measured to determine if gait score affected behavior. Birds with FGS3 rested more and stood less than those with FGS2. Similar pathological analysis and heterophil:lymphocyte ratio suggest that gait score differences are not due to increased physiological stress or stress-associated pain. The lack of difference in heterophil:lymphocyte ratio, respiratory quotient, and pathology, combined with differing ratios of body proportions and anatomical length ratios, suggests that behavior and gait differences between birds with differing FGS occur with similar levels of well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- D O Skinner-Noble
- Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater 74078-6062, OK, USA.
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Romero LF, Zuidhof MJ, Renema RA, Naeima AN, Robinson F. Effects of maternal energetic efficiency on egg traits, chick traits, broiler growth, yield, and meat quality. Poult Sci 2009; 88:236-45. [PMID: 19096079 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2008-00151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study assessed egg traits, chick traits, growth, yield, and meat quality characteristics of the offspring from broiler breeders classified by 2 measurements of energetic efficiency: residual feed intake (RFI), defined as the difference between observed and expected ME intake, and residual maintenance requirement (RME(m)), defined as the residual of the relationship between hen maintenance requirement and feed intake. A group of 72 pullets were placed in laying cages from 16 to 60 wk of age. Individual hen-based feed allocation was provided following a standard BW target. At 41wk, eggs from 8 d of production were collected and pedigree hatched. Chicks were assigned to 1 of 3 maternal RFI (RFI(mat)) categories: low, average, and high. A total of 366 chicks were placed in 36 floor pens, 6 per sex x RFI(mat) interaction, and raised to 38 d. At the end of the breeder experiment (60 wk), broilers were retrospectively assigned to a low or high maternal RME(m) (RME(mmat)) category. Low RFI(mat) broilers had greater 38-d BW than average and high RFI(mat) broilers. That was achieved through a greater BW gain and feed intake of low RFI(mat) broilers from 21 to 28 d. It was found that RFI(mat) had no effect on feed conversion, yield, or meat quality characteristics. Low RME(m) hens produced heavier eggs (62.3 g) and chicks (42.5 g) than high RME(m) hens (60.0 g; 41.0 g), but RME(mmat) did not affect broiler 38-d BW. High RME(mmat) broilers had greater breast yield (29.5%) and lower breast shear force (4.7 kg of force/g) than low RME(mmat) broilers (28.5%; 5.6 kg of force/g). The low RFI(mat) x high RME(mmat) broilers had the greatest growth to 38 d. It was found that RFI(mat) was inversely related to broiler growth, particularly when RME(mmat) was high. Although low maintenance requirements may be desirable for egg and chick production, hens with a high maintenance requirement produced broilers with greater breast yield and tenderness. Minimizing maintenance requirements may not be compatible with maximizing broiler performance and meat yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- L F Romero
- University of Alberta, Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, Agriculture/Forestry Centre, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada
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DECUYPERE E, HOCKING P, TONA K, ONAGBESAN O, BRUGGEMAN V, JONES E, CASSY S, RIDEAU N, METAYER S, JEGO Y, PUTTERFLAM J, TESSERAUD S, COLLIN A, DUCLOS M, TREVIDY J, WILLIAMS J. Broiler breeder paradox: a project report. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2006. [DOI: 10.1079/wps2005107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Puterflam J, Merlet F, Faure JM, Hocking PM, Picard M. Effects of genotype and feed restriction on the time-budgets of broiler breeders at different ages. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2005.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Quentin M, Bouvarel I, Picard M. Short- and Long-Term Effects of Feed Form on Fast- and Slow-Growing Broilers. J APPL POULTRY RES 2004. [DOI: 10.1093/japr/13.4.540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Skinner-Noble DO, Teeter RG. Components of feed efficiency in broiler breeding stock: influence of water intake and gastrointestinal contents. Poult Sci 2004; 83:1260-3. [PMID: 15338999 DOI: 10.1093/ps/83.8.1260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
An experiment was conducted with 3 lines of broilers to evaluate the potential roles of water intake and fill of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract on feed conversion ratio (FCR) as measured in a 1-wk FCR test. Birds were reared to juvenile selection age (41 d) and subsequently selected, with the best 18 to 29% of male chicks placed into cages for FCR testing. Feed and water intake were highly correlated in all lines, with each in turn highly correlated with weight gain on test. Although filling of the GI tract differed between the top and bottom halves of the FCR distribution, FCR as measured and corrected for weight of GI tract contents were highly correlated (r = 0.59 to 0.93). Differences between FCR classes were striking for weight gain, but differences between FCR class groups were subtle for starting weight and feed intake. These subtle differences are difficult to detect in a single generation, but may add up through generations of selection. Based on the results of the current and previous studies, it appears that selection for improved FCR works at multiple levels to improve efficiency of feed conversion in broiler breeding stock.
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Affiliation(s)
- D O Skinner-Noble
- Oklahoma State University, Department of Animal Science, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, USA
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McKinney LJ, Teeter RG. Predicting Effective Caloric Value of Nonnutritive Factors: I. Pellet Quality and II. Prediction of Consequential Formulation Dead Zones. Poult Sci 2004; 83:1165-74. [PMID: 15285508 DOI: 10.1093/ps/83.7.1065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted with male broilers to 1) establish a methodology for predicting effective caloric value (ECV), defined as dietary caloric density (CD) necessary for broilers to achieve specific BW and feed conversion ratio (FCR) combinations under standardized conditions and 2) quantify the ECV attributable to pellet quality (PQ), defined as the pellet to pellet fines ratio in the feeder. In experiment 1, chicks were reared to 56 d on diets varying in CD. Dietary caloric densities examined ranged from 2,650 to 3,250 kcal of MEn/kg. Pen BW, feed intake, and FCR were measured at 21, 42, and 56 d. On 42 and 56 d, carcass traits were measured. Increasing CD significantly enhanced BW, energy consumption, and FCR. Feed intake remained similar across the upper 3 CD treatments to 42 d. By d 56, feed consumption tended to decline as CD increased. Increasing CD beyond 3,066 kcal of MEn/kg diet did not increase lean tissue accretion, while fat deposition rose disproportionately. Experiment 1 results enabled development of equations whereby CD, hence ECV, might be predicted using BW and FCR. In experiment 2, 38-d-old broilers were used to evaluate PQ effects on growth, feed intake, FCR, and behavior in a 7-d FCR assay. The BW gain and FCR were significantly enhanced by pelleting and were positively correlated with PQ. Feed intake was not affected by PQ. The experiment 1 model was validated for experiment 2, as it closely estimated the CD for diets of similar PQ used in experiment 1. Results suggest pelleting contributes 187 kcal/kg of diet at 100% PQ and that the ECV declines curvilinearly as PQ falls. Birds were observed eating less and resting more as PQ increased, suggesting that ECV of pelleting is mediated by energy expenditure for activity. These studies provide a method for estimating ECV of nonnutritive factors that impact BW, FCR, or both. Further, the application reveals potential for creation of formulation "dead zones" whereby dietary changes to enhance CD may be offset due to reduced ECV.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J McKinney
- Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, USA.
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Mignon-Grasteau S, Minvielle F. Relation between tonic immobility and production estimated by factorial correspondence analysis in Japanese quail. Poult Sci 2003; 82:1839-44. [PMID: 14717540 DOI: 10.1093/ps/82.12.1839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Duration of tonic immobility (TI) is a well-established criterion of fearfulness in birds, but its relation to production traits has been little studied. TI and 27 variables related to egg production and quality, feed consumption, and body condition were collected for 355 female Japanese quail. Experimental birds were the F2 generation from a reciprocal cross between a line selected for long TI and a line from a different origin and selected for early egg production. TI and several other variables had very asymetrical distributions so all variables were categorized, and the association between traits was studied by factorial correspondence analysis (FCA). Attributes of good versus poor layers were well separated by the FCA, but no association was obtained between TI and other traits on the primary axes of the FCA. Fearfulness, as measured by TI, was not related to levels of performance of egg laying quail. Secondary negative associations between TI and body temperature and between TI and residual feed consumption were obtained; however, they were marginal and need to be confirmed.
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Skinner-Noble DO, Teeter RG. Components of feed efficiency in broiler breeding stock: energetics, performance, carcass composition, metabolism, and body temperature. Poult Sci 2003; 82:1080-90. [PMID: 12872963 DOI: 10.1093/ps/82.7.1080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to identify factors influencing feed conversion in broilers. The first experiment was conducted to develop a test for body temperature (BT) under mild handling stress. In the first experiment, BT was recorded periodically with birds briefly restrained after they had been removed from feed with either continuous lighting or 16L:8D. Body temperature was affected by photoperiod and declined following feed removal. The second experiment was conducted to investigate metabolic-physiologic differences existing between good (G) and poor (P) converting broilers, initially classified in a commercial breeding company's feed conversion (FCR) test. Basal metabolic rate (BMR) and BT were measured at the beginning and end of the FCR test following appropriate time without feed. Heat production (HP) was recorded throughout the study both for BMR calculations and to measure net energy (NE). Excreta were collected for measurement of AME, and at study termination, birds were analyzed for carcass composition. The G and P converters, however, had similar BMR and feed consumption but differed in AME (58 kcal/kg) and total NE (184 kcal/kg). Generally, G and P broilers had similar starting BW, but the G broilers gained more weight on the same amount of feed than did P broilers. The two BT measurements recorded in the present study were correlated with each other. The BT was also correlated with subsequent gain and FCR, indicating potential use as an indicator trait for feed conversion. Further, the data indicated that processes other than basal metabolism (measured as average hourly HP) may impact FCR. These might include variability in fear response during BT measurement or variations in bird activity level.
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Affiliation(s)
- D O Skinner-Noble
- Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, USA
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