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Quach CC, Fulton JE, Benson JD, Walker P, Auckland C, Lessard C. Major Histocompatibility Complex-B haplotype and ovarian graft response. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102850. [PMID: 37406439 PMCID: PMC10466249 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gonadal tissue transfer is considered one of the best methods to preserve genetic variability. Poultry hosts can receive a gonad from a donor of a different genetic background, sustain the growth of this graft, and produce gametes from it. Unfortunately, the host's strong immune response may significantly reduce the gonadal graft's ability to reach maturity. Our study aimed to evaluate the influence of MHC-B alleles in rejecting a gonadal graft of similar or different genetic backgrounds. In the first experiment, ovarian tissue was transplanted to chicks of similar genetic backgrounds, either Lohmann White (LW) with variable MHC-B or Barred Rock (BR) with fixed MHC-B. The sustained growth of donor ovarian tissues occurred in (4/7 hosts) BR (MHC-B matched) hosts only-one of these graft-positive-BR hens produced eggs derived from the donor ovary. No grafts were recovered when the host and the donor had an LW background (0/9; MHC-B mismatched). In the second experiment, ovarian transplantation was done between chicks of either similar or different genetic backgrounds (Brown Leghorn [BL], BR, and BL/BR F1). The 2 pure lines contained only one MHC-B allele, whereas the F1 heterozygotes had both. All host birds were given a daily dose of an immunosuppressant (mycophenolate mofetil) until maturity. The success rate was assessed by microsatellite genotype confirmation of donor-derived ovaries plus physiological and histological analyses of ovarian grafts. In this second experiment, 11 out of 43 ovarian hosts laid eggs. However, all fertilized eggs from these hens were derived from the remnant host ovarian tissue, not from the donor ovaries. A necropsy assessment was done on all 43 host birds. Ten donor grafts were recovered from hosts having matched (6 hosts) and mismatched (4 hosts) MHC-B, and none were functional. Interestingly, 6 of them were enclosed by a serous membrane capsule filled with fluid and had various tissue growth. In addition, clusters of immune cells were observed in all recovered donor grafts. Our results demonstrated that genetic background could greatly influence the success of gonadal transfer in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Cuong Quach
- Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada; Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0×2, Canada
| | | | - James D Benson
- Department of Biology, College of Art and Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A5, Canada
| | - Pamela Walker
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0×2, Canada
| | | | - Carl Lessard
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0×2, Canada.
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2
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Blackburn HD, Krehbiel BC. A gene bank's collection of genetic diversity among minor chicken breeds. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102827. [PMID: 37343351 PMCID: PMC10404745 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic differences among heritage or fancier breeds of chickens have not been quantified in the United States. Gene banks collecting germplasm for conserving these breeds need this information as do breeders and companies raising them. Our goal was to evaluate genetic diversity of 10 heritage/fancier chicken breeds that are a component of the national collection and to use this information to establish a baseline of their genetic diversity and future conservation efforts. Breeds could be broadly classified as European, Asian, Mediterranean, and United States (US) in origin. The US breeds were composite breeds developed between the 1849 and 1935. Animals (n = 24-31 per breed) were sampled for DNA analysis from 2 or 3 hatcheries per breed and a total of 8 hatcheries. The hatcheries were assumed to maintain and breed their own populations of the studied breeds. Effective population sizes ranged from 47 to 145 and used to estimate probabilities of extinction for a 50-generation timeline. It was determined that Crevecoeur and Aseel had a probability of extinction that exceeded 40%, the remaining 8 breeds had probabilities of <28%. ADMIXTURE analysis indicated the minimal CV corresponded to 9 populations. In that analysis New Hampshire and Rhode Island Red were classified as the same population, which was not unusual given that New Hampshire was developed as a subpopulation of Rhode Island Red. Crevecoeur and Buttercup were the 2 most genetically divergent breeds based on pairwise Fst among the breeds and principal component analysis, which was supported by the ADMIXTURE results. Inbreeding coefficients computed from genomic information was lowest for Crevecoeur, Rhode Island Red, Buttercup, and Andalusian (0.8-2.6%), while New Hampshire, Buckeye, and Aseel were highest (12.8-14.3%). Within breed Fst among hatcheries supplying animals for sampling generally indicated a genetic structure was present on a breed-by-breed basis. Genetic relationships within hatchery were also computed for each breed. Several of the hatcheries had sent samples that suggested genetic relationships as high as half-sibs while several others had genetic relationships closer to first cousins. We conclude that the chicken breeds evaluated have substantial genetic variability within the in situ populations and the gene bank has captured this diversity for future use.
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Affiliation(s)
- H D Blackburn
- National Animal Germplasm Program, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA.
| | - B C Krehbiel
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
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Naim A, Mishra SK, Sahoo A, Nath IM. Male Gonads Transplantation from Kadaknath Chicken to Chicken and Duck Surrogates. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14051094. [PMID: 37239454 DOI: 10.3390/genes14051094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Transplantation of the gonadal tissue of male and female avian species, such as chicken, onto suitable surrogates and production of live offspring has been successfully demonstrated as a strategy for the conservation and re-constitution of valuable chicken germplasm. The main objective of this study was to establish and develop the male gonadal tissue transplantation technology for the conservation of the indigenous chicken germplasm. The male gonads of the Indian native chicken breed, Kadaknath (KN), were transplanted from a day-old donor to a recipient white leghorn (WL) chicken, and Khaki Campbell (KC) ducks, as surrogates. All the surgical interventions were performed under permitted general anaesthesia, and the chicks, upon recovery, were reared with and without immunosuppressant. The recipient surrogates for the donor KN gonads were housed and reared for 10-14 weeks, and post-sacrifice, developed gonadal tissues were harvested to squeeze out the fluid to perform artificial insemination (AI). The AI-entailed fertility test using the recovered seminal extract from the transplanted KN testes from both surrogate species (KC ducks and WL males), used against KN purebred females, remained very close to the percent fertility realised from purebred KN chickens (controls). These initial results revealed from this trial study suggest definitively that, Kadaknath male gonads were readily accepted and grown inside the intra- and inter-species surrogate host, WL chicken and KC ducks, demonstrating a suitable intra- and inter-species donor-host system. Furthermore, the developed transplanted male gonads of KN chicken into the surrogates were found to have the potential to fertilise the egg and give rise to pure-line KN chicks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnan Naim
- KIIT-TBI, Campus 11, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar 751024, Odisha, India
| | - Surya Kanta Mishra
- Indian Council of Agriculture and Research-Directorate of Poultry Research, Regional Centre, Bhubaneswar 751003, Odisha, India
| | - Anjan Sahoo
- College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar 751003, Odisha, India
| | - Indra Mani Nath
- College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar 751003, Odisha, India
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Sun Y, Li Y, Zong Y, Mehaisen GMK, Chen J. Poultry genetic heritage cryopreservation and reconstruction: advancement and future challenges. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2022; 13:115. [PMID: 36210477 PMCID: PMC9549680 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-022-00768-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Poultry genetics resources, including commercial selected lines, indigenous breeds, and experimental lines, are now being irreversibly lost at an alarming rate due to multiple reasons, which further threats the future livelihood and academic purpose. Collections of germplasm may reduce the risk of catastrophic loss of genetic diversity by guaranteeing that a pool of genetic variability is available to ensure the reintroduction and replenishment of the genetic stocks. The setting up of biobanks for poultry is challenging because the high sensitiveness of spermatozoa to freezing–thawing process, inability to cryopreserve the egg or embryo, coupled with the females being heterogametic sex. The progress in cryobiology and biotechnologies have made possible the extension of the range of germplasm for poultry species available in cryobanks, including semen, primordial germ cells, somatic cells and gonads. In this review, we introduce the state-of-the-art technologies for avian genetic resource conservation and breed reconstruction, and discuss the potential challenges for future study and further extending of these technologies to ongoing and future conservation efforts.
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Hall GB, Beeler-Marfisi J, Long JA, Wood BJ, Bedecarrats GY. Cyclosporin A Prevents Ovarian Graft Rejection, and Permits Normal Germ Cell Maturation Within the First 5 Weeks Post-transplantation, in the Domestic Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo). Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:855164. [PMID: 35498740 PMCID: PMC9051514 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.855164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Biobanked ovaries collected from recently hatched poults can only be revived through transplantation, using a recipient bird. The main hurdle in transplantation is preventing graft rejection, which appears as lymphocytic infiltration upon histologic evaluation of the graft. In this study, the condition of the transplants [immunological compatibility (auto- vs. allotransplants), donor age, time in holding media, and temperature of holding media] and treatment of recipient poults with varying immunosuppressants [mycophenolate mofetil (MFM), cyclophosphamide (CY), and cyclosporin A (CsA)] were studied to determine which factors could reduce lymphocytic infiltration, during the first 35 days post-transplantation. Lymphocytic infiltration was determined via cytoplasmic CD3 (T cell) and nuclear PAX5 (B cell) expression. There was no significant difference in the percent of cytoplasmic CD3 or nuclear PAX5 immunostained area between the unoperated group and the autotransplants, by 6 days post-transplantation. However, the allotransplants had more (P < 0.05) positive cytoplasmic and nuclear immunostained areas compared to autotransplants, irrespective of donor age, time in holding media or temperature of the media. By 14 days post-transplantation, the CsA 25 and 50 mg/kg/day treatment groups had less (P < 0.05) CD3 and PAX5 positive areas in their allotransplants, compared to the unsuppressed group. At 35 days post-transplantation, the CsA 25 mg/kg/day allotransplant group also had less (P < 0.05) CD3 and PAX5 positive areas compared to the unsuppressed group. The CsA 25 mg/kg/day transplants also had a similar ovarian follicular size compared to the unoperated group, although they contained fewer (P < 0.05) follicles based on follicular density. Donor age, duration in holding media, temperature of media, and treatment of recipients with MFM or CY had no effect on reducing lymphocytic infiltration. However, immunological compatibility was associated with decreased lymphocytic infiltration, as autotransplants had little lymphocytic infiltration. Treatment of recipients with CsA at 25 mg/kg/day was also associated with reduced lymphocytic infiltration and allowed transplants to develop normally during the first 35 days post transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- George B. Hall
- Department of Animal Bioscience, Ontario Agriculture College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: George B. Hall
| | - Janet Beeler-Marfisi
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Julie A. Long
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Benjamin J. Wood
- Department of Animal Bioscience, Ontario Agriculture College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
- School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, Australia
| | - Gregoy Y. Bedecarrats
- Department of Animal Bioscience, Ontario Agriculture College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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Turkey ovarian tissue transplantation: effects of surgical technique on graft attachment and immunological status of the grafts, 6 days post-surgery. Poult Sci 2022; 101:101648. [PMID: 35093770 PMCID: PMC8808259 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Biobanked poultry ovaries can be revived via transplantation into a recipient female, which upon maturity will produce donor-derived progeny. Previously, a large portion of these recipients also produced recipient-derived progeny, making them gonadal chimeras. These were potentially created when portions of the recipient's ovary were inadvertently left behind. Completely removing the recipient ovary would solve this problem; however, leaving a portion of the recipient's ovary may have inadvertently increased the transplant attachment rate by providing a damaged area for attachment. To test this hypothesis in the turkey, we removed various portions (33–100%) of recipient ovarian tissue and determined the transplant attachment rate. Furthermore, the use of the abdominal air sac membrane as an additional anchoring point was tested. The overall attachment rate of transplants was 91% (27/30), while the average size of the transplants was 4.2 ± 0.6 mm2, 6 d postsurgery. There was no difference (P > 0.05) in the attachment rates, or transplant size between groups with varying amounts of recipent tissue removed, or by using the abdominal air sac membrane as an anchor. Finally, the immunological status of the grafts were evaluated by analyzing the presences of CD3 and MUM-1 (T and B cell markers). This showed that all transplants were infiltrated by large numbers of T and B cells. Shown by a high (P ≤ 0.001) percentage of CD3-positive immunostained cytoplasmic area (49.78 ± 3.90%) in transplants compared to remnant recipient tissue (0.30 ± 0.10%), as well as a high (P ≤ 0.001) percentage of MUM-1-positive immunostained nuclear area (9.85 ± 1.95%) in transplants over remnant recipient tissues (0.39 ± 0.12%). From this study we would recommend removing the entire recipient ovary, and not covering the transplants with the abdominal air sac membrane, to prevent gonadal chimeras. The high levels of lymphocytes within the grafts indicate possible tissue rejection, which could be overcome via immunosuppression with or without histocompatibility matching between donors and recipients.
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Animal board invited review: Germplasm technologies for use with poultry. Animal 2022; 16:100475. [PMID: 35220173 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2022.100475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last century, several reproductive biotechnologies beyond the artificial incubation of eggs were developed to improve poultry breeding stocks and conserve their genetic diversity. These include artificial insemination (AI), semen storage, diploid primordial germ cell (PGC) methodologies, and gonad tissue storage and transplantation. Currently, AI is widely used for selection purposes in the poultry industry, in the breeding of turkeys and guinea fowl, and to solve fertility problems in duck interspecies crosses for the production of mule ducklings. The decline in some wild game species has also raised interest in reproductive technologies as a means of increasing the production of fertile eggs, and ultimately the number of birds that can be raised. AI requires viable sperm to be preserved in vitro for either short (fresh) or longer periods (chilling or freezing). Since spermatozoa are the most easily accessed sex cells, they are the cell type most commonly preserved by genetic resource banks. However, the cryopreservation of sperm only preserves half of the genome, and it cannot preserve the W chromosome. For avian species, the problem of preserving oocytes and zygotes may be solved via the cryopreservation and transplantation of PGCs and gonad tissue. The present review describes all these procedures and discusses how combining these different technologies allows poultry populations to be conserved and even rapidly reconstituted.
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Hall GB, Long JA, Wood BJ, Bedecarrats GY. In ovo culturing of turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) ovarian tissue to assess graft viability and maturation of prefollicular germ cells and follicles. Poult Sci 2020; 99:7109-7121. [PMID: 33248628 PMCID: PMC7704971 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Biobanking of turkey ovarian tissue appears to be the most cost-effective method for the long-term preservation of female genetics. However, to ensure the successful transplantation of biobanked ovarian tissue for breed or line revival, the transplantation and development of fresh ovarian tissue must be evaluated. To assess transplantability, ovaries from poults 1 to 15 days posthatch (dph) were cultured in ovo in chicken eggs for 6 d and compared with the equivalent fresh tissue. The viability of cultured ovarian tissue was evaluated visually, whereas the level of late-stage apoptosis was measured via the TUNEL assay. In addition, the diameter and density of prefollicular germ cells and follicles (primordial and primary) were measured to assess maturation. Results showed that all cultured grafts (74/74), on surviving chicken chorioallantoic membrane, were viable with low levels (0.8 ± 0.1%) of late-stage apoptosis. The diameter of prefollicular germ cells in cultured ovaries from poults at 5 and 7 dph were larger (P < 0.002) than that of their preculture counterparts but were not able to reach their in vivo size. No significant follicular growth was observed in ovaries cultured in ovo; however, prefollicular germ cell density was over 4-fold greater in ovaries cultured from 7 dph poults (81,030 ± 17,611/mm3) than in their in vivo counterpart (16,463 ± 6,805/mm3). Interestingly, cultured ovaries from all other ages displayed equal or lower (P ≤ 0.05) prefollicular germ cell densities than their in vivo counterparts. Cultured ovaries from poults at 5 and 7 dph also exhibited an increase (P ≤ 0.05) in follicle density compared with their preculture counterparts; whereas, cultured ovaries from 15 dph poults had decreased densities (P < 0.001) compared with their preculture counterparts. This study demonstrated that, although age of ovarian tissue cultured in ovo did not affect the overall viability, 7 dph ovaries appeared to have a better cellular morphology after culturing in ovo than other ages. In addition, we also demonstrated for the first time that avian follicles can form during tissue culturing in ovo.
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Affiliation(s)
- G B Hall
- Department of Animal Bioscience, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G1Y2, Canada
| | - J A Long
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - B J Wood
- Department of Animal Bioscience, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G1Y2, Canada; Hybrid Turkeys, Kitchener, Ontario, N2K3SC, Canada; School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
| | - G Y Bedecarrats
- Department of Animal Bioscience, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G1Y2, Canada.
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Silyukova YL, Stanishevskaya OI, Dementieva NV. The current state of the problem of in vitro gene pool preservation in poultry. Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genet Selektsii 2020; 24:176-184. [PMID: 33659797 PMCID: PMC7716548 DOI: 10.18699/vj20.611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This review presents the current progress in and approaches to in vitro conservation of reproductive
cells of animals, including birds, such as cryopreservation and freeze-drying, as well as epigenetic conditions for
restoring
viable spermatozoa and female gametes after conservation. Cryopreservation is an effective way to preserve
reproductive cells of various species of animals and birds. In vitro gene pool conservation is aimed primarily
to the restoration of extinct breeds and populations and to the support of genetic diversity in populations prone
to genetic drift. It is the combination of ex situ in vivo and ex situ in vitro methods that can form the basic principles
of the strategy of animal genetic diversity preservation. Also, use of cryopreserved semen allows faster breeding
in industrial poultry farming. Despite numerous advances in semen cryobiology, new methods that can more efficiently
restore semen fertility after cryopreservation are being sought. The mechanisms underlying the effect of
cryopreservation on the semen parameters of cocks are insufficiently understood. The review reflects the results
of recent research in the field of cryopreservation of female and male germ cells, embryonic cells, the search for
new ways in the field of genetic diversity in vitro (the development of new cryoprotective media and new conservation
technologies: freeze-drying). Molecular aspects of cryopreservation and the mechanisms of cryopreservation
influence on the epigenetic state of cells are highlighted. Data on the results of studies in the field of male
reproductive cell lyophilization are presented. The freeze-drying of reproductive cells, as a technology for cheaper
access to the genetic material of wild and domestic animals, compared to cryopreservation, attracts the attention
of scientists in Japan, Israel, Egypt, Spain, and France. There is growing interest in the use of lyophilized semen
in genetic engineering technologies. Methods of freeze-drying are developed taking into account the species of
birds. Organizational and legal ways of solving the problems of in vitro conservation of genetic resources of farm
animals, including birds, are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y L Silyukova
- Russian Research Institute of Farm Animal Genetics and Breeding - Branch of the L.K. Ernst Federal Science Center for Animal Husbandry, Pushkin, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - O I Stanishevskaya
- Russian Research Institute of Farm Animal Genetics and Breeding - Branch of the L.K. Ernst Federal Science Center for Animal Husbandry, Pushkin, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - N V Dementieva
- Russian Research Institute of Farm Animal Genetics and Breeding - Branch of the L.K. Ernst Federal Science Center for Animal Husbandry, Pushkin, St. Petersburg, Russia
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Improvement of the application of gonadal tissue allotransplantation in the in vitro conservation of chicken genetic lines. Anim Reprod Sci 2020; 213:106280. [PMID: 31987330 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2020.106280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In avian species, the surgical technique for ovarian allotransplantation has been developed for domestic chickens; however, not all genotypes can be effectively used as recipients. The aims of the present study were to ascertain donor/recipient combinations for production of offspring from frozen/thawed ovarian tissues. The development of the technique is important because domestic chicken offspring have only been produced from fresh (never frozen) ovarian and from frozen-thawed testicular tissues. Information obtained from evaluating genetic differences of intensively selected lines in which there was successful pairing was compared in the indigenous breeds. Results indicate donor/recipient combinations were created which could be effectively used for gonadal tissue allotransplantations. Gonadal tissues of Yellow, Speckled and Partridge-color Hungarian, Black and Speckled Transylvanian Naked Neck chicken breeds were allotransplanted into White Leghorn or Novogen White breeds for offspring production. The gonadal tissues of these indigenous breeds were cryopreserved using vitrification procedures. There was successful allografting of frozen/thawed gonadal tissues at a rate between 20 % and 100 % depending on the genotype and sex, and histological examination and microsatellite marker analysis provided evidence that the donor ovarian and testicular tissues had the capacity for producing gametes. The hens of Speckled Transylvanian Naked Neck/White Leghorn combination using frozen/thawed ovarian tissues were produced for progeny tests. Of these, 58 % produced eggs and 9.1 % produced donor-derived offspring, based on data for both feather color markers and genetic analysis.
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12
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Abstract
Biobanking animal germplasm and tissues is a major component of conserving genetic resources. Effectively constructing such gene banks requires an understanding and evaluation of genetic resources, the ability to conserve various tissues through cryopreservation, and a robust information technology infrastructure to allow managers and potential users to fully understand and make use of the collection. Progress has been made internationally in developing national genetic resource collections. As these collections have been developed, it has become apparent that gene banks can serve a multitude of roles, thereby serving short- and long-term needs of research communities and industry. This article documents the development of gene banks and provides examples of how they have been used to date and the extent to which they have captured genetic diversity for future use.
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Affiliation(s)
- H D Blackburn
- National Animal Germplasm Program, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, Colorado 80521, USA;
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13
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Nandi S, Whyte J, Taylor L, Sherman A, Nair V, Kaiser P, McGrew MJ. Cryopreservation of specialized chicken lines using cultured primordial germ cells. Poult Sci 2016; 95:1905-11. [PMID: 27099306 PMCID: PMC4988548 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Biosecurity and sustainability in poultry production requires reliable germplasm conservation. Germplasm conservation in poultry is more challenging in comparison to other livestock species. Embryo cryopreservation is not feasible for egg-laying animals, and chicken semen conservation has variable success for different chicken breeds. A potential solution is the cryopreservation of the committed diploid stem cell precursors to the gametes, the primordial germ cells ( PGCS: ). Primordial germ cells are the lineage-restricted cells found at early embryonic stages in birds and form the sperm and eggs. We demonstrate here, using flocks of partially inbred, lower-fertility, major histocompatibility complex- ( MHC-: ) restricted lines of chicken, that we can easily derive and cryopreserve a sufficient number of independent lines of male and female PGCs that would be sufficient to reconstitute a poultry breed. We demonstrate that germ-line transmission can be attained from these PGCs using a commercial layer line of chickens as a surrogate host. This research is a major step in developing and demonstrating that cryopreserved PGCs could be used for the biobanking of specialized flocks of birds used in research settings. The prospective application of this technology to poultry production will further increase sustainability to meet current and future production needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Nandi
- The Roslin Institute and Royal Dick School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - J Whyte
- The Roslin Institute and Royal Dick School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - L Taylor
- The Roslin Institute and Royal Dick School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - A Sherman
- The Roslin Institute and Royal Dick School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - V Nair
- Avian Oncogenic Virus Group, The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Woking, Guildford, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - P Kaiser
- The Roslin Institute and Royal Dick School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - M J McGrew
- The Roslin Institute and Royal Dick School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
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Liu J, Cheng KM, Silversides FG. Recovery of fertility from adult ovarian tissue transplanted into week-old Japanese quail chicks. Reprod Fertil Dev 2015; 27:281-4. [DOI: 10.1071/rd13256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Fertility of cryopreserved ovarian tissue from immature chickens and Japanese quail has been recovered by transplantation. This is of special importance for non-mammalian vertebrates in which cryopreservation and in vitro maturation of oocytes are challenging because their oogenesis is characterised by vitellogenesis. This study tested whether fertility of adult quail ovarian tissue could be recovered by transplantation. Ovaries were isolated from mature Japanese quail hens, trimmed, cut into 3- to 4-mm2 pieces and transplanted into ovariectomised, week-old chicks. Recipients were administered an immunosuppressant for two weeks. Ten of 12 recipients survived until sexual maturity and seven laid eggs, but all stopped laying by 17 weeks of age. The age at first egg of recipients laying eggs (75.7 ± 4.2 days) was greater than that of untreated hens (51.8 ± 1.7 days) and egg production of recipients during the laying period (21.7 ± 5.7) was less than that of untreated hens (60.8 ± 3.5). Recipients were paired with males from the WB line for test mating. Only two hens laid eggs during the test period but both produced 100% donor-derived offspring. This research demonstrated that the reproductive potential of ovarian tissue from adult quail hens can be restored by transplantation.
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Silversides F, Robertson M, Liu J. Cryoconservation of avian gonads in Canada. Poult Sci 2013; 92:2613-7. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2013-03185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Silversides FG, Robertson MC, Liu J. Growth of subcutaneous chicken testicular transplants. Poult Sci 2013; 92:1916-20. [PMID: 23776280 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2013-03057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian genetic resources have declined dramatically over the past half century, partly because the poultry community has been slow to adopt cryoconservation of avian germplasm. Techniques for gonadal cryopreservation and functional recovery have recently been developed but only some have been optimized. Chicks were castrated at 2 or 6 d and testicles were autotransplanted subcutaneously in one piece after disruption of the tunica membranes to optimize transplantation procedures without the complication of tissue rejection or immunosuppression. At 22 wk of age, the roosters were euthanized and growth of the testicular tissue was evaluated. Mortality with castration at 2 d was high but was much reduced with castration at 6 d. Transplantation of whole testicles subcutaneously on the back of chicks, without complete removal of the tunica membranes, yielded good growth of tissue with transplantation at 2 or 6 d of age. These results will contribute to the use of testicular cryopreservation and transplantation as an effective conservation strategy for avian germplasm. Further definition of the age of treatment will improve the overall efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- F G Silversides
- Agassiz Research Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Agassiz, British Columbia, Canada.
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Liptoi K, Horvath G, Gal J, Varadi E, Barna J. Preliminary results of the application of gonadal tissue transfer in various chicken breeds in the poultry gene conservation. Anim Reprod Sci 2013; 141:86-9. [PMID: 23920420 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2013.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Revised: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to devise a technique to allow transfer of ovarian and testicular tissues obtained from one day old chicks to recipient animals. The following combinations of chicken breeds were used: Tetra SL/Tetra SL, Tetra SL/Harco, Tetra SL/Black Transylvanian Naked Neck, Godollo New Hampshire/Speckled Transylvanian Naked Neck (recipient/donor), respectively. Only animals less than 24h old from hatching were used as either recipient or donor. Eggs yielding recipients were treated with busulfan to hinder the development of the recipient's own gonads. Gonads were transferred surgically to the new host which was then immunosuppressed for two months. The animals were checked at 8 or 16 weeks for the existence of implanted gonads, and if found, the gonads were removed for histology examination. Tetra SL/Tetra SL pairing resulted in successfully adhered and functioning gonads in most cases. In other combinations, no gonads originating from the donors were found in the recipients. We conclude that not all breeds seem to be suitable recipients; some breeds or individuals may show incompatibility to each other and further examination is needed to find the cause of incompatibility and to establish a suitable breed combination, which can be used for gonad transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisztina Liptoi
- Institute for Small Animal Research and Co-ordination Centre for Gene Conservation, Isaszegi u. 200, H-2100 Godollo, Hungary.
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Silversides FG, Purdy PH, Blackburn HD. Comparative costs of programmes to conserve chicken genetic variation based on maintaining living populations or storing cryopreserved material. Br Poult Sci 2013; 53:599-607. [PMID: 23281753 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2012.727383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
1. There have been substantial losses of chicken lines kept for research in recent years and the objective of this research was to critically review alternative methods of preserving genetic resources. 2. The costs of programmes using living populations, semen cryopreservation and reconstitution, and ovary and semen cryopreservation and reconstitution were evaluated over 20 years using biological parameters of cryopreservation and population reconstitution that were derived from the literature. 3. Keeping live populations was most cost effective for periods of up to three years, but keeping live populations is increasingly difficult to justify with longer periods and any research population that will not be used within five years should be cryoconserved and in situ maintenance discontinued. 4. The rapid reconstitution possible using ovaries and semen would allow the inclusion of cryopreserved material in a short-term research project with the cost of recovery included in the budget. The low cost of cryoconservation suggests that all avian material should be conserved and reconstituted when needed for research.
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Affiliation(s)
- F G Silversides
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Research Centre, Agassiz, BC, V0M 1A0, Canada.
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Liu J, Robertson M, Cheng K, Silversides F. Chimeric plumage coloration produced by ovarian transplantation in chickens. Poult Sci 2013; 92:1073-6. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2012-02843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Pereira RJ, Napolitano A, Garcia-Pereira FL, Baldo CF, Suhr ST, King LE, Cibelli JB, Karcher DM, McNiel EA, Perez GI. Conservation of Avian Germplasm by Xenogeneic Transplantation of Spermatogonia from Sexually Mature Donors. Stem Cells Dev 2013; 22:735-49. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2012.0497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo J.G. Pereira
- Departamento de Reprodução Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Angelo Napolitano
- Poultry Research and Teaching Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Fernando L. Garcia-Pereira
- Small Animal Clinical Sciences, D208 Veterinary Medical Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Caroline F. Baldo
- Small Animal Clinical Sciences, D208 Veterinary Medical Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Steven T. Suhr
- Department of Animal Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Louis E. King
- Department of Biochemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Jose B. Cibelli
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
- Department of Animal Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
- Andalusian Laboratory of Cellular Reprogramming, LARCEL, Seville, Spain
| | - Darrin M. Karcher
- Department of Animal Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Elizabeth A. McNiel
- Small Animal Clinical Sciences, D208 Veterinary Medical Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Gloria I. Perez
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
- Andalusian Laboratory of Cellular Reprogramming, LARCEL, Seville, Spain
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Liu J, Cheng KM, Silversides FG. Novel needle-in-straw vitrification can effectively preserve the follicle morphology, viability, and vascularization of ovarian tissue in Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica). Anim Reprod Sci 2012; 134:197-202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2012.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Revised: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Song Y, Cheng K, Robertson M, Silversides F. Production of donor-derived offspring after ovarian transplantation between Muscovy (Cairina moschata) and Pekin (Anas platyrhynchos) ducks. Poult Sci 2012; 91:197-200. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2011-01672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Abstract
SummarySix lines of laying chickens representing high-producing non-industrial lines chosen or produced with consideration for characters of production are being kept at the Agassiz Research Centre. The collection includes one Barred Plymouth Rock (Line 60), one Columbian Plymouth Rock, one Rhode Island Red (Line 50), and three White Leghorn lines (Blue, Black, and Burgundy). Before coming to the Agassiz Research Centre these pure lines were subjected to mild selection for egg production and their egg production approaches that of commercial hybrids. The lines are currently maintained as a genetic resource as live populations without selection and with populations large enough to minimize inbreeding. In addition, samples of DNA from these lines have been conserved for genetic studies, and samples of embryonic cells are being kept cryogenically to allow the possibility of reconstitution of the lines through the production of germline chimeras. Techniques of ovarian transplantation are being developed which will allow more efficient cryogenic conservation and recuperation of the genetic material into live populations.
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Nakamura Y, Usui F, Miyahara D, Mori T, Ono T, Takeda K, Nirasawa K, Kagami H, Tagami T. Efficient system for preservation and regeneration of genetic resources in chicken: concurrent storage of primordial germ cells and live animals from early embryos of a rare indigenous fowl (Gifujidori). Reprod Fertil Dev 2010; 22:1237-46. [DOI: 10.1071/rd10056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2010] [Accepted: 06/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The unique accessibility of chicken primordial germ cells (PGCs) during early development provides the opportunity to combine the reproduction of live animals with genetic conservation. Male and female Gifujidori fowl (GJ) PGCs were collected from the blood of early embryos, and cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen for >6 months until transfer. Manipulated GJ embryos were cultured until hatching; fertility tests indicated that they had normal reproductive abilities. Embryos from two lines of White Leghorn (24HS, ST) were used as recipients for chimera production following blood removal. The concentration of PGCs in the early embryonic blood of 24HS was significantly higher than in ST (P < 0.05). Frozen–thawed GJ PGCs were microinjected into the bloodstream of same-sex recipients. Offspring originating from GJ PGCs in ST recipients were obtained with a higher efficiency than those originating from GJ PGCs in 24HS recipients (23.3% v. 3.1%). Additionally, GJ progeny were successfully regenerated by crossing germline chimeras of the ST group. In conclusion, the cryogenic preservation of PGCs from early chicken embryos was combined with the conservation of live animals.
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Yuan J, Gao J, Zhan Z, Liu H, Jin W, Li Z. Development-promoting effect of chicken embryo membrane on chicken ovarian cortical pieces of different age. Poult Sci 2009; 88:2415-21. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2008-00555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Song Y, Silversides F. Long-Term Production of Donor-Derived Offspring from Chicken Ovarian Transplants. Poult Sci 2008; 87:1818-22. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2008-00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Transplantation of ovaries in Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica). Anim Reprod Sci 2008; 105:430-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2007.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2007] [Revised: 11/25/2007] [Accepted: 12/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Song Y, Silversides FG. Production of offspring from cryopreserved chicken testicular tissue. Poult Sci 2007; 86:1390-6. [PMID: 17575187 DOI: 10.1093/ps/86.7.1390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryopreservation of avian germplasm provides a means of genetic banking for future needs in biological research and animal production. The sperm of birds can be cryopreserved and used to fertilize eggs. However, the fertility of frozen-thawed avian semen is generally much lower than that of mammalian semen and varies among species or among lines, reducing the value of semen for the preservation of genetic resources. In the present study, a simple freezing protocol was used to cryopreserve testicular tissue of day-old chicks, and after subsequent transplantation, the frozen-thawed testicular tissue developed functional seminiferous tubules that produced sufficient sperm to fertilize eggs, resulting in donor-derived offspring. This study provides an alternative to semen cryopreservation for storage of the male germline in birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Song
- Agassiz Research Centre, British Columbia, Canada V0M 1A0
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Song Y, Silversides F. Heterotopic Transplantation of Testes in Newly Hatched Chickens and Subsequent Production of Offspring via Intramagnal Insemination1. Biol Reprod 2007; 76:598-603. [PMID: 17167164 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.106.058032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Transplantation of testicular tissue onto the back of immunodeficient nude mice provides a tool to examine testicular development and preserve fertility in mammals. There is no immunodeficient model in birds, but we recently transplanted ovarian tissue between newly hatched chicks from two lines of chickens and produced donor-derived offspring, showing that experimental transplantation is possible in newly hatched chicks. In the present study testicular tissue from newly hatched Barred Plymouth Rock (BPR) chicks was transplanted under the skin of the back, under the skin of the abdomen, or in the abdomen of White Leghorn chicks that had been surgically castrated and immunocompromised. Recipient birds were killed at 10 mo of age. Transplanted tissue was observed in one of five hosts receiving tissue under the skin of the back, two of five hosts receiving tissue under the skin of the abdomen, and three of five chicks with grafts inside the abdominal cavity. In recipients with no regeneration of host testes, testicular transplants grew to the size of normal testes, and histologic analysis showed active spermatogenesis. Subsequent collection of sperm from two successful transplants and surgical insemination of the sperm into the magna of the oviducts of BPR hens resulted in the production of 24 donor-derived chicks. These results demonstrate that the combination of testicular tissue transplantation with intramagnal insemination can produce viable, normal chicks, which could provide a simple approach for the recuperation of live offspring in avian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghong Song
- Agassiz Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Agassiz, British Columbia, Canada V0M 1A0
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