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Arp K, Nedermark J, Ingwersen KG, Ageberg E, Varnum C, Viberg B. Which patients need anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction after initial treatment with rehabilitation? A scoping review. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2024. [PMID: 39045722 DOI: 10.1002/ksa.12378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Some patients with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury initially treated with rehabilitation need ACL reconstruction (ACLR); yet, it is unclear what characterizes these patients. This review aimed to describe predictors for ACLR in patients initially treated with rehabilitation. METHODS A systematic literature search was performed in the Cochrane, Embase, Medline, SportsDiscus and Web of Science databases from inception to 21 February 2023. Articles describing characteristics in adult patients with ACL injury undergoing ACLR after a minimum of 5 weeks rehabilitation were included. It was a priori chosen that characteristics described in at least three articles were considered more certain and could be defined as a predictor for ACLR, and those described in less than three articles were considered less certain and therefore defined as possible predictors. Articles were screened by two independent reviewers. The study was originally intended as a systematic review with meta-analysis, but in case of limited data, we would convert it to a scoping review, as was the case for this review. RESULTS There were 22,836 studies identified, and 181 full texts were screened, of which 10 papers were finally included. Only lower age and higher preinjury activity level were identified as predictors for ACLR. Another 12 possible predictors were identified in single studies. Through an iterative process, potential predictors were categorized into four groups: patient demographics, knee function, patient-reported outcome measures and anatomical structures. CONCLUSION Lower age and higher preinjury activity level were the only predictors for ACLR after initial treatment with rehabilitation. While younger and highly active patients show a higher need for ACLR, more studies focussing on predictors and reasons for delayed ACLR are warranted. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamilla Arp
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Lillebaelt Hospital-Vejle, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, Vejle, Denmark
- Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jacob Nedermark
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Lillebaelt Hospital-Vejle, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, Vejle, Denmark
| | - Kim Gordon Ingwersen
- Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Physiotherapy, Lillebaelt Hospital-Vejle, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, Vejle, Denmark
| | - Eva Ageberg
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Claus Varnum
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Lillebaelt Hospital-Vejle, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, Vejle, Denmark
- Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Bjarke Viberg
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
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2
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Nedder VJ, Raju AG, Moyal AJ, Calcei JG, Voos JE. Impact of Psychological Factors on Rehabilitation After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Systematic Review. Sports Health 2024:19417381241256930. [PMID: 39041333 DOI: 10.1177/19417381241256930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears are a common orthopaedic injury, and the incidence of ACL reconstruction (ACLR) continues to increase. Current clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) recognize the role of psychological factors in rehabilitation, but patient-reported outcome measures (PROs) and psychological readiness are rarely incorporated into rehabilitation. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this review was to highlight the importance of psychological health after ACL injury, understand the current metrics used to monitor psychological recovery, and outline how psychological recovery can be better incorporated in current CPGs. DATA SOURCES A systematic review was conducted using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines (PRISMA); 63 studies were identified with a PubMed search using the term "ACL Injuries/psychology". STUDY SELECTION Exclusion criteria included lack of consideration of psychological effects or studies validating PROs after ACLR. Studies were reviewed by multiple reviewers, and a total of 38 studies were included after applying exclusion criteria. STUDY DESIGN Systematic review. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 3b. DATA EXTRACTION Two independent reviewers analyzed the included articles to extract sample size, psychological readiness scale or other measures used, and key results. RESULTS Psychological outcomes, especially kinesiophobia and fear of reinjury, are seen commonly after ACLR. Psychological factors were shown to impede return to sport (RTS), alter measurable knee biomechanics, and potentially increase the risk for re-rupture. Targeted interventions such as kinesiotaping, knee bracing, and imagery training can help improve psychological and functional testing after ACLR. CONCLUSION ACLR is often complicated by psychological factors. Psychological readiness is a crucial yet often unincorporated part of rehabilitation. Patients with higher levels of kinesiophobia and lower psychological readiness to RTS specifically should be identified to allow for administration of interventions, such as imagery training, knee bracing, or kinesiotaping, that can mitigate the negative effects of psychological outcomes and improve recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Akash G Raju
- University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Andrew J Moyal
- University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Jacob G Calcei
- University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - James E Voos
- University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
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Simonsson R, Piussi R, Högberg J, Sundberg A, Hamrin Senorski E. Rehabilitation and Return to Sport After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction. Clin Sports Med 2024; 43:513-533. [PMID: 38811125 DOI: 10.1016/j.csm.2023.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Rehabilitation after an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction requires patience, devotion, and discipline. Rehabilitation should be individualized to each patient's specific need and sport. Return to sport is a continuum throughout the rehabilitation, and patients should not return to performance before passing a battery of muscle function tests and patient-reported outcomes, as well as change of direction-specific tests. Return to full participation should be an agreement between the patient, physical therapist, surgeon, and coach. For minimal risk for second ACL injury, patients should continue with maintenance and prevention training even after returning to sport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Simonsson
- Sportrehab Sports Medicine Clinic, Stampgatan 14, Gothenburg SE-411 01, Sweden; Sahlgrenska Sports Medicine Center, Gothenburg, Sweden; Unit of Physiotherapy, Department of Health and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 455, Gothenburg SE-405 30, Sweden
| | - Ramana Piussi
- Sportrehab Sports Medicine Clinic, Stampgatan 14, Gothenburg SE-411 01, Sweden; Sahlgrenska Sports Medicine Center, Gothenburg, Sweden; Unit of Physiotherapy, Department of Health and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 455, Gothenburg SE-405 30, Sweden
| | - Johan Högberg
- Sportrehab Sports Medicine Clinic, Stampgatan 14, Gothenburg SE-411 01, Sweden; Sahlgrenska Sports Medicine Center, Gothenburg, Sweden; Unit of Physiotherapy, Department of Health and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 455, Gothenburg SE-405 30, Sweden
| | - Axel Sundberg
- Sahlgrenska Sports Medicine Center, Gothenburg, Sweden; Unit of Physiotherapy, Department of Health and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 455, Gothenburg SE-405 30, Sweden; Capio Ortho Center, Arvid Wallgrens Backe 4a, Gothenburg SE-413 13, Sweden
| | - Eric Hamrin Senorski
- Sportrehab Sports Medicine Clinic, Stampgatan 14, Gothenburg SE-411 01, Sweden; Sahlgrenska Sports Medicine Center, Gothenburg, Sweden; Unit of Physiotherapy, Department of Health and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 455, Gothenburg SE-405 30, Sweden; Swedish Olympic Committee, Olympiastadion 114 33, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Frouin A, Desfontaines N, Lacourpaille L, Nordez A, Le Sant G. Preoperative Rehabilitation Enhances Mental and Physical Well-Being in Anterior Cruciate Ligament-Injured Individuals: A Mixed Methods Study. J Sport Rehabil 2024; 33:289-296. [PMID: 38580299 DOI: 10.1123/jsr.2023-0312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
CONTEXT Rehabilitation after an anterior cruciate ligament injury is recommended to be started soon after the injury. When surgery is required, research supports the delivery of physiotherapy before anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (prehabilitation) to optimize recovery and positive outcomes. Individuals attending prehabilitation have never been questioned regarding their adherence to prehabilitation, perception of utility in meeting needs, upcoming events, or anticipated recovery goals. DESIGN Mixed methods cross-sectional study: Methods: 25 individuals before anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (43% of eligible individuals from 12 clinics during the delivery period) were surveyed on their mindset and recovery expectancies. Semistructured interviews conducted in 9 of 25 participants assessed their lived experience of prehabilitation. RESULTS Participants reported that preventing a reinjury (96% of responses) and feeling confident during daily activities about their knee (92%) were the higher rating expectations at this stage of their treatment course. Three themes were developed from the interviews and analyses. (1) Participants reported that prehabilitation was a period full of challenges with memories of the injury and uncertainties. (2) They viewed prehabilitation as a step to move forward by finding support and self-motivating. (3) They believed that prehabilitation would have positive impacts on the treatment outcomes. Participants were confident that prehabilitation would accelerate the recovery of muscle volume (88%) and strength (84%). CONCLUSION Participants had positive experiences of prehabilitation, aligning with the findings on functional outcomes in the existing literature on prehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Frouin
- Nantes Université, Movement-Interactions-Performance, MIP, UR 4334, Nantes, France
- Institut Sport Atlantique, ISA Clinic, Saint-Herblain, France
| | | | - Lilian Lacourpaille
- Nantes Université, Movement-Interactions-Performance, MIP, UR 4334, Nantes, France
| | - Antoine Nordez
- Nantes Université, Movement-Interactions-Performance, MIP, UR 4334, Nantes, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, IUF, Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Le Sant
- Nantes Université, Movement-Interactions-Performance, MIP, UR 4334, Nantes, France
- School of Physiotherapy, IFM3R, St-Sebastien/Loire, France
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Sell TC, Zerega R, King V, Reiter CR, Wrona H, Bullock GS, Mills N, Räisänen A, Ledbetter L, Collins GS, Kvist J, Filbay SR, Losciale JM. Anterior Cruciate Ligament Return to Sport after Injury Scale (ACL-RSI) Scores over Time After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2024; 10:49. [PMID: 38689130 PMCID: PMC11061071 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-024-00712-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychological readiness is an important consideration for athletes and clinicians when making return to sport decisions following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). To improve our understanding of the extent of deficits in psychological readiness, a systematic review is necessary. OBJECTIVE To investigate psychological readiness (measured via the Anterior Cruciate Ligament-Return to Sport after Injury scale (ACL-RSI)) over time after ACL tear and understand if time between injury and surgery, age, and sex are associated with ACL-RSI scores. METHODS Seven databases were searched from the earliest date available to March 22, 2022. Articles reporting ACL-RSI scores after ACL tear were included. Risk of bias was assessed using the ROBINS-I, RoB-2, and RoBANS tools based on the study design. Evidence certainty was assessed for each analysis. Random-effects meta-analyses pooled ACL-RSI scores, stratified by time post-injury and based on treatment approach (i.e., early ACLR, delayed ACLR, and unclear approach). RESULTS A total of 83 studies were included in this review (78% high risk of bias). Evidence certainty was 'weak' or 'limited' for all analyses. Overall, ACL-RSI scores were higher at 3 to 6 months post-ACLR (mean = 61.5 [95% confidence interval (CI) 58.6, 64.4], I2 = 94%) compared to pre-ACLR (mean = 44.4 [95% CI 38.2, 50.7], I2 = 98%), remained relatively stable, until they reached the highest point 2 to 5 years after ACLR (mean = 70.7 [95% CI 63.0, 78.5], I2 = 98%). Meta-regression suggests shorter time from injury to surgery, male sex, and older age were associated with higher ACL-RSI scores only 3 to 6 months post-ACLR (heterogeneity explained R2 = 47.6%), and this reduced 1-2 years after ACLR (heterogeneity explained R2 = 27.0%). CONCLUSION Psychological readiness to return to sport appears to improve early after ACL injury, with little subsequent improvement until ≥ 2-years after ACLR. Longer time from injury to surgery, female sex and older age might be negatively related to ACL-RSI scores 12-24 months after ACLR. Due to the weak evidence quality rating and the considerable importance of psychological readiness for long-term outcomes after ACL injury, there is an urgent need for well-designed studies that maximize internal validity and identify additional prognostic factors for psychological readiness at times critical for return to sport decisions. REGISTRATION Open Science Framework (OSF), https://osf.io/2tezs/ .
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy C Sell
- Atrium Health Musculoskeletal Institute, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Ryan Zerega
- Atrium Health Musculoskeletal Institute, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Victoria King
- Atrium Health Musculoskeletal Institute, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | | | - Hailey Wrona
- Atrium Health Musculoskeletal Institute, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Garrett S Bullock
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis Research Versus Arthritis, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nilani Mills
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Anu Räisänen
- Department of Physical Therapy Education-Oregon, College of Health Sciences-Northwest, Western University of Health Sciences, Oregon, USA
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | | | - Gary S Collins
- Centre for Statistics in Medicine, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Joanna Kvist
- Unit of Physiotherapy, Department of Health, Medicine, and Caring Medicine, University of Linkoping, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Stockholm Sports Trauma Research Center, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stephanie R Filbay
- Department of Physiotherapy, Centre for Health, Exercise and Sports Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Justin M Losciale
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
- Arthritis Research Canada, Vancouver, Canada.
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6
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Alshehri YS. Current views on preoperative rehabilitation practice after anterior cruciate ligament injury among licensed physical therapists in Saudi Arabia: An online-based cross-sectional survey. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e37861. [PMID: 38640285 PMCID: PMC11029962 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000037861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Preoperative rehabilitation is an important stage to both physically and mentally prepare patients for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) and postoperative rehabilitation. This study aimed to investigate the current preoperative rehabilitation practice after anterior cruciate ligament injury among licensed physical therapists in Saudi Arabia. This was an online-based cross-sectional survey. A total of 114 physical therapists completed the survey. The survey consisted of 16 mandatory questions about management strategies, prescribed exercises, patients' physical and psychological concerns, and discussions about nonoperative management. The majority of the respondents used the following preoperative interventions: education (89.5%), closed kinetic chain exercises (66.7%), stretches (63.2%), open kinetic chain exercises (61.4%), proprioceptive exercises (59.6%), cold (56.1%), and activity modification advice (52.6%). More than half of the respondents would recommend patients awaiting ACLR to complete the exercises 2 to 4 times weekly (56.1%) for up to 8 weeks (80.7%) before ACLR. The respondents (73.7%) reported that patients awaiting ACLR did not receive preoperative rehabilitation due to 2 primary factors: the orthopedic team did not refer patients to rehabilitation specialists, and there was a lack of awareness about preoperative rehabilitation. Most therapists (86%) would discuss conservative management if a patient returned to their preinjury level of function before surgery. The surveyed physical therapists reported using various interventions and preoperative rehabilitation lengths with patients awaiting ACLR. The majority of the therapists indicated that patients awaiting ACLR did not receive preoperative rehabilitation. Future studies are needed to establish a consensus on the optimal preoperative rehabilitation program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasir S. Alshehri
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Medical Rehabilitation Sciences, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
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7
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Belozo FL, Belozo RSMN, Ricardo Lopes C, Yamada AK, Silva VRR. Anterior cruciate ligament: A brief narrative review of main risk factors for injury and re-injury. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2024; 38:92-99. [PMID: 38763622 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2024.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury is one of the main injuries in professional and amateur athletes of different sports. Hundreds of thousands of ACL ruptures occurs annually, and only 55% of the athletes return to competitive level, with a 15 times higher chance of suffering a second injury. 60% of these injuries occur without physical contact and since they occur in the acute process, they can cause joint effusion, muscle weakness and functional incapacity. In the long term, they can contribute to a premature process of osteoarthritis. This narrative review is of particular interest for clinicians, practitioners, coaches and athletes to understand the main factors that contribute to an injury and/or re-injury and thus, to optimize their training to reduce and/or prevent the risk of injury and/or reinjury of ACL. Therefore, we aimed reports a narrative overview of the literature surrounding communication and explore through a theoretical review, the main risk factors for an ACL injury and/or re-injury, as well as bringing practical and correct methods of training applications. The lack of theoretical/practical knowledge on the part of rehabilitation and/or training professionals may impair the treatment of an athlete and/or student. High-quality research that can testing different training methods approaches in randomized controlled trials is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe L Belozo
- College of Physical Education - Network Faculty, Nova Odessa, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rebeca S M N Belozo
- College of Physical Education - Network Faculty, Nova Odessa, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Charles Ricardo Lopes
- Methodist University of Piracicaba, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil; Faculty Adventist of Hortolândia, Hortoslândia, SP, Brazil
| | - André K Yamada
- Methodist University of Piracicaba, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Vagner R R Silva
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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8
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Nyland J, Tomberlin C, Brey J, Carter S. Global knee function rating more strongly influences adolescent athletes that sustain a sports-related surgical ACL re-injury or contralateral ACL injury. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2024; 32:599-607. [PMID: 38419433 DOI: 10.1002/ksa.12072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study evaluated differences between adolescent athletes who sustained a surgical anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) re-injury, or contralateral ACL injury following return to sports bridge programme participation (Group 1) compared to those that did not (Group 2). METHODS At 19.9 ± 7 years of age, 198 athletes participated in this study. Groups were compared for time postsurgery, preprogramme and postprogramme Knee Outcome Survey Sports Activity Scale (KOS-SAS) and global rating of knee function (GRKF) during sports activities, postprogramme lower extremity physical function test performance and perceived sports performance compared to preinjury level. RESULTS By 6.0 ± 3.2 years postsurgery, 11 (5.6%) sustained another ACL injury. Group 1 was younger (17.3 ± 1.7 years vs. 20.1 ± 6.8 years, p < 0.001). Postprogramme re-evaluation revealed that Group 1 had a greater GRKF compared to their programme initiation GRKF than Group 2 (32.6 ± 38 vs. 20.0 ± 23, p = 0.04). Group 1 also had a greater mean preprogramme to postprogramme GRKF change than Group 2 (51.3 ± 31 vs. 35.5 ± 21, p = 0.02) (effect size = 0.73). More Group 1 subjects also had a GRKF difference that exceeded the overall mean than Group 2 (p = 0.04). Group 1 had moderately strong relationships between preprogramme and postprogramme GRKF score change and the postprogramme GRKF score (r = 0.65, p = 0.04) and between preprogramme and postprogramme KOS-SAS score change and postprogramme GRKF score (r = 0.60, p = 0.04). CONCLUSION Global rating scores had a stronger influence among adolescent athletes that sustained either surgical ACL re-injury or contralateral ACL injury. Since group physical function and neuromuscular control factors were similar, clinicians need to increase their awareness and understanding of other factors that may influence surgical ACL re-injury or contralateral ACL injury risk. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III, retrospective cohort study.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Nyland
- Norton Orthopaedic Institute, Norton Healthcare, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Colson Tomberlin
- Norton Orthopaedic Institute, Norton Healthcare, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Jennifer Brey
- Norton Orthopaedic Institute, Norton Healthcare, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Sam Carter
- Norton Orthopaedic Institute, Norton Healthcare, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
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Yang Q, Lu W, Luo Y, Li J, Huang X, You T. A Novel Predictor of the Length and Size of ACL Grafts in Chinese Han Adults for ACL Reconstruction: An MRI Study. Orthop Surg 2024; 16:481-489. [PMID: 38174408 PMCID: PMC10834193 DOI: 10.1111/os.13976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Currently, there is no simple and valid method to predict the length and size of the native anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) in each adult patient who will undergo ACL reconstruction. This study aimed to develop an imaging prediction method that can predict the length and size of ACL grafts using the intact posterior cruciate ligament (PCL), in order to enhance the graft preparation individualized sizing. METHODS Three hundred and nineteen patients aged 18 years or older who underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the knee at an orthopaedic clinic between September 9, 2021, and February 5, 2023, were included. The length, sagittal diameter, and coronal diameter of the ACL and PCL were measured in all patients, and F-test were performed to explore linear relationship between ligament measurements. RESULTS Equations were established to predict a variable of the native ACL for the corresponding variable of the intact PCL (i.e., sagittal diameter of the ACL = 4.32 + 1.08 × sagittal diameter of the PCL, and coronal diameter of the ACL = 2.45 + 0.59 × coronal diameter of the PCL, length of the male ACL = 10.92 + 0.64 × length of the male PCL, length of the female ACL = 11.76 + 0.58 × length of the female PCL) (R2 = 0.532; R2 = 0.417; R2 = 0.488; R2 = 0.509; respectively). CONCLUSIONS The length and size of the intact PCL in cases without PCL buckling are predictors of the length and size of the native ACL in adults, respectively. The use of this information to optimize graft diameter may lower the rates of ACL graft failure in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingjun Yang
- Peking University Shenzhen HospitalShenzhenChina
| | - Wenqian Lu
- Clinical Medical CollegeShenzhen UniversityShenzhenChina
| | - Yong Luo
- Clinical Medical CollegeShantou UniversityShantouChina
| | - Jiatong Li
- Clinical Medical CollegeShenzhen UniversityShenzhenChina
| | - Xiancheng Huang
- Clinical Medical College, Weifang Medical UniversityWeifangChina
| | - Tian You
- Peking University Shenzhen HospitalShenzhenChina
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10
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Kvist J, Pettersson M. Knee-Related Quality of Life Compared Between 20 and 35 Years After an Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury Treated Surgically With Primary Repair or Reconstruction, or Nonsurgically. Am J Sports Med 2024; 52:311-319. [PMID: 38230888 PMCID: PMC10838479 DOI: 10.1177/03635465231218237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Quality of life (QoL) is affected up to 5 years after an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury. Knee impairment and osteoarthritis (OA) development increase over time, and this may affect QoL at a long-term follow-up. PURPOSE To investigate changes in health- and knee-related QoL between 20 and 35 years after ACL injury and compare it between patients treated with or without ACL surgery, as well as to study how symptomatic OA (SOA) is associated with change in QoL. STUDY DESIGN Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. METHODS Between 1980 and 1983, 139 patients with acute ACL rupture were allocated to surgical or nonsurgical treatment of the ACL. Both groups completed a structured rehabilitation program. Of those patients, 59 were followed for 20 and 35 years after ACL rupture. After 10 crossovers, 33 patients were treated with primary repair or ACL reconstruction, and 26 were treated without ACL surgery. Combined radiographic OA and knee symptoms at 35 years was defined as SOA. QoL was assessed at 20 and 35 years after injury with the Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score QoL (KOOS-QoL) subscale (range, 1-100), ACL-QoL questionnaire (total score and 5 subscales; range, 1-100), European QoL-5 Dimensions Questionnaire, and visual analog scale. Results were analyzed with paired and independent-sample t tests and chi-square tests. RESULTS Knee-related QoL was impaired at both 20 and 35 years after ACL injury, and differences were dependent on the measurement outcome. In the total cohort, KOOS-QoL did not change but both total ACL-QoL score (7.1 points; 95% CI, 2.2-11.9) and 4 of 5 subscales (5-10 points) decreased (P < .05). No differences were found between treatment groups. QoL decreased overall in patients with SOA, with a 21-point difference within-group change in KOOS-QoL (SOA or non-SOA) between 20 and 35 years of follow-up (P = .001; Cohen d = 1.0). CONCLUSION An ACL injury impairs knee-related QoL for up to 35 years, with no difference between treatment approaches (initial repair or later reconstruction compared with nonsurgical treatment). The deterioration decreases with longer follow-up. Clinicians should be aware of differences in QoL depending on the measurement outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Kvist
- Unit of Physiotherapy, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Science, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Stockholm Sports Trauma Research Center, FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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11
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Kvist J, Bengtsson J, Lundqvist C. The experience and influence of fear after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: an interview study with young athletes. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2023; 15:50. [PMID: 37013605 PMCID: PMC10068218 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-023-00659-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite good physical function, many athletes do not return to sports after an anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). One important reason for this is fear of new injury. The aim of this study was to investigate young athletes' experiences of knee-related fear after an ACLR and how they perceive this fear to affect them in their sporting and everyday life. METHODS A qualitative interview study was conducted, using semi-structured interviews. Athletes who were active in contact or pivoting sport before an ACL injury, with the goal of returning to the same sport and who scored highly on fear of new injury at six months post-ACLR, were asked to participate. Ten athletes (six women and four men, aged 17-25 years), were interviewed by an independent researcher, 7-9 months after ACLR. Content analysis employing an abductive approach was used. RESULTS The analysis resulted in three categories with associated subcategories: 1. The expressions of fear; (i) reason for fear, (ii) changes in fear over time, and (iii) injury situation. 2. Reactions, consequences, and adaptations; (i) reactions, (ii) behavioural adaptation and influence on rehabilitation and daily life, (iii) present consequences, and (iv) consequences for the future. 3. Fear and adaptations related to returning to sports; (i) fear related to returning to sports and, (ii) adaptations in sports and life due to fear. Fear was described in broad and complex ways, with fear of a new injury being expressed as one of several aspects. Various reasons (e.g., seeing others getting injured in the past, previous experience of injury, failed rehabilitation, perceived knee instability) were given to explain the fear, and athletes reacted both physically and mentally to fear. Both positive and negative adaptations to fear were described, in both daily life and sports. CONCLUSION The results contribute to an increased understanding of fear as an essential psychological factor to consider during rehabilitation and leaves the way open for research to investigate how physiotherapists can work to manage fear better among ACLR patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Kvist
- Unit of Physiotherapy, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Science, Linköping University, Linköping, 581 85, Sweden.
- Stockholm Sports Trauma Research Centre, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Johanna Bengtsson
- Unit of Physiotherapy, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Science, Linköping University, Linköping, 581 85, Sweden
| | - Carolina Lundqvist
- Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Athletics Research Center, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linkoping University, Sweden
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12
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Sanjevic A, Tourvas E, Cairns MA, Alnuaimi F, Theodoropoulos J, Dwyer T, Chahal J, Ogilvie-Harris D. Is anterior knee pain following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction a consideration for graft choice, and the influence of COVID: a qualitative analysis in recreational athletes. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2023; 15:30. [PMID: 36907905 PMCID: PMC10008722 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-023-00630-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We set out to investigate whether anterior knee pain following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction has a significant effect on patients, and whether it should influence graft choice. METHODS This was a qualitative analysis of a set of recreational athletes treated at a university hospital at about 1 year following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction surgery. Participants were interviewed by an orthopaedic fellow and resident using structured, open-ended questions. Inductive theme analysis was used to code the data. RESULTS There were 4 major themes: (1) Our hypothesis was that patients would be given adequate information to make an appropriate graft choice. This hypothesis was rejected. Discussion took place, but with little details or rationale for the graft choice. The predominant theme was that the surgeon made the decision, and there was a lack of reliable information for the patient to make a choice. (2) The overall theme was that most patients had no anterior knee pain, and it did not interfere with activities of daily living. (3) One theme was that patients were able to resume all sports without restriction, but in some, the anterior knee pain interfered with the more demanding activities such as impact, cutting, and pivoting. A separate theme was that fear was a major impediment to return to sports and was not related to the anterior knee pain. (4) The overriding theme was that the generalized closures associated with the COVID-19 pandemic slowed the rehabilitation process. Although virtual care was available in general, it was not particularly satisfactory. Patients indicated that they had not been able to return to the gym or to their sporting activities as a result. CONCLUSIONS Amongst non-competitive athletes, anterior knee pain post-anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction surgery does not significantly affect activities of daily living. Although there is a minor effect on sporting activities, the inability to return to sports is related to factors such as the COVID-19 pandemic, fear, or insufficient rehabilitation, rather than anterior knee pain. Overall, anterior knee pain is not a significant factor that plays a role in determining graft choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Sanjevic
- University of Toronto Orthopaedic Sports Medicine, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Evangelos Tourvas
- University of Toronto Orthopaedic Sports Medicine, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,University Hospital of Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Mark A Cairns
- University of Toronto Orthopaedic Sports Medicine, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,OrthoCare Reidsville, Reidsville, NC, USA.,Annie Penn Hospital, Reidsville, NC, USA
| | - Fahad Alnuaimi
- University of Toronto Division of Orthopaedic Surgery Residency, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - John Theodoropoulos
- University of Toronto Orthopaedic Sports Medicine, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tim Dwyer
- University of Toronto Orthopaedic Sports Medicine, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jas Chahal
- University of Toronto Orthopaedic Sports Medicine, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Darrell Ogilvie-Harris
- University of Toronto Orthopaedic Sports Medicine, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
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13
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Zuk EF, Kim S, Burland JP, Glaviano NR. The Comparison of Psychological Barriers Between Individuals with a History of Anterior Knee Pain, Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction, and Healthy Individuals. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2023; 18:92-101. [PMID: 36793558 PMCID: PMC9897036 DOI: 10.26603/001c.68045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Psychological barriers due to anterior knee pain (AKP) and anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) may have a direct impact on an individual's return to physical activity. A comprehensive understanding of these psychological barriers in individuals with AKP and ACLR may help clinicians to develop and implement better treatment strategies to address deficits that may exist in these individuals. Hypothesis/Purpose The primary purpose of this study was to evaluate fear-avoidance, kinesiophobia, and pain catastrophizing in individuals with AKP and ACLR compared with healthy individuals. The secondary purpose was to directly compare psychological characteristics between the AKP and ACLR groups. It was hypothesized that 1) individuals with AKP and ACLR would self-report worse psychosocial function than healthy individuals and 2) the extent of the psychosocial impairments between the two knee pathologies would be similar. Study Design Cross-sectional study. Methods Eighty-three participants (28 AKP, 26 ACLR, and 29 healthy individuals) were analyzed in this study. Fear avoidance belief questionnaire (FABQ) with the physical activity (FABQ-PA) and sport (FABQ-S) subscales, Tampa scale of Kinesiophobia (TSK-11) and pain catastrophizing scale (PCS) assessed psychological characteristics. Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to compare the FABQ-PA, FABQ-S, TSK-11, and PCS scores across the three groups. Mann-Whitney U tests were performed to determine where group differences occurred. Effect sizes (ES) were calculated with the Mann-Whitney U z-score divided by the square root of the sample size. Results Individuals with AKP or ACLR had significantly worse psychological barriers compared to the healthy individuals for all questionnaires (FABQ-PA, FABQ-S, TSK-11, and PCS) (p<0.001, ES>0.86). There were no differences between the AKP and ACLR groups (p≥0.67), with a medium ES (-0.33) in the FABQ-S between AKP and ACLR groups. Conclusion Greater psychological scores indicate impaired psychological readiness to perform physical activity. Clinicians should be aware of fear-related beliefs following knee-related injuries and are encouraged to measure psychological factors during the rehabilitation process. Level of Evidence 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma F Zuk
- Department of Kinesiology University of Connecticut
- Institute for Sports Medicine University of Connecticut
| | - Sungwan Kim
- Department of Kinesiology University of Connecticut
- Institute for Sports Medicine University of Connecticut
| | - Julie P Burland
- Department of Kinesiology University of Connecticut
- Institute for Sports Medicine University of Connecticut
| | - Neal R Glaviano
- Department of Kinesiology University of Connecticut
- Institute for Sports Medicine University of Connecticut
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14
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Sonesson S, Kvist J. Bilateral changes in knee joint laxity during the first year after non-surgically treated anterior cruciate ligament injury. Phys Ther Sport 2022; 58:173-181. [PMID: 36368151 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2022.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Analyse changes in knee laxity between 3, 6, 12 and 24 months after non-surgically treated ACL injury and to analyse associations between knee laxity and knee function, self-reported knee stability, ACL-Return to Sport after Injury (ACL-RSI), fear and confidence at different timepoints during recovery. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. PARTICIPANTS 125 patients (67 males, mean age 25.0 ± 7.0 years) with acute ACL injury. MAIN OUTCOME Laxity was measured using KT-1000 arthrometer. Self-reported knee function was assessed using the International Knee Documentation Committee Subjective Knee Form (IKDC-SKF). Confidence and fear were assessed with questions from the ACL-RSI scale. Subjectively knee stability was assessed using SANE. RESULTS Knee laxity increased bilaterally from 3 to 12 months, and in the non-involved knee from 3 to 24 months (p˂0.05), although mean change was below 1 mm. Side-to-side difference in knee laxity was correlated with IKDC-SKF (r = -0.283) and knee stability in rehabilitation/sport activities (r = -0.315) at 6 months, but not with confidence/fear. CONCLUSION Knee laxity increased bilaterally during the first year after non-surgically treated ACL injury, though, the mean change in knee laxity was below 1 mm and the clinical significance is unknown. Knee laxity was weakly associated with knee function and perceived knee stability. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level II TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT02931084.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofi Sonesson
- Unit of Physiotherapy, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Joanna Kvist
- Unit of Physiotherapy, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV), Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Sweden; Stockholm Sports Trauma Research Center, Dept of Molecular Medicine & Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Sweden
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15
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Filbay SR. Surgery or rehabilitation for anterior cruciate ligament injury: where are we now? Lancet 2022; 400:543-545. [PMID: 35988554 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(22)01580-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie R Filbay
- Centre for Health, Exercise and Sports Medicine, Department of Physiotherapy, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia.
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16
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Lundberg M, Archer KR. Fear of Movement: Past, Present, and Future for Rehabilitation and Health. Phys Ther 2022; 102:6533377. [PMID: 35188966 DOI: 10.1093/ptj/pzac007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mari Lundberg
- Professor and Head of Department of Health Promoting Science, Sophiahemmet University, Stockholm, Sweden.,Visiting Professor, Pain in Motion Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kristin R Archer
- Professor and Vice Chair of Orthopaedic Surgery, Professor of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Director of the Vanderbilt Center for Musculoskeletal Research, and Director of Research for the Osher Center for Integrative Health, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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