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Liu H, Zhang H, Chen Y, Zhang W, Su T, Wang J, Yin Z, Zhao X, Zhou X, Li L, Zou Y, Zhang Y, Song X. The growth-promoting effect of water extract of Chuanminshen violaceum stem and leaf on broilers. Poult Sci 2024; 103:104235. [PMID: 39241612 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.104235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2024] [Revised: 08/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Currently, developing nonantibiotic growth promoters is a broad consensus in broiler industry, which is one of the effective ways to reduce drug-resistant strains. Chuanminshen violaceum is a traditional Chinese medicinal herb that is commonly used for its roots, while the stems and leaves are often discarded, resulting in a huge amount of waste. This study optimized the preparation process of water extract of Chuanminshen violaceum stems and leaves (CVSLE) by response surface analysis based on the yields of polysaccharide and protein. The CVSLE and herbal powder (CVSL) were then processed into granules before being used as feed additives. The Macleaya cordata powder was used as positive control. The results showed that the addition of CVSLE (0.5% of the feed) showed the highest growth-promoting activity than other CVSLE groups (0.2% and 1%), 1% CVSL group and positive control (0.05%). CVSLE at the dosage of 0.5% could significantly increase the ADG and reduce the FCR from d 21 to 42, d 0 to 42. The HI antibody titers against Newcastle disease virus and avian influenza virus were significantly enhanced at 21, 28 and 42 d. CVSLE did not affect the slaughtering performances, but could significantly elevate the spleen, thymus and bursa of Fabricius indices and the transcriptional levels of IL-2, IL-4, IL-10 and IFN-γ in spleen. The intestinal barrier function of broilers was significantly enhanced by increased levels of immune barrier (sIgA), physical barrier (ZO-1, OCL and Muc-2) and flora barrier (Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium). These results suggest that CVSLE was a promising herbal additive candidate for broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Liu
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yaqin Chen
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Wenrui Zhang
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Tianli Su
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zhongqiong Yin
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xinhong Zhao
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xun Zhou
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Lixia Li
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yuanfeng Zou
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xu Song
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
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Urgessa OE, Woldesemayat AA. OMICs approaches and technologies for understanding low-high feed efficiency traits in chicken: implication to breeding. Anim Biotechnol 2023; 34:4147-4166. [PMID: 36927292 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2023.2187404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
In poultry production, there has been a trend of continuous increase in cost of feed ingredients which represents the major proportion of the production costs. Feed costs can be reduced by improving feed efficiency traits which increase the possibility of using various indigestible feed sources and decrease the environmental impact of the enhanced poultry production. Therefore, feed efficiency has been used as one of the most important economic traits of selection in the breeding program of chickens. Recently, many OMICs experimental studies have been designed to characterize biological differences between the high and low feed efficiency chicken phenotypes. Biological complexity cannot be fully captured by main individual OMICs such as genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics. Therefore, researchers have combined multiple assays from the same set of samples to create multi-OMICs datasets. OMICs findings are crucial in improving existing approaches to poultry breeding. The current review aimed to highlight the components of feed efficiency and general OMICs approaches and technologies. Besides, individual and multi-OMICs based understanding of chicken feed efficiency traits and the application of the acquired knowledge in the chicken breeding program were addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olyad Erba Urgessa
- School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
- Department of Applied Biology, School of Applied Natural Science, Adama Science and Technology University, Adama, Ethiopia
| | - Adugna Abdi Woldesemayat
- College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Department of Biotechnology, Genomics and Bioinformatics Research Unit, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- College of Agriculture & Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida Science Campus, 28 Pioneer Ave, Florida Park, Roodepoort, South Africa
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Proskina L, Barzdina D, Valdovska A, Pilvere I, Vircava I, Cerina S, Meskis S. Assessment of the inclusion of a feed additive of sodium humate derived from freshwater sapropel in diets for broiler chickens. Vet World 2023; 16:2029-2041. [PMID: 38023265 PMCID: PMC10668554 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.2029-2041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Poultry production is the fastest growing livestock industry in the world, as the rapid growth of and efficient absorption of feed by poultry ensure the production of poultry meat with a relatively low carbon footprint. Seeking new ways to increase livestock productivity as well as poultry product quality, the number of research studies on the use of humic substances of various origins in livestock farming has increased significantly, emphasizing the role of feed additives derived from local resources. The unique capability of humic substances to improve metabolic processes allows the immune protection of the bird body to be strengthened and production efficiency to be increased. This study aimed to identify the effects of sodium humate (NaHum) on the growth performance of broiler chickens and selected blood and ileum microbiota parameters. Materials and Methods Dietary research was conducted 2 times under production conditions in a poultry facility of a commercial company, with 210 1-day-old, unsorted broiler chickens of both sexes (Ross 308). The broiler chickens were fed with standard commercial feed, the rearing period of 35 days, and slaughtered on day 36. Sodium humate additive was added to drinking water for the research groups of broilers in period from 8th to 35th day of life, 25 mL (Group 1, n = 2 × 35) and 50 mL (Group 2, n = 2 × 35) per liter of drinking water. Sodium humate contained an average of 4.48% dry matter, a kilogram of dry matter containing 104.3 g of crude protein, 3.6 g of crude fiber and 0.9 g of crude fat, 14.3 MJ of metabolic energy, and 5.8 MJ of energy for live weight gain, as well as a very high content of crude ash -759.8 g, including 4.2 g Ca, 4.2 g Na, and 4.81 g Fe, the dry matter digestibility of NaHum was 87.0%, and the absorption capacity of dry matter was 113.2%., the pH level was 13.0, i.e., alkaline. At the end of the dietary research, the productivity and economic efficiency of the research groups of broilers were calculated by live weight gain, carcass weight, feed conversation ratio, and blood and intestinal samples of broilers were analyzed to identify the effects of NaHum on the growth performance and health status of broilers. Results Dietary research found that adding 25 mL/L and 50 mL/L of NaHum to drinking water for the broiler chickens increased their live weights at the selling age, average live weight gains by 3.06-3.93%, and carcass weights by 5.07-6.06%, while feed conversion increased in terms of both live weight (1.5 and 1.51) and carcass weight (1.84 and 1.86) compared with the control group. The best economic performance in terms of the economic efficiency index and the cost index (CI) was found in Group 1, which was fed with the NaHum additive at an intake rate of 25 mL/L. The NaHum additive modulated the ileal microbiota and metabolic processes in the broiler body. At the same time, a significant decrease in the levels of total protein, alkaline phosphatase and phosphorus (P) in blood was found in the research groups. Conclusion Considering the positive effects of NaHum derived from freshwater sapropel on the productivity and economic efficiency of broiler chickens, the NaHum feed additive should be further investigated on a larger scale to obtain results that could reasonably be used in practice. This study concluded that a decrease in P levels in the blood was observed when NaHum was added to the drinking water; therefore, it is important to continue the research to draw reasonable conclusions on the effects of NaHum in liquid form on the health performance of farm animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liga Proskina
- Institute of Economics and Finance, Faculty of Economics and Social Development, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, Jelgava, Latvia
| | - Dace Barzdina
- Institute of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Technology, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, Jelgava, Latvia
| | - Anda Valdovska
- Institute of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, Jelgava, Latvia
- Research Laboratory of Biotechnology, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, Jelgava, Latvia
| | - Irina Pilvere
- Institute of Economics and Finance, Faculty of Economics and Social Development, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, Jelgava, Latvia
| | - Ilze Vircava
- Institute of Soil and Plant Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Technology, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, Jelgava, Latvia
| | - Sallija Cerina
- Department of Plant Breeding and Agroecology, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Economics, Latvia
| | - Sandijs Meskis
- Institute of Soil and Plant Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Technology, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, Jelgava, Latvia
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Liu X, Ban Z, Yan X, Yang H, Liang H, Yan L, Nie W. Nutrient utilisation, metabolisable and net energy values of corn for broiler chickens during the starter and grower phases. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xingbo Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science China Agricultural University Beijing China
| | - Zhibin Ban
- National Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science China Agricultural University Beijing China
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Metabolism Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences Jilin China
| | - Xiaogang Yan
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Metabolism Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences Jilin China
| | - Huaming Yang
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Metabolism Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences Jilin China
| | - Hao Liang
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Metabolism Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences Jilin China
| | - Lei Yan
- Shandong New Hope Liuhe Group Co., Ltd. Qingdao China
| | - Wei Nie
- National Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science China Agricultural University Beijing China
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Davoudi P, Do DN, Colombo SM, Rathgeber B, Miar Y. Application of Genetic, Genomic and Biological Pathways in Improvement of Swine Feed Efficiency. Front Genet 2022; 13:903733. [PMID: 35754793 PMCID: PMC9220306 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.903733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the significant improvement of feed efficiency (FE) in pigs over the past decades, feed costs remain a major challenge for producers profitability. Improving FE is a top priority for the global swine industry. A deeper understanding of the biology underlying FE is crucial for making progress in genetic improvement of FE traits. This review comprehensively discusses the topics related to the FE in pigs including: measurements, genetics, genomics, biological pathways and the advanced technologies and methods involved in FE improvement. We first provide an update of heritability for different FE indicators and then characterize the correlations of FE traits with other economically important traits. Moreover, we present the quantitative trait loci (QTL) and possible candidate genes associated with FE in pigs and outline the most important biological pathways related to the FE traits in pigs. Finally, we present possible ways to improve FE in swine including the implementation of genomic selection, new technologies for measuring the FE traits, and the potential use of genome editing and omics technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pourya Davoudi
- Department of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS, Canada
| | - Duy Ngoc Do
- Department of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS, Canada
| | - Stefanie M Colombo
- Department of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS, Canada
| | - Bruce Rathgeber
- Department of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS, Canada
| | - Younes Miar
- Department of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS, Canada
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Jejunal Transcriptomic Profiling for Differences in Feed Conversion Ratio in Slow-Growing Chickens. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11092606. [PMID: 34573572 PMCID: PMC8470203 DOI: 10.3390/ani11092606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The slow-growing Korat chicken (KR) is economically attractive, as KR meat has a high selling price and has thus been used in Thailand to support smallholder farmers. However, low feed efficiency in KR stockbreeding makes the product less competitive and improving KR feed efficiency is central to increasing KR profitability. Using RNA sequencing, we compared the jejunal transcriptomic profiles of low- and high-feed conversion ratio (FCR) KR chickens, to identify FCR-related transcriptional variation and biological pathways. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Gene and Genome analysis revealed that the main pathways involved in KR FCR variation are related to immune response, glutathione metabolism, vitamin transport and metabolism, lipid metabolism, and neuronal and cardiac maturation, development, and growth. This is the first study to investigate, in the jejunum, the molecular genetic mechanisms affecting the FCR of slow-growing chickens. These findings will be useful in line-breeding programs to improve feed efficiency and profitability in slow-growing chicken stockbreeding. Abstract Improving feed efficiency is an important breeding target for the poultry industry; to achieve this, it is necessary to understand the molecular basis of feed efficiency. We compared the jejunal transcriptomes of low- and high-feed conversion ratio (FCR) slow-growing Korat chickens (KRs). Using an original sample of 75 isolated 10-week-old KR males, we took jejunal samples from six individuals in two groups: those with extremely low FCR (n = 3; FCR = 1.93 ± 0.05) and those with extremely high FCR (n = 3; FCR = 3.29 ± 0.06). Jejunal transcriptome profiling via RNA sequencing revealed 56 genes that were differentially expressed (p < 0.01, FC > 2): 31 were upregulated, and 25 were downregulated, in the low-FCR group relative to the high-FCR group. Functional annotation revealed that these differentially expressed genes were enriched in biological processes related to immune response, glutathione metabolism, vitamin transport and metabolism, lipid metabolism, and neuronal and cardiac maturation, development, and growth, suggesting that these are important mechanisms governing jejunal feed conversion. These findings provide an important molecular basis for future breeding strategies to improve slow-growing chicken feed efficiency.
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van der Klein SAS, Bédécarrats GY, Zuidhof MJ. Modeling life-time energy partitioning in broiler breeders with differing body weight and rearing photoperiods. Poult Sci 2020; 99:4421-4435. [PMID: 32867986 PMCID: PMC7598000 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding energy partitioning in broiler breeders is needed to provide efficiency indicators for breeding purposes. This study compared 4 nonlinear models partitioning metabolizable energy (ME) intake to BW, average daily gain (ADG), and egg mass (EM) and described the effect of BW and rearing photoperiod on energy partitioning. Ross 708 broiler breeders (n = 180) were kept in 6 pens, controlling individual BW of free run birds with precision feeding stations. Half of the birds in each chamber were assigned to the breeder-recommended target BW curve (Standard) or to an accelerated target BW curve reaching the 21-week BW at week 18 (High). Pairs of chambers were randomly assigned to 8L:16D, 10L:14D, or 12L:12D rearing photoschedules and photostimulated with 16L:8D at week 21. Model [I] was: MEId = a × BWb + c × ADG × BWd + e × EM + ε, where MEId = daily ME intake (kcal/day); BW in kg; ADG in g/day; EM in g/day. Models [II–IV] were nonlinear mixed versions of model [I] and included individual [II], age-related [III], or both individual and age-related [IV] random terms to explain these sources of variation in maintenance requirement (a). Differences were reported as significant at P ≤ 0.05. The mean square error was 2,111, 1,532, 1,668, and 46 for models [I–IV] respectively, inferring extra random variation was explained by incorporating 1 or 2 random terms. Estimated ME partitioned to maintenance [IV] was 130.6 ± 1.15 kcal/kg0.58, and the ME requirement for ADG and EM were 0.63 ± 0.03 kcal/g/kg0.54 and 2.42 ± 0.04 kcal/g, respectively. During the laying period, maintenance estimates were 124.2 and 137.4 kcal/kg0.58 for standard and high BW treatment, and 130.7, 132.2, and 129.5 kcal/kg0.58 for the 8L:16D, 10L:14D, or 12L:12D treatments, respectively. Although hens on the standard BW treatment with a 12L:12D rearing photoschedule were most energetically conservative, their reproductive performance was the poorest. Model IV provided a new biologically sound method for estimation of life-time energy partitioning in broiler breeders including an age-related random term.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A S van der Klein
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - G Y Bédécarrats
- Department of Animal Bioscience, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - M J Zuidhof
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2P5, Canada.
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Prakash A, Saxena VK, Singh MK. Genetic analysis of residual feed intake, feed conversion ratio and related growth parameters in broiler chicken: a review. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00439339.2020.1735978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anand Prakash
- Division of Avian Genetics and Breeding, ICAR-Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - Vishesh Kumar Saxena
- Division of Avian Genetics and Breeding, ICAR-Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
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Cerrate S, Ekmay R, England JA, Coon C. Predicting nutrient digestibility and energy value for broilers. Poult Sci 2019; 98:3994-4007. [PMID: 30968142 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Digestibility coefficients of nutrients, metabolizable energy (ME), net energy (NE) and the ratio of NE to ME (NE/ME) of 20 diets were measured in broiler chickens (1 to 21 d). Dietary nutrients were formulated to keep similar ME/nutrient ratios, except for dietary protein, fat, and fiber using corn, soybean meal, animal protein blend, barley, poultry oil and an enzyme mixture of xylanase, glucanase, and phytase. Digestibility coefficients of nutrients and ME were measured in battery cages under free-access of feed, while NE was measured in floor pens feeding 75% of recommended ME intake each day. NE for maintenance was calculated on basis of mean metabolic weight using a coefficient from a previous study and NE for gain was calculated by body protein and fat gains using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Digestibility coefficients of protein and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) were curvilinearly related to dietary protein and NDF, respectively, while digestibility coefficients of fat and starch were linearly correlated to dietary fat and starch, respectively. The inclusion of enzymes increased the digestion coefficient of NDF to predict the digestibility of protein, NDF, fat, and starch. MEn/gross energy ratio averaged 72.5% and was correlated to protein, fat, NDF, and starch. ME values were accurately predicted from chemical characteristics, where best equations were obtained from digestible nutrients. Energetic efficiencies of ME were 72% (NE/MEn) and 68% (NE/ME) and varied by about 20 and 18%, respectively. Ratios of energetic efficiency were 68% for digestible carbohydrates; 86% for digestible fat; and 76% (NE/MEn) and 59% (NE/ME) for digestible protein. According to the lowest residual standard deviation the best nutrient components to predict energy were digestible nutrients for predicting ME values (41 kcal/kg); digestible protein intake, fecal organic matter, and body fat and protein for predicting heat increment values (111 kcal/kg); and combination of ME and crude nutrient for predicting NE values (140 kcal/kg).
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Affiliation(s)
- S Cerrate
- Aviagen Inc., Huntsville, AL 35806, USA
| | - R Ekmay
- Arbiom Inc., Durham, NC 27703, USA
| | - J A England
- Poultry Science Department, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - C Coon
- Poultry Science Department, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
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Host transcriptome and microbiome interaction modulates physiology of full-sibs broilers with divergent feed conversion ratio. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2019; 5:24. [PMID: 31552140 PMCID: PMC6754422 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-019-0096-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient livestock production relies on effective conversion of feed into body weight gain (BWG). High levels of feed conversion are especially important in production of broiler chickens, birds reared for meat, where economic margins are tight. Traits associated with improved broiler growth and feed efficiency have been subjected to intense genetic selection, but measures such as feed conversion ratio (FCR) remain variable, even between full siblings (sibs). Non-genetic factors such as the composition and function of microbial populations within different enteric compartments have been recognized to influence FCR, although the extent of interplay between hosts and their microbiomes is unclear. To examine host–microbiome interactions we investigated variation in the composition and functions of host intestinal-hepatic transcriptomes and the intestinal microbiota of full-sib broilers with divergent FCR. Progeny from 300 broiler families were assessed for divergent FCR set against shared genetic backgrounds and exposure to the same environmental factors. The seven most divergent full-sib pairs were chosen for analysis, exhibiting marked variation in transcription of genes as well as gut microbial diversity. Examination of enteric microbiota in low FCR sibs revealed variation in microbial community structure and function with no difference in feed intake compared to high FCR sibs. Gene transcription in low and high FCR sibs was significantly associated with the abundance of specific microbial taxa. Highly intertwined interactions between host transcriptomes and enteric microbiota are likely to modulate complex traits like FCR and may be amenable to selective modification with relevance to improving intestinal homeostasis and health.
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Cerrate S, Corzo A. Lysine and Energy Trends in Feeding Modern Commercial Broilers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.3923/ijps.2019.28.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Proskina L, Cerina S. Faba beans and peas in poultry feed: economic assessment. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2017; 97:4391-4398. [PMID: 28480573 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Broiler diets mainly consist of cereals and protein-rich feed sources; in the EU-27, poultry farming consumes 24% of the total amount of protein-rich feedstuffs. Since the EU produces only 30% of the total quantity of protein crops used for feed, it is necessary to promote the use of traditional European protein crops (beans, peas) for feed in livestock farming. The research aim is to identify economic gains from the production of broiler chicken meat, replacing soybean meal with domestic faba beans and field peas in broiler chicken diets. RESULTS Adding field peas and faba beans to the broiler feed ration resulted in a significant live weight increase (5.74-11.95%) at the selling age, a decrease in the feed conversion ratio by 0.61-6.06%, and decrease in the product unit cost (15.34-37.06%) as well as an increase in the production efficiency factor (8.70-48.54), compared with the control group. CONCLUSION The optimum kind of legume species used in the broiler diet was peas, which were added in the amount of 200 g kg-1 , resulting in live weight gain, a decrease in the feed conversion ratio and an increase in the production efficiency factor. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liga Proskina
- Faculty of Economics and Social Development, Latvia University of Agriculture, Jelgava, Latvia
| | - Sallija Cerina
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Economics, Priekuļi, Latvia
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Shah TM, Patel NV, Patel AB, Upadhyay MR, Mohapatra A, Singh KM, Deshpande SD, Joshi CG. A genome-wide approach to screen for genetic variants in broilers (Gallus gallus) with divergent feed conversion ratio. Mol Genet Genomics 2016; 291:1715-25. [DOI: 10.1007/s00438-016-1213-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Henn JD, Bockor L, Borille R, Coldebella A, Ribeiro AML, Kessler AM. Determination of the equation parameters of carbon flow curves and estimated carbon flow and CO2 emissions from broiler production. Poult Sci 2015; 94:2303-12. [PMID: 26188026 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pev178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the equation parameters of carbon (i.e., C) flow curves and to estimate C flow and carbon dioxide (i.e., CO2) emissions from the production of 1- to 49-day-old broilers from different genetic strains. In total, 384 1-day-old chicks were used, distributed into 4 groups: high-performance males (Cobb-M) and females (Cobb-F), and intermediate-performance males (C44-M) and females (C44-F), with 6 replicates/treatment according to a completely randomized study design. Carbon intake and retention were calculated based on diet and body C composition, and expired C was stoichiometrically estimated as digestible C intake-C retention-C in the urine. Litter C emission was estimated as initial litter C+C in the excreta-final litter C. Carbon flow curves were determined fitting data by nonlinear regression using the Gompertz function. Expired CO2 was calculated based on expired C. The applied nonlinear model presented goodness-of-fit for all responses (R2>0.99). Carbon dioxide production was highly correlated with growth rate. At 42 d age, CO2 expiration (g/bird) was 3,384.4 for Cobb-M, 2,947.9 for Cobb-F, 2,512.5 for C44-M, and 2185.1 for C44-F. Age also significantly affected CO2 production: to achieve 2.0 kg BW, CO2 expiration (g/bird) was 1,794.3 for Cobb-M, 2,016.5 for Cobb-F, 2617.7 for C44-M, and 3,092.3 for C44-F. The obtained equations present high predictability to estimate individual CO2 emissions in strains of Cobb and C44 broilers of any weight, or age, reared between 1 and 49 d age.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Henn
- Animal Science Department of Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 7712. ZIP: 91540-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil Embrapa Swine and Poultry, BR 153, km 110, 89700-000, Concórdia, SC, Brazil
| | - L Bockor
- Animal Science Department of Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 7712. ZIP: 91540-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - R Borille
- Animal Science Department of Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 7712. ZIP: 91540-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - A Coldebella
- Embrapa Swine and Poultry, BR 153, km 110, 89700-000, Concórdia, SC, Brazil
| | - A M L Ribeiro
- Animal Science Department of Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 7712. ZIP: 91540-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - A M Kessler
- Animal Science Department of Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 7712. ZIP: 91540-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Lara L, Campos W, Baião N, Lana A, Cançado S, Rocha J, Pompeu M, Barbosa V. Efeitos da forma física da ração e da linhagem de frangos de corte sobre a digestibilidade dos nutrientes e determinação de energia líquida. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2013. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-09352013000600037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Para avaliar os efeitos da forma física da ração, do consumo de ração controlado e das linhagens sobre a digestibilidade dos nutrientes, os valores de energia das rações e a produção de calor pelas aves, foram utilizados 210 pintos machos da linhagem Cobb® e 210 pintos machos da linhagem Ross-308®. Os tratamentos foram definidos pela forma física da ração, pelo consumo de ração controlado e pela linhagem, da seguinte forma: ração farelada à vontade, ração peletizada à vontade e ração peletizada controlada com consumo igual ao da ração farelada. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso, em arranjo fatorial 3x2 (três rações e duas linhagens), com quatro repetições (períodos), sendo o período considerado como bloco. A digestibilidade da matéria seca não foi afetada pela forma física da ração, entretanto a digestibilidade do extrato etéreo melhorou com a peletização. A linhagem influenciou a digestibilidade dos nutrientes e juntamente com a forma física da ração afetou a produção de calor das aves. A utilização de rações peletizadas aumentou os valores de energia líquida das rações, independentemente da linhagem, favorecendo o desempenho de frangos de corte.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - W.E. Campos
- Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Brust
- Department of Animal Behaviour; Bielefeld University; Bielefeld; Germany
| | - Yvonne Wuerz
- Department of Animal Behaviour; Bielefeld University; Bielefeld; Germany
| | - Oliver Krüger
- Department of Animal Behaviour; Bielefeld University; Bielefeld; Germany
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Romero LF, Zuidhof MJ, Renema RA, Naeima AN, Robinson F. Effects of maternal energetic efficiency on egg traits, chick traits, broiler growth, yield, and meat quality. Poult Sci 2009; 88:236-45. [PMID: 19096079 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2008-00151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study assessed egg traits, chick traits, growth, yield, and meat quality characteristics of the offspring from broiler breeders classified by 2 measurements of energetic efficiency: residual feed intake (RFI), defined as the difference between observed and expected ME intake, and residual maintenance requirement (RME(m)), defined as the residual of the relationship between hen maintenance requirement and feed intake. A group of 72 pullets were placed in laying cages from 16 to 60 wk of age. Individual hen-based feed allocation was provided following a standard BW target. At 41wk, eggs from 8 d of production were collected and pedigree hatched. Chicks were assigned to 1 of 3 maternal RFI (RFI(mat)) categories: low, average, and high. A total of 366 chicks were placed in 36 floor pens, 6 per sex x RFI(mat) interaction, and raised to 38 d. At the end of the breeder experiment (60 wk), broilers were retrospectively assigned to a low or high maternal RME(m) (RME(mmat)) category. Low RFI(mat) broilers had greater 38-d BW than average and high RFI(mat) broilers. That was achieved through a greater BW gain and feed intake of low RFI(mat) broilers from 21 to 28 d. It was found that RFI(mat) had no effect on feed conversion, yield, or meat quality characteristics. Low RME(m) hens produced heavier eggs (62.3 g) and chicks (42.5 g) than high RME(m) hens (60.0 g; 41.0 g), but RME(mmat) did not affect broiler 38-d BW. High RME(mmat) broilers had greater breast yield (29.5%) and lower breast shear force (4.7 kg of force/g) than low RME(mmat) broilers (28.5%; 5.6 kg of force/g). The low RFI(mat) x high RME(mmat) broilers had the greatest growth to 38 d. It was found that RFI(mat) was inversely related to broiler growth, particularly when RME(mmat) was high. Although low maintenance requirements may be desirable for egg and chick production, hens with a high maintenance requirement produced broilers with greater breast yield and tenderness. Minimizing maintenance requirements may not be compatible with maximizing broiler performance and meat yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- L F Romero
- University of Alberta, Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, Agriculture/Forestry Centre, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada
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Skinner-Noble DO, McKinney LJ, Teeter RG. Predicting effective caloric value of nonnutritive factors: III. Feed form affects broiler performance by modifying behavior patterns. Poult Sci 2005; 84:403-11. [PMID: 15782908 DOI: 10.1093/ps/84.3.403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Two trials of an experiment were conducted to confirm the relationships among effective caloric value (ECV) of the diet, net energy for gain (NEg), BW, feed conversion ratio (FCR), and broiler behavior. Further, we sought to examine such factors with benefits of pelleting, including feed form history (pellets vs. mash) in females from 2 strains of commercial broilers. Composition of gain was measured on a sample of birds in both trials. In trial 1 birds were reared to 23 d on feed in crumble form, when the birds were provided a feed in pellet or mash form for 7 d. Pelleting the feed increased ECV and total NEg, while decreasing eating and increasing resting behavior. Significant correlations (P < 0.05) among resting, NEg, and ECV occurred. In trial 2, birds were reared to 23 d on a crumble diet and then fed diet in mash or pellet form to 36 d. At 37 d of age, half of the birds from each strain and feed form history combination were switched to the alternative feed form. Interactions of strain by grower feed form were present for BW, initial fat, and body energy content indicating that pelleted feed was required for optimum broiler performance of 1 strain. Grower feed form by finisher feed form interactions were present and demonstrated that birds switched from pellets or mash to the alternate feed form consumed more feed in less time than birds that remained on their previous feed form. Significant correlations were observed in both trials between behaviors and FCR and ECV, whereas NEg reflected these differences in trial 1 but not trial 2. Regression analysis indicated that FCR and subsequently ECV were best predicted by lean gain, whereas NEg was best predicted by fat gain. Further, regression analysis established interactive equations in which ECV was predicted (R2 > 0.99) by eating and resting behavior. The results of these trials indicate that the effects of feed form are caused by a modification of behavior patterns, that ECV is responsive to such behavior changes, and that ECV is an effective estimator of the relative caloric value of genetic, management, and husbandry influences.
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Affiliation(s)
- D O Skinner-Noble
- Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma State University Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, USA
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Skinner-Noble DO, Teeter RG. Components of feed efficiency in broiler breeding stock: influence of water intake and gastrointestinal contents. Poult Sci 2004; 83:1260-3. [PMID: 15338999 DOI: 10.1093/ps/83.8.1260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
An experiment was conducted with 3 lines of broilers to evaluate the potential roles of water intake and fill of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract on feed conversion ratio (FCR) as measured in a 1-wk FCR test. Birds were reared to juvenile selection age (41 d) and subsequently selected, with the best 18 to 29% of male chicks placed into cages for FCR testing. Feed and water intake were highly correlated in all lines, with each in turn highly correlated with weight gain on test. Although filling of the GI tract differed between the top and bottom halves of the FCR distribution, FCR as measured and corrected for weight of GI tract contents were highly correlated (r = 0.59 to 0.93). Differences between FCR classes were striking for weight gain, but differences between FCR class groups were subtle for starting weight and feed intake. These subtle differences are difficult to detect in a single generation, but may add up through generations of selection. Based on the results of the current and previous studies, it appears that selection for improved FCR works at multiple levels to improve efficiency of feed conversion in broiler breeding stock.
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Affiliation(s)
- D O Skinner-Noble
- Oklahoma State University, Department of Animal Science, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, USA
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Skinner-Noble DO, Teeter RG. Components of feed efficiency in broiler breeding stock: The use of fasted body temperature as an indicator trait for feed conversion in broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2004; 83:515-20. [PMID: 15109048 DOI: 10.1093/ps/83.4.515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Five trials were conducted to evaluate the usefulness of body temperature (BT) measured under conditions of mild handling stress as an indicator trait for feed conversion ratio (FCR) in broilers. The trials used males from 4 lines of broilers (a randombred control population and 3 heavy broiler lines). Birds were reared to approximately 6 wk of age and then selected for FCR testing based upon BW and conformation. At the start of the FCR test, birds were fasted for periods lasting from 18 to 48 h, and their BT were measured, which was followed immediately by initiation of an FCR test lasting 1 wk. The correlation between FCR and BT was significant in only 2 of the 5 trials. Differences between good and poor converters were generally attributed to greater gains of BW on similar amounts of feed intake. The results of the current trials indicate gain on test is the primary factor affecting FCR and that BT is not a reliable predictor of FCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- D O Skinner-Noble
- Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, USA
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