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Wei M, Jiang W, Wang R, Xiao B, Zhan Q. Langerhans cell histiocytosis of the skull in 23 children. Eur J Med Res 2024; 29:136. [PMID: 38368348 PMCID: PMC10874530 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-024-01727-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the clinical features, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) of the skull in children. METHODS This study retrospectively summarized the clinical manifestations, treatment methods and follow-up status of children with skull LCH who were admitted to the Department of Neurosurgery of Shanghai Children's Hospital from January 2014 to June 2021. RESULTS A total of 23 patients confirmed by histology as LCH received hospitalization treatment, including 14 males and 9 females, aged (5.76 ± 3.86) years old. The clinical manifestations were mostly incidentally discovered head masses that gradually enlarged (19 cases, 82.61%). Only 2 cases are affected by multiple systems, while the rest are affected by single systems. 9 patients were involved in multiple skull lesions, and 14 patients had local skull lesions. All patients underwent surgical intervention, with 17 patients undergoing total resection and 6 patients undergoing biopsy. 21 patients received chemotherapy after surgery. The median follow-up was 2.46 years (range 0.33-6.83 years). 21 patients had their symptoms and signs under control or even resolved, and 2 patients experienced recurrence during follow-up. The overall control rate reached 91.30%. CONCLUSION Personalized treatment plans according to different clinical types. Regular outpatient follow-up is crucial to monitor disease recurrence and late effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Luding Rd. 355, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbin Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Luding Rd. 355, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Luding Rd. 355, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Xiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Luding Rd. 355, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Qijia Zhan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Luding Rd. 355, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
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Chaulagain D, Smolanka V, Smolanka A, Havryliv T. Case Report: Langerhans cell histiocytosis involving the cervical spine in an adult patient. F1000Res 2023; 12:1185. [PMID: 38854701 PMCID: PMC11162520 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.139360.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis (LCH) is a typically benign disorder that affects infants predominately, with adult occurrence being uncommon. We discuss the case of a 22-year-old guy who visited our clinic complaining of three months of acute nape pain and upper limb radiculopathy. Notably, the patient had no history of trauma, fall injuries, or tuberculosis. Radiological tests identified a single osteolytic lesion within the C3 vertebral body. The lesion was removed, an anterior C3 corpectomy and discectomy were performed, and the patient's spine was reconstructed with a titanium cage and plating. The patient's nape discomfort and radiculopathy vanished almost instantly after surgery. A definitive diagnosis of LCH was confirmed through histological examination. This case report illustrates the unusual and uncommon occurrence of LCH at the C3 vertebral body, for which fusion surgery was the only viable therapeutic option. The patient's recovery from radiating pain following the surgical procedure demonstrates the effectiveness of the intervention. LCH in the cervical spine is rather rare, but it is nevertheless important to be aware of the possibility of developing it.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andriy Smolanka
- Neurosurgery, Uzhhorod National University, Uzhhorod, Ukraine
| | - Taras Havryliv
- Neurosurgery, Uzhhorod National University, Uzhhorod, Ukraine
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Patil K, Sanjay CJ, Hegde U, Panda R. Adult-onset Langerhans cell histiocytosis – A Trojan horse of oral cavity: A case report with rare clinical presentation. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2023; 27:S98-S103. [PMID: 37082276 PMCID: PMC10112703 DOI: 10.4103/jomfp.jomfp_131_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH), earlier recognised as histiocytosis X, is a rare haematological illness involving infants and young children. LCH is caused by unrestrained stimulation and proliferation of usual antigen presenting cells, Langerhans cells (LCs) and the disease demonstrates extensive clinical and radiographic features involving multiple sites. Since the incidence is relatively low limited data is available regarding the epidemiology of LCH, with approximation of 2-5 cases per million populations per year. LCH has male predilection with jaws involved in 10-20% cases and only 1% of the cases affecting maxilla, masquerading as periodontal or periapical pathology. We report a case of 48-year-old female with LCH involving posterior maxilla. This is a unique presentation corresponding to age, gender, location and severity. Dental clinicians should be aware of this and consider it to be a part of their differential diagnosis pertaining to unresolved periodontal pathology as it mimics clinically and radiographically.
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Li X, Liu X, Sun D. Diagnosis and treatment of adult Langerhans cell histiocytosis in the rib: a case report and literature review. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2022; 10:1025. [PMID: 36267732 PMCID: PMC9577751 DOI: 10.21037/atm-22-3601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a rare proliferative disease caused by the proliferation of Langerhan's cells and aggregation in multiple organs. Rib involvement is extremely rare and easily misdiagnosed. The biologic behavior of LCH is largely unknown, and it is of utmost importance to differentiate it from tuberculosis and tumors. Herein, we present a male adult diagnosed with Langerhans cell histiocytosis of the rib which was successfully treated with surgery. CASE DESCRIPTION This study retrospectively reports a rare case of rib-only LCH in a 34-year-old male patient who complained of persistent stabbing pain in the left chest and back for 45 days. The pain increased after bending, and was accompanied by chest tightness, shortness of breath, and night sweats. The patient denied any family history of LCH. CT showed an isolated mass on the left chest wall invading the seventh posterior rib. The diagnosis was confirmed by immunohistochemical staining and pathological analysis. The immunohistochemistry showed VIM (+), Ki-67 (+30%), CD1a (+), CD 68 (+) and S-100 (+). After surgical resection, the patient was followed up for more than 5 years without recurrence or complication. In addition, we reviewed and summarized 11 reported LCH cases with rib involvement, in which patients were either asymptomatic, or reported chest or back pain. Surgical resection was the main therapy in each case, and after 4-63 months of follow up, all patients were disease-free. CONCLUSIONS This case presents a rare instance of adult LCH in the rib. Pathological typical Langerhans cells and positive protein S100, CD1a, and CD207 are the key evidences for LCH, and surgical resection is currently an effective therapy with satisfactory outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tianjin Chest Hospital (Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University), Tianjin, China
| | - Xufeng Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tianjin Haibin People’s Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Daqiang Sun
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tianjin Chest Hospital (Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University), Tianjin, China
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Histiocytosis in the pediatric spine: a clinical and radiographic analysis of 50 patients. Spine Deform 2021; 9:823-831. [PMID: 33400235 DOI: 10.1007/s43390-020-00261-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Descriptive, retrospective. Scientific level of evidence IV. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate a consecutive case series of 50 pediatric patients with LCH of the spine. Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a rare disease characterized by abnormal proliferation of Langerhans cells in different organs. Incidence in children range from 2 to 10 cases per million. In the current literature, few series evaluate LCH in the pediatric spine. MATERIAL AND METHODS A consecutive case series of 50 pediatric patients with LCH of the spine treated at our hospital between 1984 and 2016, with a follow-up of at least 2 years, was analyzed. Sex, age, clinical and radiographic presentation, number of lesions, treatment, complications, and outcome were assessed. RESULTS Fifty patients, 26 boys and 24 girls, were evaluated. Mean age was 5 years and 2 months (6 months to 13 years and 3 months). 27 patients had a single spinal lesion while 23 had 2 or more lesions. A total of 100 vertebrae were involved. The thoracic spine was the most affected. The most frequent lesion location was in the vertebral body in 88% of the cases. The symptoms were pain (87%), reduced range of motion, deformity, and neurologic deficit. Biopsy was performed in 48 patients. Thirty-nine patients received medical treatment, 28 used orthoses and six required surgery. Six patients (12%) recurred at a mean of 3 years and 5 months (range 2-12 years). In all cases, neurological symptoms, torticollis, and deformities resolved after medical or surgical treatment. CONCLUSIONS Because of the variable presentation of the disease, ranging from a solitary isolated vertebral lesion to polyostotic and multisystemic involvement, a multidisciplinary team is required to have an adequate management of these patients and to obtain good results.
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Sanchez-Flores X, Nevares-Pomales OW, Martin-Garcia RF. Nodular Lesion in a Newborn with Spontaneous Regression. Pediatr Rev 2021; 42:e9-e12. [PMID: 33648999 DOI: 10.1542/pir.2018-0145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Sanchez-Flores
- Department of Dermatology, University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Oscar W Nevares-Pomales
- Department of Dermatology, University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Rafael F Martin-Garcia
- Department of Dermatology, University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, San Juan, Puerto Rico
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Ozisik H, Yurekli BS, Demir D, Ertan Y, Simsir IY, Ozdemir M, Erdogan M, Cetinkalp S, Ozgen G, Saygili F. Langerhans cell histiocytosis of the thyroid together with papillary thyroid carcinoma. Hormones (Athens) 2020; 19:253-259. [PMID: 32314308 DOI: 10.1007/s42000-020-00181-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hatice Ozisik
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey.
| | | | - Derya Demir
- Division of Pathology, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Yesim Ertan
- Division of Pathology, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
| | | | - Murat Ozdemir
- Division of General Surgery, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Erdogan
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Sevki Cetinkalp
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Gokhan Ozgen
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Fusun Saygili
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
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8
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Martins PHT, Dallagnese G, Luzzatto L, Dantas ML. Case for diagnosis. Diffuse ulcerated nodular lesions. An Bras Dermatol 2019; 94:615-617. [PMID: 31777366 PMCID: PMC6857547 DOI: 10.1016/j.abd.2019.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Langerhans cell histiocytosis is a rare clonal proliferative disease, characterized by the infiltration of one or multiple organs by histiocytes. Due to the diversity of signs and symptoms, the diagnosis of this disease is often late. The estimated incidence in adults is one to two cases per million, but the disease is probably underdiagnosed in this population. This report presents a case of disseminated Langerhans cell histiocytosis. The authors highlight the most characteristic aspects of this rare and heterogeneous disease, which usually presents as a challenging clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Henrique Teixeira Martins
- Department of Dermatology, Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Department of Dermatology, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Gabriela Dallagnese
- Department of Dermatology, Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Department of Dermatology, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Laura Luzzatto
- Department of Dermatology, Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Department of Dermatology, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Manuela Lima Dantas
- Department of Dermatology, Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Department of Dermatology, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Abstract
RATIONALE Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) involving adult cervical vertebrae is relatively rare clinically. PATIENT CONCERNS An 18-year-old male patient exhibited a 1-month history of neck pain, restricted neck mobility, and numbness and weakness of both upper limbs. The patient reported no pain at other sites, exhibited no fever or night sweats, and was unable to recall any recent injury. DIAGNOSES On the basis of the radiological features of the lesion and laboratory tests, there was a high possibility that the patient had a tuberculosis lesion. Postoperative GeneXpert and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) culture results showed MTB negative. Postoperative pathological results showed: (Cervical 4 vertebrae) LCH. INTERVENTIONS Our department did an anterior approach operation. The patient was treated with prednisone combined with vincristine after operation. OUTCOMES The patient was discharged from the hospital with complete remission of cervical pain and rapid relief of neurological symptoms. LESSONS Computed tomography-guided biopsy of lesion tissue must be performed when a suspected infection occurs in young patients. If possible, the lesion tissue obtained during the operation should be cultured and pathologically examined for early diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingcheng Rao
- Department of Spine Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, Guizhou
| | - Yuhang Rao
- Department of Orthopaedics, FenJinTing Hospital, Sihong, JiangSu, China
| | - Chong Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, Guizhou
| | - Yuqiang Cai
- Department of Spine Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, Guizhou
| | - Guangru Cao
- Department of Spine Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, Guizhou
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10
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Peters SM, Pastagia J, Yoon AJ, Philipone EM. Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis Mimicking Periapical Pathology in a 39-year-old Man. J Endod 2017; 43:1909-1914. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2017.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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11
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Bannach AB, Garcia MTFC, Soares DFG, Mattos ALDA, Barrese TZ, Abreu MAMMD. Langerhans' cell histiocytosis with neurological injuries diagnosed from a single cutaneous lesion. An Bras Dermatol 2017; 92:540-542. [PMID: 28954107 PMCID: PMC5595605 DOI: 10.1590/abd1806-4841.20174743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Histiocytoses are rare diseases caused by the proliferation of histiocytes. The
pathogenesis remains unknown and the highest incidence occurs in pediatric
patients. The clinical presentations can be varied, in multiple organs and
systems, and the skin lesions are not always present. Evolution is unpredictable
and treatment depends on the extent and severity of the disease. It is described
the case of a patient with various neurological symptoms, extensively
investigated, who had its was diagnosed with histiocytosis from a single skin
lesion. This report highlights the importance of Dermatology in assisting the
investigation of difficult cases in medical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréa Bauer Bannach
- Dermatology Service, Hospital Regional de Presidente Prudente, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Antônio Luiz de Arruda Mattos
- Laboratory of Pathological Anatomy and Cytopathology, Hospital Regional de Presidente Prudente, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil
| | - Tomás Zecchini Barrese
- Pathological Anatomy Service, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Santa Casa de São Paulo (FCMSCSP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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12
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Elkin VD, Sedova TG, Kopytova EA, Plotnikova EV. Langerhans cell histiocytosis: Skin diseases and visceral lesions. TERAPEVT ARKH 2017; 89:115-120. [DOI: 10.17116/terarkh2017894115-120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a rare clonal proliferative disorder that belongs to class I histiocytoses and is characterized by infiltration of one or many organs by Langerhans cells to form granulomas. The literature analysis could identify a lot of etiological, pathogenetic, and trigger factors and mechanisms for LCH development, which determine the diversity of the clinical picture and course of the disease. The clinical manifestations of LCH are very variable and depend on the severity of lesions and the age of patients. In addition to skin lesions, there is involvement of one or more visceral organs. Difficulties in diagnosing the disease lead to statistical variations of LCH in different countries of the world and require more attention by physicians of all specialties.
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Kim SD, Moon BJ, Choi KY, Lee JK. Primary Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) in the adult cervical spine: A case report and review of the literature. INTERDISCIPLINARY NEUROSURGERY-ADVANCED TECHNIQUES AND CASE MANAGEMENT 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inat.2016.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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Rossi ED, Martini M, Bizzarro T, Schmitt F, Longatto-Filho A, Larocca LM. Somatic mutations in solid tumors: a spectrum at the service of diagnostic armamentarium or an indecipherable puzzle? The morphological eyes looking for BRAF and somatic molecular detections on cyto-histological samples. Oncotarget 2017; 8:3746-3760. [PMID: 27738305 PMCID: PMC5356915 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This review article deals with the analysis and the detection of the morphological features associated with somatic mutations, mostly BRAFV600E mutation, on both cytological and histological samples of carcinomas. Few authors demonstrated that some architectural and specific cellular findings (i.e. polygonal eosinophilic cells defined as "plump cells" and sickle-shaped nuclei) are able to predict BRAF V600E mutation in both cytological and histological samples of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) as well as in other carcinomas. In the current review article we evaluated the first comprehensive analysis of the morphological prediction of BRAFV600E and other somatic mutations in different malignant lesions with the description of the possible mechanisms beneath these morphologic features. The detection of predictive morphological features, mostly on FNAC, may add helpful information to the stratification of the malignant risk and personalized management of cancers. Additionally, the knowledge of the molecular mechanism of different oncogenic drivers can lead to the organ-specific triaging selection of cases and can provide significant insight for targeted therapies in different malignant lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Diana Rossi
- Division of Anatomic Pathology and Histology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, “Agostino Gemelli” School of Medicine, Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Martini
- Division of Anatomic Pathology and Histology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, “Agostino Gemelli” School of Medicine, Rome, Italy
| | - Tommaso Bizzarro
- Division of Anatomic Pathology and Histology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, “Agostino Gemelli” School of Medicine, Rome, Italy
| | - Fernando Schmitt
- Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Medicine and Pathology, Laboratoire National de Santé, Luxembourg
| | - Adhemar Longatto-Filho
- Department of Pathology, Laboratory of Medical Investigation, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, Brazil
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Pio XII Foundation, Barretos, Brazil
| | - Luigi Maria Larocca
- Division of Anatomic Pathology and Histology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, “Agostino Gemelli” School of Medicine, Rome, Italy
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AlZahrani R, Algarni M, Alhakami H, AlSubayea H, Alfattani N, Guler M, Satti M. Thyroid Langerhans cell histiocytosis and papillary thyroid carcinoma. Gland Surg 2016; 5:537-540. [PMID: 27867869 DOI: 10.21037/gs.2016.09.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A 27-year-old female, married with two children, presented to our clinic with a 1-year history of thyroid swelling and pressure symptoms on lying backward and bilateral cervical lymphadenopathy. The patient was a known case of panhypopituitarism for 5 years. Comprehensive patient evaluation including FNAC with papillary thyroid cancer result then she underwent total thyroidectomy and bilateral neck dissection and final histologic examination confirmed papillary thyroid carcinoma in the background of lymphocytic thyroiditis, associated with Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH). The draining cervical lymph nodes were also involved by LCH and metastatic papillary thyroid carcinoma. Although the association of LCH with papillary thyroid carcinoma in the thyroid has been reported, their co-existence with LCH in the draining lymph nodes is very uncommon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajab AlZahrani
- Department of Surgery, Otolaryngology Head and Neck Division, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Baha University, Al-Baha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Algarni
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck, King Saud Ibn AbullAziz University for Health Science, & King AbdulAziz Medical City, National Guard Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hadi Alhakami
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck, King Saud Ibn AbullAziz University for Health Science, & King AbdulAziz Medical City, National Guard Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Haia AlSubayea
- Otolaryngology Department, National Gaurd Hospital, King AbullAziz Medical City, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naif Alfattani
- Otolaryngology Department, National Gaurd Hospital, King AbullAziz Medical City, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammet Guler
- Histopathology Department, National Gaurd Hospital, King AbullAziz Medical City, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Satti
- Histopathology Department, National Gaurd Hospital, King AbullAziz Medical City, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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16
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Sasaki Y, Guo Y, Arakawa F, Miyoshi H, Yoshida N, Koga Y, Nakashima K, Kurita D, Niino D, Seto M, Ohshima K. Analysis of the BRAFV600E mutation in 19 cases of Langerhans cell histiocytosis in Japan. Hematol Oncol 2016; 35:329-334. [PMID: 27041734 DOI: 10.1002/hon.2293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a rare disease characterized by clonal proliferation of CD1a- and CD207 (langerin)-positive dendritic cells. Mutated BRAF (p.V600E) is observed in histiocyte-related diseases and dendritic cell-related diseases, including LCH. BRAFV600E is observed in some LCH cases and is thought to be involved in maintaining MAPK activation. We retrospectively analyzed BRAFV600E in 19 patients diagnosed with LCH. In our study, direct sequencing for exon 15, a mutation hotspot, demonstrated that 4 out of the 19 patients (21%) harbored a GTG > GAG (valine > glutamic acid) base substitution, which encodes BRAFV600E. The clinical impact of BRAFV600E in such diseases is unclear. The frequency of BRAFV600E in our LCH patients from Japan was lower than that reported in the United States and in Germany. However, reports from Asia tend to show a lower rate of the BRAFV600E mutation. These results imply the possibility of different genetic backgrounds in the pathogenesis of LCH across various ethnicities. We also performed an immunohistochemical analysis to detect BRAFV600E using the mutation-specific monoclonal antibody. However, immunohistochemical analysis failed to detect any mutated protein in any of the 4 BRAFV600E-positive cases. This implies that at present, BRAFV600E should be assessed by direct sequencing. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Sasaki
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ying Guo
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fumiko Arakawa
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Miyoshi
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Noriaki Yoshida
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuhki Koga
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Nakashima
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kurita
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Daisuke Niino
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Pathology, Nagasaki University, School of Medicine, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Masao Seto
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Koichi Ohshima
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
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17
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Kalasekhar V, Nithiya S, Chandrasekaran V, Gulati R, Jacob SE, Dubashi B. Persistent tachypnoea in an infant with cystic lung lucencies on CT scan. Thorax 2016; 71:575-6. [PMID: 26811342 DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2015-207637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Reena Gulati
- Department of Paediatrics, JIPMER, Puducherry, India
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18
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Kurtulmus N, Mert M, Tanakol R, Yarman S. The pituitary gland in patients with Langerhans cell histiocytosis: a clinical and radiological evaluation. Endocrine 2015; 48:949-56. [PMID: 25209890 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-014-0408-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a rare disease in which the most common endocrine manifestation is diabetes insipidus (DI). Data on anterior pituitary function in patients with LCH are limited. Thus, the present study investigated anterior pituitary function in LCH patients with DI via the evaluation of clinical and radiological findings at disease onset and during follow-up. The present study retrospectively evaluated nine patients with LCH (five males and four females). All diagnoses of LCH were made following histological and/or immunophenotypic analyses of tissue biopsies, bronchoalveolar lavage, or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Basal and, if necessary, dynamic pituitary function tests were used to assess anterior pituitary function, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans were used to image the pituitary. The LCH treatment modality was based on organ involvement. The mean age at onset of DI was 27.6 years (range 15-60 years). One patient (11%) exhibited single organ involvement, while eight patients (89%) displayed multisystem organ involvement. On admittance, one patient had hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, one patient exhibited panhypopituitarism [hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, central hypothyroidism, hypocortisolism, and growth hormone (GH) deficiency], and four patients (44%) displayed hyperprolactinemia. The MRI data revealed infundibular enlargement in seven patients (78%), a thalamic mass in one patient (11%), and the absence of the bright spot in all patients. A single patient (11%) showed a mass in the pons that had a partially empty sella. The patients were treated with radiation therapy (RT), chemotherapy (CT), or a combination of both (RT+CT) and were followed up for a median of 91.8 months (range 2-318 months). Seven patients were assessed during the follow-up period, of whom four patients (57.1%) developed anterior pituitary hormone deficiency, three (43%) were diagnosed with GH deficiency, and one (14%) exhibited gonadotropin deficiency. The gonadotropin deficiency in the patient, which was diagnosed on admittance, was resolved during the follow-up period. DI persisted in all patients, and the conditions of the seven patients who have remained on follow-up are stable. In the present study, patients with LCH exhibited altered function in the anterior pituitary as well as the posterior pituitary, which may be due to the natural course of the disease or the effects of treatment. The present findings indicate that anterior pituitary function should be assessed in LCH patients on admittance and during follow-up, especially in LCH patients with multisystem organ involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neslihan Kurtulmus
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Acibadem University, Buyukdere Cad. No: 40, Maslak-Istanbul, Turkey,
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Bing Y, Jing G, Chang-You W, Xue-Ming W, Chun-Xiu L, Yuan-Yuan T, Nai-Yao C, Zhen-Yu Y. Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis Presenting as Endocrine Disorders in an Adult Patient: A Case Report. AACE Clin Case Rep 2015. [DOI: 10.4158/ep14392.cr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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20
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BRAF--a new player in hematological neoplasms. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2014; 53:77-83. [PMID: 24495477 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BRAF oncogenic kinase has become a target for specific therapy in oncology. Genetic characterization of a predominant V600E mutation in melanoma, thyroid cancer, and other tumors became a focus for developing specific inhibitors, such as vemurafenib or dabrafenib. Our knowledge regarding the role of mutated BRAF in hematological malignancies has grown quickly as a result of new genetic techniques such as next-generation sequencing. This review summarizes current knowledge regarding the role of BRAF in lymphoid and myeloid neoplasms, with a focus on hairy-cell leukemia, Langerhans cell histiocytosis, and Erdheim-Chester disease.
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21
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van Nieuwenhuijze AE, Coghill E, Gray D, Prato S, Metcalf D, Alexander WS, Wicks IP. Transgenic Expression of GM-CSF in T Cells Causes Disseminated Histiocytosis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 184:184-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Revised: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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22
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Pedrosa AFB, Lisboa C, Ferreira O, Azevedo F, Bettencourt H. Primary Langerhans cell histiocytosis of the vulva: acitretin as a glucocorticoid-sparing agent. Int J Dermatol 2013; 53:e294-6. [DOI: 10.1111/ijd.12252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Filipa B. Pedrosa
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology; Centro Hospitalar São João EPE; Porto Portugal
| | - Carmen Lisboa
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology; Centro Hospitalar São João EPE; Porto Portugal
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology; Faculty of Medicine; University of Porto; Porto Portugal
| | - Olga Ferreira
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology; Centro Hospitalar São João EPE; Porto Portugal
- Department of Pathology; São João Hospital Center EPE; Porto Portugal
| | - Filomena Azevedo
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology; Centro Hospitalar São João EPE; Porto Portugal
| | - Herberto Bettencourt
- Department of Microbiology; Faculty of Medicine; University of Porto; Porto Portugal
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23
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Keklik M, Sivgin S, Kontas O, Abdulrezzak U, Kaynar L, Cetin M. Langerhans cell sarcoma of the nasopharynx: a rare case. Scott Med J 2013; 58:e17-20. [PMID: 24215052 DOI: 10.1177/0036933013508046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Langerhans cell sarcoma, a tumour with markedly malignant cytological features that originates from Langerhans cells, is a very rare disease. We report the first case of 39-year-old male with Langerhans cell sarcoma arising in the nasopharynx. We chose the 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine (2-CDA) regimen as first-line chemotherapy, and clinical improvement of Langerhans cell sarcoma was obtained. After the fourth cycle of 2-CDA therapy, however, disease progression was observed, and we administered ESHAP regimen (etoposide, carboplatin, cytarabine, methylprednisolone) as a second-line therapy. After we administered two cycles of ESHAP, however, the patient developed aggressive progression and he died. The importance of immunohistochemical findings is obvious in Langerhans cell sarcoma diagnosis. Considering that Langerhans cell sarcoma behaves in a very malignant fashion, a more aggressive treatment approach is necessary for patients with Langerhans cell sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Keklik
- Doctor, Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes Stem Cell Transplantation Hospital, Erciyes University, Turkey
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24
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Felipe-Silva A, Assef MS, Rodrigues RA, Pagliari C. Adult Langerhans cell histiocytosis presenting as metachronous colonic polyps. AUTOPSY AND CASE REPORTS 2013; 3:39-44. [PMID: 31528596 PMCID: PMC6671878 DOI: 10.4322/acr.2013.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a rare disease characterized by proliferation of Langerhans-type cells that express CD1a, Langerin (CD207) and S100 protein. Birbeck granules are a hallmark by ultrastructural examination. LCH presents with a wide clinical spectrum, ranging from solitary lesions of a single site (usually bone or skin) to multiple or disseminated multisystemic lesions, which can lead to severe organ dysfunction. Most cases occur in children. Gastrointestinal tract involvement is rare and has been associated with systemic illness and poor prognosis especially in children under the age of 2 years. Adult gastrointestinal LCH is very rare. We report a case of a previously healthy, nonsmoking 48-year-old male who was referred for routine screening colonoscopy. Two sessile, smooth, firm and yellowish LCH polyps measuring 0.2 cm and 0.3 cm were detected in the sigmoid colon. Fifteen months later a second colonoscopy found two histologically confirmed hyperplastic polyps at the sigmoid colon. No other LCH lesions were seen. A third colonoscopy after 28 months of follow-up found a submucosal 0.5 cm infiltrated and ulcerated LCH polyp in the cecum, close to the ostium of the appendix. The patient had been asymptomatic for all this period. Imaging investigation for systemic or multiorgan disease did not find any sign of extracolonic involvement. On histology all lesions showed typical LCH features and immunohistochemical analysis showed strong and diffuse staining for CD1a and CD207. This case illustrates two distinct clinicopathologic features not previously reported in this particular clinical setting: metachronous colonic involvement and positivity for CD207.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aloísio Felipe-Silva
- Fleury Medicina e Saúde, São Paulo/SP - Brazil.,Anatomic Pathology Service - Hospital Universitário - Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo/SP - Brazil
| | - Mauricio Saab Assef
- Fleury Medicina e Saúde, São Paulo/SP - Brazil.,Endoscopy Service - Santa Casa de São Paulo, São Paulo/SP - Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Azevedo Rodrigues
- Fleury Medicina e Saúde, São Paulo/SP - Brazil.,Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo/SP, Brazil
| | - Carla Pagliari
- Department of Pathology - Faculdade de Medicina - Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo/SP - Brazil
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25
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Yee KS, Combs PD, Kelley PK, George TM, Harshbarger RJ. Resorption of PDLLA plates as a nidus for recurrent langerhans cell histiocytosis. Pediatr Neurosurg 2013; 49:243-7. [PMID: 24902626 DOI: 10.1159/000362341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Resorbable plating systems have been adapted into routine use for craniofacial reconstruction in children. After implantation in some patients, the area around the plates can develop palpable and visible fibrous capsules, with underlying bone resorption and a significant foreign-body giant cell reaction. The reaction is usually self-limited. We report a case in which Langerhans cell histiocytosis was resected, and then recurred at the sites of resorbing plate and screw placement in association with a foreign-body giant cell reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen S Yee
- Division of Plastic Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Calif., USA
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26
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Identification of the V600D mutation in Exon 15 of theBRAFoncogene in congenital, benign langerhans cell histiocytosis. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2012; 52:99-106. [DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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Abstract
Aggressive histiocytic lesions are uncommon in the pediatric population. These neoplasms occur in isolation or after therapy for other types of hematopoietic malignancy such as T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The etiology of these lesions is poorly understood, and no definitive standard of care has been established for patients with these diagnoses. Here, we report the success of thalidomide treatment for 2 subtypes of histiocytic proliferation--metastatic histiocytic sarcoma and extracutaneous juvenile xanthogranuloma--in pediatric patients. Our findings highlight the importance of considering thalidomide therapy in this unique and difficult to treat patient population.
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28
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Jeunon T, Sousa MAJ, Santos-Rodrigues N, Lopes R. Langerhans cell histiocytosis - a case report. Dermatol Pract Concept 2012. [PMID: 24765546 DOI: 10.5826/dpc.0201a04.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A 17-year-old male presented for dermatologic consultation with slightly elevated reddish papules covered by yellowish scales in the scalp for the last two years and reddish and indurated ulcers in the perineum lasting six months. Additional complaints included polyuria, polydipsia, delay in the development of secondary sexual characteristics and hearing loss of the right ear secondary to a medium otitis. Lesions from scalp and perineum were sampled for histopathologic examination and revealed a dense cellular infiltrate made up of mononuclear cells with conspicuous eosinophilic cytoplasm and large cleaved vesicular nucleus, some of them with shapes resembling the format of a kidney and others reminiscent of coffee beans. Numerous intermingling eosinophils were present. The diagnosis of Langerhans cell histiocytosis was then rendered and confirmed by positive immunostaining of neo-plastic cells for anti-CD1a and anti-S100 protein antibodies. The work-up revealed diabetes insipidus, hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, hiperprolactenemia, growing-hormone deficiency and thickness of the pituitary stalk. The patient was treated with prednisone and vinblastin based chemotherapy regimen for six months with complete remission, but presented recurrence of some lesions in the scalp, which were handled with topical mustard and corticosteroids. After chemotherapy, the endocrinologic disturbances were corrected with hormonal replacement therapy. The patient is currently in good health with a follow-up of five years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Jeunon
- Departments of Dermatology and Pathology, Hospital Federal de Bonsucesso and ID-Investigação em Dermatologia, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Raquel Lopes
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Federal de Bonsucesso, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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30
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Current World Literature. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2012; 24:119-22. [DOI: 10.1097/bor.0b013e32834f0d5d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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31
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Xia CX, Li R, Wang ZH, Lv FJ, Tang XQ, Li QF, Zhang SH. A rare cause of goiter: Langerhans cell histiocytosis of the thyroid. Endocr J 2012; 59:47-54. [PMID: 22019948 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej11-0243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Goiter is a very common clinical problem; however, Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) with thyroid involvement that presents as a goiter is very rare. In this article, we report one case of thyroid LCH. An 18-year-old male patient presented with goiter, polyuria, polydipsia, and lymphadenectasis of the neck, and LCH was confirmed by a lymph node biopsy and pathological investigation. Without a thyroidectomy, the goiter shrank after nine cycles of chemotherapy. In addition, we summarize the reported thyroid LCH cases in the literature from the last 10 years. LCH usually involves other organs, such as the lungs, bones, skin, pituitary gland, and lymph nodes. Thyroid LCH is more common in adults than in children, and it may coexist with a thyroid carcinoma. Without any unique thyroid manifestations, either clinically or by imaging, it is difficult to distinguish thyroid LCH from other thyroid diseases. Pathology is the gold standard for the diagnosis of LCH. A fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) may help to diagnosis LCH, although sometimes it leads to misdiagnosis. Chemotherapy is recommended for multi-system LCH. Younger patients with widespread disease or who are non-responsive to chemotherapy have poor outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Xi Xia
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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32
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Patten DK, Wani Z, Tolley N. Solitary langerhans histiocytosis of the thyroid gland: a case report and literature review. Head Neck Pathol 2011; 6:279-89. [PMID: 22198822 PMCID: PMC3370016 DOI: 10.1007/s12105-011-0321-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a rare disease of antigen presenting cells, with an incidence rate of 4.0-5.4 per 1 million individuals. The most common endocrinological manifestation of classical LCH is associated with the posterior pituitary, presenting as Diabetes Insipidus. However, LCH can affect multiple organs and classification is based on the body system involvement. The disease is confirmed by electron microscopy or immunohistochemical reactivity of histiocytes to CD1a and/or S100. LCH rarely involves the thyroid gland, and management of such disease is controversial. Current literature documents 65 English language reported cases of LCH involving the thyroid gland. We present an unusual case of LCH of the thyroid gland, with variable diagnoses on fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytology, and literature review of all English reported cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren K Patten
- Department of Biosurgery and Surgical Oncology, St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, W2 1NY, UK.
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