1
|
van der Eijk JA, Rommers JM, van Hattum T, Parmentier HK, Stockhofe-Zurwieden N, Aarnink AJ, Rebel JM. Respiratory health of broilers following chronic exposure to airborne endotoxin. Res Vet Sci 2022; 147:74-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
2
|
Dobner M, Auerbach M, Mundt E, Preisinger R, Icken W, Rautenschlein S. Immune responses upon in ovo HVT-IBD vaccination vary between different chicken lines. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 100:103422. [PMID: 31247248 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.103422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The genotype of chickens is assumed to be associated with variable immune responses. In this study a modern, moderate performing dual-purpose chicken line (DT) was compared with a high-performing layer-type (LT) as well as a broiler-type (BT) chicken line. One group of each genotype was vaccinated in ovo with a recombinant herpesvirus of turkeys expressing the virus protein VP2 of the infectious bursal disease virus (HVT-IBD) while one group of each genotype was left HVT-IBD unvaccinated (control group). Genotype associated differences in innate and adapted immune responses between the groups were determined over five weeks post hatch. HVT-IBD vaccination significantly enhanced humoral immune responses against subsequently applied live vaccines compared to non-HVT-IBD vaccinated groups at some of the investigated time points (P < 0.05). In addition HVT-IBD vaccination had depending on the genotype a significant impact on splenic macrophage as well as bursal CD4+ T-cell numbers (P < 0.05). On the other hand, the detectable genotype influence on Interferon (IFN) γ and nitric oxide (NO) release of ex vivo stimulated spleen cells was independent of HVT-IBD vaccination. The results of our study suggest considering a genotype specific vaccination regime in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Dobner
- Clinic for Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Monika Auerbach
- Clinic for Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Egbert Mundt
- Boehringer Ingelheim, Veterinary Research Center GmbH Co. KG, Bemeroderstr. 31, 30559, Hannover, Germany.
| | | | - Wiebke Icken
- Lohmann Tierzucht GmbH, Am Seedeich 9-11, 27472, Cuxhaven, Germany.
| | - Silke Rautenschlein
- Clinic for Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Antigen-dependent effects of divergent selective breeding based on natural antibodies on specific humoral immune responses in chickens. Vaccine 2018; 36:1444-1452. [PMID: 29409681 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.01.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
NAb are defined as antigen binding antibodies present without a known previous exposure to this antigen. NAb are suggested to enhance specific antibody (SpAb) responses, but consequences of different NAb levels on immunization are largely unknown. Layer chickens were divergently selected and bred for keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH)-binding NAb titers, resulting in a High line and a Low line. In this study, we investigated: (1) the relation of NAb levels with SpAb titers; and (2) the effect of immunization on NAb titers. The 50 highest females of the High line and the 50 lowest females of the Low line of generation 2 were intramuscularly immunized at 33 weeks of age with 1 mL phosphate buffered saline (PBS) containing one of four treatments: (1) negative control (no antigen), (2) 500 µg KLH, (3) 100 µg avian tuberculin purified protein derivative of Mycobacterium avium (PPD), or (4) 250 µg human serum albumin (HuSA). IgM and IgG titers of NAb and SpAb in plasma were determined prior to immunization and weekly for 5 weeks post immunization by indirect ELISA. In addition, antibody affinity was investigated. No differences in SpAb and NAb response against KLH and PPD were observed as a consequence of different NAb titers, but increased and prolonged SpAb and NAb titer responses against HuSA were observed for the High line compared to the Low line. Different natural antibody titers did not impair SpAb dynamics and SpAb affinity. NAb titers were not, or for only short-term, affected by immunization. We show here that NAb may enhance SpAb responses, but that this effect is antigen-dependent. We hypothesize that NAb play a role in general disease resistance through enhancement of the humoral adaptive immune response.
Collapse
|
4
|
Remus A, Hauschild L, Andretta I, Kipper M, Lehnen C, Sakomura N. A meta-analysis of the feed intake and growth performance of broiler chickens challenged by bacteria. Poult Sci 2014; 93:1149-58. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2013-03540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
|
5
|
Parmentier HK, Verhofstad LPM, Reilingh GDV, Nieuwland MGB. Breeding for high specific immune reactivity affects sensitivity to the environment. Poult Sci 2013; 91:3044-51. [PMID: 23155011 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2012-02460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are present in high levels in the air of chicken houses and likely have immune-modulating effects. In this study, layers from the 30th generation of a divergent selection experiment for humoral immune reactivity to subcutaneously administered sheep red blood cells were concurrently intratracheally challenged with human serum albumin (HuSA) and LPS at 7 and 12 wk of age following a crossing over design. Chickens selected for high humoral immune reactivity (H line) showed higher specific antibody responses to intratracheally administered HuSA and a higher level of natural antibody binding keyhole limpet hemocyanin compared with chickens genetically selected for low humoral immune reactivity (L line), and were also more sensitive to immune modulation by LPS at 7 wk of age. Body weight gain was negatively affected by LPS at 7 wk of age in the L line, but after 12 wk of age in the H line. Egg production was lower and delayed in the H line. We conclude that these chicken selection lines differ in sensitivity to the environment (LPS), and consequently may therefore also react differently to infection, vaccinations, and other immune responses. In addition, selection for immune responsiveness affected growth and egg lay.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henk K Parmentier
- Section of Immunology, Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, De Elst 1, 6708 WD Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lai H, Nieuwland M, Aarnink A, Kemp B, Parmentier H. Effects of 2 size classes of intratracheally administered airborne dust particles on primary and secondary specific antibody responses and body weight gain of broilers: A pilot study on the effects of naturally occurring dust. Poult Sci 2012; 91:604-15. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2011-01829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
|
7
|
Lai HTL, Nieuwland MGB, Kemp B, Aarnink AJA, Parmentier HK. Effects of repeated intratracheally administered lipopolysaccharide on primary and secondary specific antibody responses and on body weight gain of broilers. Poult Sci 2011; 90:337-51. [PMID: 21248330 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2010-00997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Earlier, we reported that pathogen-associated molecular patterns such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), when administered intratracheally (i.t.), affected primary and secondary specific antibody responses to antigens administered concurrently, either i.t. or systemically, and also affected BW gain (BWG) of layers and broilers. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of repeated i.t. challenge with LPS concurrently with or before i.t. immunizations with the specific antigens human serum albumin (HuSA) and rabbit gamma globulin (RGG) on primary (HuSA, RGG) and secondary (HuSA) systemic antibody responses and (isotype) IgM and IgG responses at 2 different ages. Broilers were challenged via the trachea at 3 and 7 wk of age with various combinations of LPS, HuSA, and RGG. All treatments affected immune responses at several time points and also affected BWG, albeit temporarily for the latter. Lipopolysaccharide enhanced primary antibody responses to HuSA and to RGG, when challenged concurrently, but birds challenged solely with LPS at 3 wk of age also showed enhanced primary antibody responses to HuSA and RGG given at 7 wk of age. This was true for IgM as well as IgG isotype responses. Lipopolysaccharide challenge negatively affected BWG at 3 wk of age, whereas the negative effects of LPS after a secondary LPS challenge at 7 wk of age were most pronounced in the birds challenged with LPS at 3 wk of age. The present results indicated that LPS, when administered i.t. at a young age, may affect specific humoral immune responsiveness to antigens administered simultaneously and to BWG of broilers, but also when challenged 4 wk later with specific antigens, suggesting an enhanced status of immune reactivity or sensitivity. The hygienic status of broiler houses at a young age may thus influence BWG, immune responsiveness, and, consequently, the vaccine efficacy and disease resistance in broilers at later ages. The consequences of our findings are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H T L Lai
- Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Guimarães MCC, Guillermo LVC, Matta MFDR, Soares SG, DaMatta RA. Macrophages from chickens selected for high antibody response produced more nitric oxide and have greater phagocytic capacity. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2011; 140:317-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2010] [Revised: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 01/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
9
|
Berghof T, De Vries Reilingh G, Nieuwland M, Parmentier H. Effect of aging and repeated intratracheal challenge on levels of cryptic and overt natural antibodies in poultry. Poult Sci 2010; 89:227-35. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2009-00449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
10
|
Star L, Juul-Madsen H, Decuypere E, Nieuwland M, de Vries Reilingh G, van den Brand H, Kemp B, Parmentier H. Effect of early life thermal conditioning and immune challenge on thermotolerance and humoral immune competence in adult laying hens. Poult Sci 2009; 88:2253-61. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2008-00373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
11
|
Lai H, Nieuwland M, Kemp B, Aarnink A, Parmentier H. Effects of dust and airborne dust components on antibody responses, body weight gain, and heart morphology of broilers. Poult Sci 2009; 88:1838-49. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2009-00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
|
12
|
Parmentier HK, Rodenburg TB, De Vries Reilingh G, Beerda B, Kemp B. Does enhancement of specific immune responses predispose laying hens for feather pecking? Poult Sci 2009; 88:536-42. [PMID: 19211522 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2008-00424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To mimic airborne immune challenges, layer hens were intratracheally and concurrently challenged with various doses of the protein antigen human serum albumin (HuSA) and the pathogen-associated molecular pattern lipopolysaccharide (LPS) at 7 and 13 wk of age. All groups received 1 similar dose of HuSA plus LPS at 11 mo of age. Evaluation of plumage and body condition at 12 mo of age revealed that birds that had undergone intratracheal immunization with a high dosage of HuSA, irrespective of the concurrent dose of LPS, had significantly more feather damage but less wounds to the vent region, as opposed to birds not receiving HuSA. On the other hand, a high dosage of LPS was related to comb damage. These results suggest that stimulation of specific (humoral) immune responses (to HuSA) rather than innate responses (to LPS) at a young age may predispose layers for feather pecking (FP) behavior at later ages. Involvement of immune mechanisms in FP or vent damage may differ. Predisposal for FP behavior by specific immunity can have consequences for health and vaccine management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H K Parmentier
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Marijkeweg 40, 6709 PG Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Sun SF, Pan QZ, Hui X, Zhang BL, Wu HM, Li H, Xu W, Zhang Q, Li JY, Deng XM, Chen JW, Lian ZX, Li N. Stronger in vitro phagocytosis by monocytes-macrophages is indicative of greater pathogen clearance and antibody levels in vivo. Poult Sci 2008; 87:1725-33. [PMID: 18753439 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2007-00202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Monocytes-macrophages are crucial players in specific and nonspecific immune responses to protect organisms from invasion of bacteria or viruses. In this study, monocytes in circulation from 2 lines of Silky and Starbro chickens with different disease resistance were separated and cultured in vitro. After identification with acridine orange (AO), Giemsa staining, and CD14 immunostaining, monocytes-macrophages were used for adherence and phagocytosis test. The overall percentages of adherence of Silky monocytes was 1.5 times greater than that of Starbro (P < 0.01), which were 26.85% +/- 8.24% and 18.34% +/- 8.15%, respectively (mean +/- SD). The monocytes-macrophages phagocytic index, phagocytic product, and percentage of phagocytosis in Silkies were greater than in Star-bros, respectively. The difference of phagocytic index was significant (P < 0.05), that is, 3.70 +/- 1.75 and 1.97 +/- 0.31, respectively (mean +/- SD). Then, 20 Silkies were divided into 2 groups according to phagocytic index: high phagocytic index (HPI) group and low phagocytic index (LPI) group, to study the relationship between phagocytic activity in vitro and pathogen clearance. After being challenged against Salmonella Pullorum C79-13, the Silky birds with HPI produced a 3-fold greater level of specific antibodies compared with those with LPI (P < 0.01), 50.21 +/- 6.67 and 16.85 +/- 4.52, respectively (mean +/- SD). In contrast to LPI birds, HPI birds shed less Salmonella Pullorum bacteria (P < 0.05), that is, 168.98 x 10(8) +/- 294.74 x 10(8) compared to 385.40 x 10(8) +/- 399.94 x 10(8) (mean +/- SD), and the shedding peak of Salmonella Pullorum in the test span appeared 4 d earlier. These results indicated that phagocytosis of monocytes-macrophages had strong effects on antibody titer and bacteria shedding postchallenge, which could be used to predict the disease resistance in animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S F Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Parmentier H, Klompen A, De Vries Reilingh G, Lammers A. Effect of concurrent intratracheal lipopolysaccharide and human serum albumin challenge on primary and secondary antibody responses in poultry. Vaccine 2008; 26:5510-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.07.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2008] [Revised: 07/14/2008] [Accepted: 07/14/2008] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
|
15
|
Star L, Nieuwland MGB, Kemp B, Parmentier HK. Effect of single or combined climatic and hygienic stress on natural and specific humoral immune competence in four layer lines. Poult Sci 2007; 86:1894-903. [PMID: 17704376 DOI: 10.1093/ps/86.9.1894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Effects of long-term climatic stress (heat exposure), short-term hygienic stress [lipopolysaccharide (LPS)], or a combination of both challenges on the immune competence of 4 layer lines was investigated. The lines were earlier characterized for natural humoral immune competence and survival rate. Eighty hens per line were randomly divided over 2 identical climate chambers and exposed to a constant high temperature (32 degrees C) or a control temperature (21 degrees C) for 23 d. Half of the hens housed in each chamber were i.v. injected with LPS at d 1 after the start of the heat stress period. Within each of the treatment groups, half of the hens were s.c. immunized with human serum albumin (HuSA) at d 2 after the start of the heat stress period to measure specific antibody (Ab) titers to HuSA. The effect of heat, LPS, or a combined challenge on specific Ab titers to HuSA, natural Ab titers to keyhole limpet hemocyanin or HuSA (in hens that were not immunized with HuSA), and activity of the classical and alternative complement pathways were investigated. Heat stress enhanced specific and natural immune responses. Administration of LPS enhanced natural immune responses but decreased specific immune responses. The lack of interaction between heat stress and LPS administration, except for natural Ab titers to HuSA, suggest that these were 2 independent stressors. The lines had a similar response pattern but differed in the response level. Neither natural humoral immune competence nor survival rate, for which the lines had been characterized, was indicative of the specific and natural immune response to different stressors. Lipopolysaccharide and heat stress initiated sequential responses over time, with an earlier effect of short-term LPS exposure (within the first and second week) and a later effect of long-term heat exposure (within the second and third week). These data suggest that LPS and heat stress affect the natural and specific immune competence of laying hens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Star
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen Institute of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ploegaert TCW, De Vries Reilingh G, Nieuwland MGB, Lammers A, Savelkoul HFJ, Parmentier HK. Intratracheally Administered Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns Affect Antibody Responses of Poultry. Poult Sci 2007; 86:1667-76. [PMID: 17626812 DOI: 10.1093/ps/86.8.1667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Various potential immune-modulating microbially derived pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP), or so called homotopes, are present in high concentrations in the environment of food animals. In previous studies, intravenously administered PAMP had variable effects on specific primary and secondary immune responses of poultry to systemically administered antigens. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of intratracheal (i.t.) challenge with the PAMP lipopolysaccharide, lipoteichoic acid (LTA), and Zymosan-A (containing 1,3 beta-glucan) on primary and secondary (total) antibody (Ab) responses and (isotype) IgM, IgG, and IgA responses to systemically administered human serum albumin (HuSA), and Ab titers to infectious bursal disease (Gumboro virus) and infectious bronchitis vaccines in layer hens at 9 and 22 wk of age. Birds were challenged via the trachea with PAMP for 5 consecutive days prior to primary and secondary immunization with HuSA. Intratracheally administered LTA and, to a minor extent, lipopolysaccharide significantly enhanced secondary total and IgG Ab responses to HuSA. 1,3 beta-Glucan did not significantly affect Ab responses to HuSA. All birds challenged with PAMP showed a decreased BW. Higher total Ab titers to infectious bursal disease and infectious bronchitis were found in birds challenged with LTA. The present results indicate that i.t. administered PAMP affect the humoral immune responsiveness of poultry, which may lead to an enhanced status of immune reactivity. Furthermore, our results suggest that the hygienic status of the environment influences BW (gain). The consequences of immune modulation by airborne PAMP or hygienic conditions in chicken husbandry for vaccine delivery and immune responsiveness of poultry are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T C W Ploegaert
- Section of Immunology, Adaptation Physiology Group, and Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Marijkeweg 40, 6709 PG Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Minozzi G, Parmentier HK, Nieuwland MGB, Bed'hom B, Minvielle F, Gourichon D, Pinard-van der Laan MH. Antibody Responses to Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanin, Lipopolysaccharide, and Newcastle Disease Virus Vaccine in F2 and Backcrosses of White Leghorn Lines Selected for Two Different Immune Response Traits. Poult Sci 2007; 86:1316-22. [PMID: 17575177 DOI: 10.1093/ps/86.7.1316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Planned crosses were designed to produce an F(2) and 2 backcross populations from 2 lines of White Leghorn chickens previously selected over 10 generations for 2 different in vivo immune responses. The selection criteria applied on the 2 grandparental lines were as follows: high antibody response to Newcastle disease virus vaccine 3 wk after vaccination (ND3) and high cell-mediated immune response [response to phytohemagglutinin]. Furthermore a control line was kept by random breeding. The objective of the study was to estimate if the 2 selection criteria applied on the pure lines had changed the level of and type of immune (humoral) response to a new antigen, keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), in the various second-generation progeny groups. In addition, correlations between parameters of acquired and innate immunity were tested. Primary total (IgT) and isotype-specific (IgG and IgM) antibody response to KLH 1 wk after immunization and levels of natural antibodies (NAB) binding to Salmonella enteriditis-derived lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were measured. Although no differences were present between IgM and IgG antibodies to KLH and the phytohemagglutinin skin-swelling response, significant differences were present between all the progeny groups for IgT to KLH and ND3 and NAB binding to LPS. The mean values for IgT to ND3 and KLH were significantly different between the crosses using the selected lines compared with the control line, indicating a contribution of the previous selection. In addition, a sex effect was found for IgM to KLH and NAB to LPS, for which females had a higher response than males in both cases. No interaction between progeny type and sex was found. Furthermore, significant positive correlations were found between NAB to LPS and specific antibody titers to KLH. Finally, the results of the present study demonstrated an interaction between innate and acquired immunity under this strategy of selection and crossbreeding and confirmed the effect of selection on general immune response to a new antigen in second-generation crosses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Minozzi
- UMR1236 Génétique et Diversité Animales, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/AgroParisTech, F-78352 Jouy en Josas, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|