Improving the quality of care of musculoskeletal conditions in primary care

Diagnostic Performance and Clinical Utility of Referral Rules to Identify Primary Care Patients at Risk of an Inflammatory Rheumatic Disease

OBJECTIVE

To determine the diagnostic performance and clinical utility of the Rotterdam Early Arthritis Cohort (REACH) and the Clinical Arthritis Rule (CARE) referral rules in an independent population of unselected patients from primary care.

METHODS

This study consisted of adults who were suspected of the need for referral to a rheumatologist by their general practitioner. Diagnostic accuracy measures and a net benefit approach were used to compare both rules to usual care for recognizing inflammatory arthritis and inflammatory rheumatic diseases (IRDs). Using the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator method and cross-validation we created an optimal prediction rule for IRD.

RESULTS

This study consisted of 250 patients, of whom 42 (17%) were diagnosed with inflammatory arthritis and 55 (22%) with an IRD 3 months after referral. Considering inflammatory arthritis, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was 0.72 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.64-0.80) for REACH and 0.82 (95% CI 0.75-0.88) for CARE. Considering IRD, the AUC was 0.66 (95% CI 0.58-0.74) for REACH and 0.76 (95% CI 0.69-0.83) for CARE. CARE was of highest clinical value when compared to usual care. The composite referral rule for IRD of 10 parameters included sex, age, joint features, acute onset of symptoms, physical limitations, and duration of symptoms (AUC 0.82 [95% CI 0.75-0.88]).

CONCLUSION

Both validated rules have a net benefit in recognizing inflammatory arthritis as well as IRD compared to usual care, but CARE shows superiority over REACH. Although the composite referral rule indicates a greater diagnostic performance, external validation is needed.

Impact of interactive multi-media learning for physicians in musculoskeletal education - a pilot study

BACKGROUND

The aim of this educational study was to investigate the use of interactive case-based modules relating to the screening and identification of early-stage inflammatory arthritis in both online technology (OLT) and paper (PF) formats with identical content.

METHODS

Forty learners from family medicine or rheumatology residency programs were recruited. Content pertaining to a "Sore Hands, Sore Feet" (SHSF) and Gait Arms Legs Spine (GALS) screening tool modules were selected, reviewed and developed based on a validated curriculum from the World Health Organization and Canadian Curriculum for MSK conditions. Both the SHSF module and GALS screening tool were assessed via a randomized control trial. Assessments were completed during an orientation with all learners; then prior to the intervention (T1); at the end of the module (T2) and 3 months following the modules (T3) to assess retention. Focus groups were conducted to determine learners' satisfaction with the different learning formats. Baseline data was collated, and analysis performed after randomization into the PF (control) and OLT (experimental) groups. Repeated measures ANOVA was used for statistical analyses.

RESULTS

Forty participants were recruited and randomized into the PF or OLT group (n = 20 each). At 3 months, there were n = 31 participants for SHSF (PF n = 19, OLT n = 12) and n = 32 for GALS (PF n = 19, OLT n = 13). There was no significant difference between the OLT and PF groups in both analyses. A significant increase in scores from Pre- to Post-Module in SHSF (F (1, 18) = 24.62. p < .0001) and GALS (F (1, 30) = 40.08, p < .0001) were identified to suggest learning occurred with both formats. The repeated measures ANOVA to assess retention revealed a significant decrease in scores from Post-Module to Follow-up for both learning format groups for SHSF (F (1, 29) = 4.68. p = .039), and GALS (F (1, 30) = 18.27. p < .0001) suggesting 3 months may be too long to retain this educational information.

CONCLUSIONS

Both formats led to residents' ability to screen, identify and initially manage inflammatory arthritis. The hypothesis is rejected because both OLT and PF groups demonstrated significant learning during the process regardless of format. It is important to emphasize that from T1 (pre-module) to T2 (post-module), the residents demonstrated learning regardless of group to which they were assigned. However, learning retention declined from T2 (post-module) to T3 (three-month follow-up). Regular review of knowledge may be required earlier than 3 months to retain information learned. This study may impact educational strategies in MSK health.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

This study did not involve "patients" rather learners and as such it was not registered.

Impact of triage by a rheumatologist on appropriateness of referrals from primary to secondary care: a cluster randomized trial

OBJECTIVE

The quality of referrals is often criticized, and the effectiveness of improvement efforts remains uncertain. We assessed the impact of a rheumatologist triaging patients in primary care on the appropriateness of referrals to secondary care, healthcare utilization, and patient experience and outcomes.

METHOD

A cluster randomized controlled trial was conducted with patients experiencing musculoskeletal complaints. Intervention practices deployed an experienced rheumatologist triaging patients through in-person review. Usual care was performed in control practices, where practitioners referred patients based on their own judgement. The primary outcome was the proportion of inflammatory rheumatic diseases (IRDs) diagnosed by rheumatologists in referred patients. Healthcare utilization (iMTA Medical Consumption Questionnaire), quality of life (EuroQol 5 Dimensions), and experience of care (Consumer Quality Index) were determined after 3 months of follow-up. Data were analysed according to the intention-to-treat principle.

RESULTS

In total, 544 participants were included [mean age 51.4 (range 18-87) years; 24% were men]. Of all referred patients, 51% had an IRD in the intervention group versus 21% in the control group (p = 0.035). After 3 months of follow-up, patients from the triage intervention showed lower healthcare utilization (p = 0.006) and higher quality of life (p = 0.011), without a decline in experienced quality of care (p = 0.712), compared to controls.

CONCLUSION

Triage by a rheumatologist in primary care provides appropriate care and adequate experience of care, leading to a higher quality of life. Long-term evidence is needed to assess the value on cost-effectiveness before implementing this strategy nationwide.

Healthcare utilization and costs for musculoskeletal disorders in Ontario, Canada

OBJECTIVE

To examine the magnitude and costs of ambulatory primary and specialist physician care and hospital service use for musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) in Canada's largest province, Ontario.

METHODS

Administrative health databases were analyzed for fiscal year 2013-2014 for adults 18+ years, including data on physician services, emergency department (ED) visits and hospitalizations. ICD diagnostic codes were used to identify MSD services. A validated algorithm was used to estimate direct medical costs. Person visit rates and numbers of persons and visits were tabulated by care setting, age and sex, and physician specialty. Data were examined for all MSDs combined as well as specific diagnostic groupings.

RESULTS

Overall, 3.1 million adult Ontarians (28.5%) made 8 million outpatient physician visits associated with MSDs. These included 5.6 million primary care visits. MSDs accounted for 560,000, 12.3%, of all adult ED visits. Total costs for MSD-related care were $1.6 billion, with 12.6% of costs attributed to primary care, 9.2% to specialist care, 8.6% to ED care, 8.5% to day surgery and 61.2% of total costs associated with inpatient hospitalizations. Costs due to arthritis accounted for 40% of total MSD care costs ($639 million). MSD-related imaging costs were $169 million. Including these costs yields a total estimate of $1.8 billion for all MSDs combined.

CONCLUSION

MSDs place a significant and costly burden on the health care system. Health system planning needs to consider the large and escalating demand for care to reduce both the individual and population burden.

Referral practices of medical practitioners in central South Africa to physiotherapy services for patients living with musculoskeletal conditions

BACKGROUND

Musculoskeletal diseases (MSDs) are a major cause of disability worldwide. It is essential to address effective MSD management, including appropriate referrals to physiotherapists and other healthcare professionals. Limited information is available regarding the referral practices of medical practitioners for patients with MSD. The doctors' referral practices to physiotherapists can impact the patient population and the South African health system.

OBJECTIVES

To investigate or understand the referral practices of medical practitioners in Bloemfontein, South Africa, to physiotherapy services, for individuals living with MSD.

METHOD

A quantitative study approach, implementing a semi-structured questionnaire, was used. Forty-nine participants completed the questionnaire.

RESULTS

The referral of patients with MSDs by medical practitioners to physiotherapy services varied and multidimensional factors influenced their referral practices. Medical practitioners were unsure of the specific role played by physiotherapists in the management of individuals living with MSD. A need for improved relationships and communication between medical practitioners and physiotherapists was identified.

CONCLUSIONS

Medical practitioners regularly referred individuals living with MSD to physiotherapists, but referral practices should be optimised in terms of evidence-based practice and the use of specialised physiotherapy services. In an attempt to decrease the burden of MSD, adequate awareness should be created for improved referral practices between medical practitioners and physiotherapists.

CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS

Collaborative development of detailed guidelines for apt, evidence-based referrals should be developed, to ensure early detection and management of individuals living with MSD. Health care professionals should be educated and encouraged to refer individuals living with MSD to physiotherapists for appropriate management with clinical benefits including improvement of HRQOL and cost effectiveness of this management not only to the individual but also to the health system in South Africa. Physiotherapists should try to communicate their role in the treatment of individuals living with MSD to medical practitioners for the benefit of the patient.

Referral decisions and its predictors related to orthopaedic care. A retrospective study in a novel primary care setting

Due to the ageing population, the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders will continue to rise, as well as healthcare expenditure. To overcome these increasing expenditures, integration of orthopaedic care should be stimulated. The Primary Care Plus (PC+) intervention aimed to achieve this by facilitating collaboration between primary care and the hospital, in which specialised medical care is shifted to a primary care setting. The present study aims to evaluate the referral decision following orthopaedic care in PC+ and in particular to evaluate the influence of diagnostic tests on this decision. Therefore, retrospective monitoring data of patients visiting PC+ for orthopaedic care was used. Data was divided into two periods; P1 and P2. During P2, specialists in PC+ were able to request additional diagnostic tests (such as ultrasounds and MRIs). A total of 2,438 patients visiting PC+ for orthopaedic care were included in the analysis. The primary outcome was the referral decision following PC+ (back to the general practitioner (GP) or referral to outpatient hospital care). Independent variables were consultation- and patient-related predictors. To describe variations in the referral decision, logistic regression modelling was used. Results show that during P2, significantly more patients were referred back to their GP. Moreover, the multivariable analysis show a significant effect of patient age on the referral decision (OR 0.86, 95% CI = 0.81-0.91) and a significant interaction was found between the treating specialist and the period (p = 0.015) and between patient's diagnosis and the period (p ≤ 0.001). Despite the significant impact of the possibility of requesting additional diagnostic tests in PC+, it is important to discuss the extent to which the availability of diagnostic tests fits within the vision of PC+. In addition, selecting appropriate profiles for specialists and patients for PC+ are necessary to further optimise the effectiveness and cost of care.

Development and Implementation of a Three-dimensional Printed Knee Joint Simulation Model Using the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research: Addressing Local Simulation Needs

Background Knee joint injections and aspirations are essential procedures for medical students, residents, and primary care physicians to master. Simulation-based training has been shown to improve learner confidence and performance scores in knee joint injections. Current knee joint simulators are expensive, ranging from hundreds to thousands of dollars. Using three-dimensional (3D) printing and gel layering technology, we designed and manufactured an inexpensive simulator. The aim of this implementation study was to gather the opinions of local simulation specialists and administrators regarding the simulator's curricular implementation. Methods Using the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR), we developed a 31-item implementation survey. It was administered to local simulation specialists and administrators. The purpose of the survey was to identify the aspects of the simulator that they deemed important to the implementation process, as well as obtain their qualitative feedback about the design. Results In total, three participants completed the survey. There were 16 survey items that were rated as very important, including local manufacturing, appropriate planning, internal development, evidence-based development, and reasonable costs. Another nine items were deemed important, including the adaptability of the product and ability to test the product. The simulation specialists also expressed some concerns they had with the design of the simulator and made suggestions about how we could address these concerns. Conclusions Local development and manufacturing, coupled with appropriate pre-implementation planning and efficacy evidence, were selected as factors that would potentially contribute to the success of the implementation of the simulator in the local curriculum.

Referral Patterns for Dual-Energy Computed Tomography in Diagnosis and Management of Gout: Ten-Year Experience at a Canadian Institution

PURPOSE

To analyze the utilization, indications, and outcomes of dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) gout imaging in clinical practice.

METHODS

This retrospective study was ethics approved. Radiology reports of DECT gout scans between 2007 and 2016 were analyzed for trends of utilization, referral pattern, indication, and diagnosis.

RESULTS

DECT gout referrals increased substantially (2007: 37; 2008: 72; 2016: 385; total: 1877). The largest number of referrals were from rheumatology (1160), emergency medicine (283), and family medicine (177). Most referrals (92%) were requested to aid an initial diagnosis of gout. Other reasons included estimating the disease burden (6%) or monitoring disease progression and effectiveness of treatment (2%). Rheumatology accounted for most referrals for the latter two reasons (81% and 97%). Imaging findings of urate presence were similar in referrals from rheumatology (62%), family medicine (62%), and other medical specialties (62%). The urate positive rates were slightly lower in referrals from emergency medicine (47%) and surgical specialties (41%). The most common differential diagnoses by referring specialties were calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystal deposition disease (CPPD) and other inflammatory or erosive arthritides (rheumatology, family medicine), CPPD and infections (other medical specialties), infections and fractures (emergency medicine), neoplasm and infections (surgical specialties).

CONCLUSIONS

The increasing utilization of DECT for gout imaging validates its clinical value. Varying clinical presentation could explain differences of urate positive rates among specialties. Our results support a multispecialty collaborative approach to the diagnosis and management of gout, with direct access to DECT gout imaging provided to various physician specialties.

The likelihood of general practitioners referring patients to physiotherapists is low for some health problems: secondary analysis of the Bettering the Evaluation and Care of Health (BEACH) observational study

QUESTIONS

Which health problems do medical general practitioners (GPs) most commonly refer to physiotherapists? What is the likelihood of GPs referring patients for specific health problems?

DESIGN

Secondary analysis of data from the Bettering the Evaluation and Care of Health (BEACH) study, which is a national observational study of Australian general practice clinical activity.

PARTICIPANTS

People at GP encounters between April 2010 and March 2015.

OUTCOME MEASURES

The outcomes were the proportion of all (new) health problems that were referred to a physiotherapist, the distribution of health problems referred to physiotherapists, and the likelihood of referral of (all and new) specific health problems to physiotherapists.

RESULTS

There were 6904 referrals to a physiotherapist from 775893 GP encounters, which equated to 0.89% (95% CI 0.86 to 0.92). Among the 286858 new health problems, 2987 were referred to a physiotherapist (1.04%, 95% CI 0.99 to 1.09). The health problems that were most commonly referred were back complaints (18.6%), sprains (10.3%) and osteoarthritis (8.6%). However, when these three problems presented as a new health problem, the likelihood of referral was low (14.4, 11.9 and 5.4%, respectively). The new health problems most likely to result in a referral were acquired deformity of the spine (which includes kyphoscoliosis, kyphosis, lordosis and scoliosis) (17.7%, 95% CI 8.2 to 27.2) and neck complaints (17.4%, 95% CI 14.3 to 20.6).

CONCLUSIONS

Most referrals made to physiotherapists were for musculoskeletal problems. However, even among the most commonly referred problems (such as back complaints and osteoarthritis), the likelihood of referral was low when they presented as a new problem. There is an opportunity to increase referrals from general practice to physiotherapy for many common conditions with effective physiotherapy interventions. [Dennis S, Watts I, Pan Y, Britt H (2018) The likelihood of general practitioners referring patients to physiotherapists is low for some health problems: secondary analysis of the Bettering the Evaluation and Care of Health (BEACH) observational study. Journal of Physiotherapy 64: 177-181].

Education and non-pharmacological approaches for gout

The objectives of this review are as follows: to highlight the gaps in patient and physician knowledge of gout and how this might impede optimal disease management; to provide recommended core knowledge points that should be conveyed to people with gout; and to review non-pharmacological interventions that can be used in gout management. MeSH terms were used to identify eligible studies examining patients' and health-care professionals' knowledge about gout and its management. A narrative review of non-pharmacological management of gout is provided. Many health-care professionals have significant gaps in their knowledge about gout that have the potential to impede optimal management. Likewise, people with gout and the general population lack knowledge about causes, consequences and treatment of this condition. Full explanation about gout, including the potential benefits of urate-lowering treatment (ULT), motivates people with gout to want to start such treatment, and there is evidence, albeit limited, that educational interventions can improve uptake and adherence to ULT. Additionally, several non-pharmacological approaches, such as rest and topical ice application for acute attacks, avoidance of risk factors that can trigger acute attacks, and dietary interventions that may reduce gout attack frequency (e.g. cherry or cherry juice extract, skimmed milk powder or omega-3 fatty acid intake) or lower serum uric acid (e.g. vitamin C), can be used as adjuncts to ULT. There is a pressing need to educate health-care professionals, people with gout and society at large to remove the negative stereotypes associated with gout, which serve as barriers to optimal gout management, and to perceive gout as a significant medical condition. Moreover, there is a paucity of high-quality trial evidence on whether certain simple individual dietary and lifestyle factors can reduce the risk of recurrent gout attacks, and further studies are required in this field.

A meta-ethnography of health-care professionals’ experience of treating adults with chronic non-malignant pain to improve the experience and quality of health care

Background

People with chronic pain do not always feel that they are being listened to or valued by health-care professionals (HCPs). We aimed to understand and improve this experience by finding out what HCPs feel about providing health care to people with chronic non-malignant pain. We did this by bringing together the published qualitative research.

Objectives

(1) To undertake a qualitative evidence synthesis (QES) to increase our understanding of what it is like for HCPs to provide health care to people with chronic non-malignant pain; (2) to make our findings easily available and accessible through a short film; and (3) to contribute to the development of methods for QESs.

Design

We used the methods of meta-ethnography, which involve identifying concepts and progressively abstracting these concepts into a line of argument.

Data sources

We searched five electronic bibliographic databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, PsycINFO and Allied and Complementary Medicine Database) from inception to November 2016. We included studies that explored HCPs’ experiences of providing health care to people with chronic non-malignant pain. We utilised the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation Confidence in the Evidence from Reviews of Qualitative research (GRADE-CERQual) framework to rate our confidence in the findings.

Results

We screened 954 abstracts and 184 full texts and included 77 studies reporting the experiences of > 1551 HCPs. We identified six themes: (1) a sceptical cultural lens and the siren song of diagnosis; (2) navigating juxtaposed models of medicine; (3) navigating the patient–clinician borderland; (4) the challenge of dual advocacy; (5) personal costs; and (6) the craft of pain management. We produced a short film, ‘Struggling to support people to live a valued life with chronic pain’, which presents these themes (seeReport Supplementary Material 1; URL:www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk/programmes/hsdr/1419807/#/documentation; accessed 24 July 2017). We rated our confidence in the review findings using the GRADE-CERQual domains. We developed a conceptual model to explain the complexity of providing health care to people with chronic non-malignant pain. The innovation of this model is to propose a series of tensions that are integral to the experience: a dualistic biomedical model compared with an embodied psychosocial model; professional distance compared with proximity; professional expertise compared with patient empowerment; the need to make concessions to maintain therapeutic relationships compared with the need for evidence-based utility; and patient advocacy compared with health-care system advocacy.

Limitations

There are no agreed methods for determining confidence in QESs.

Conclusions

We highlight areas that help us to understand why the experience of health care can be difficult for patients and HCPs. Importantly, HCPs can find it challenging if they are unable to find a diagnosis and at times this can make them feel sceptical. The findings suggest that HCPs find it difficult to balance their dual role of maintaining a good relationship with the patient and representing the health-care system. The ability to support patients to live a valued life with pain is described as a craft learnt through experience. Finally, like their patients, HCPs can experience a sense of loss because they cannot solve the problem of pain.

Future work

Future work to explore the usefulness of the conceptual model and film in clinical education would add value to this study. There is limited primary research that explores HCPs’ experiences with chronic non-malignant pain in diverse ethnic groups, in gender-specific contexts and in older people living in the community.

Funding

The National Institute for Health Research Health Services and Delivery Research programme.

Meta-ethnography to understand healthcare professionals' experience of treating adults with chronic non-malignant pain

OBJECTIVES

We aimed to explore healthcare professionals' experience of treating chronic non-malignant pain by conducting a qualitative evidence synthesis. Understanding this experience from the perspective of healthcare professionals will contribute to improvements in the provision of care.

DESIGN

Qualitative evidence synthesis using meta-ethnography. We searched five electronic bibliographic databases from inception to November 2016. We included studies that explore healthcare professionals' experience of treating adults with chronic non-malignant pain. We used the GRADE-CERQual framework to rate confidence in review findings.

RESULTS

We screened the 954 abstracts and 184 full texts and included 77 published studies reporting the experiences of over 1551 international healthcare professionals including doctors, nurses and other health professionals. We abstracted six themes: (1) a sceptical cultural lens, (2) navigating juxtaposed models of medicine, (3) navigating the geography between patient and clinician, (4) challenge of dual advocacy, (5) personal costs and (6) the craft of pain management. We rated confidence in review findings as moderate to high.

CONCLUSIONS

This is the first qualitative evidence synthesis of healthcare professionals' experiences of treating people with chronic non-malignant pain. We have presented a model that we developed to help healthcare professionals to understand, think about and modify their experiences of treating patients with chronic pain. Our findings highlight scepticism about chronic pain that might explain why patients feel they are not believed. Findings also indicate a dualism in the biopsychosocial model and the complexity of navigating therapeutic relationships. Our model may be transferable to other patient groups or situations.

Competency based clinical shoulder examination training improves physical exam, confidence, and knowledge in common shoulder conditions

BACKGROUND

Deficiencies in musculoskeletal knowledge are reported at every stage of learning. Medical programs are looking for effective ways to incorporate competency-based training into musculoskeletal education.

AIM

To evaluate the impact of bedside feedback on learner's shoulder examination skills, confidence, and knowledge of common shoulder conditions.

SETTING

Four-week musculoskeletal clinic rotation.

PARTICIPANTS

UCSD third year medical students and internal medicine residents.

PROGRAM DESCRIPTION

Learners completed three baseline evaluations: videotaped shoulder examination, attitude survey, and knowledge test. During the 4-week intervention learners received bedside observation and feedback from musculoskeletal experts while evaluating patients with shoulder conditions. Post-intervention learners repeated the three assessments.

PROGRAM EVALUATION

Eighty-nine learners participated. In the primary outcome measure evaluating the pre/post videotaped shoulder examination, significant improvement was seen in 21 of 23 shoulder examination maneuvers. Secondary outcomes include changes in learner confidence and knowledge. Greatest gains in learner confidence were seen in performing the shoulder examination (61.5% improvement) and performing injections (97.1% improvement). Knowledge improved significantly in all categories including anatomy/examination interpretation, diagnosis, and procedures.

DISCUSSION

Direct observation and feedback during clinical evaluation of patients with shoulder pain improves shoulder examination competency, provider confidence, and knowledge of common shoulder conditions.

Advancing Interprofessional Primary Health Care Services in Rural Settings for People with Chronic Low Back Disorders: Protocol of a Community-Based Randomized Controlled Trial

BACKGROUND

Chronic low back disorders (CLBDs) are a substantial burden on individuals and societies, and impact up to 20% of Canadians. Rural and remote residents are approximately 30% more likely to have CLBDs. Reduced access to appropriate team-based health services, including physical therapy, is a key factor that may magnify the impact of CLBD on pain, physical function, overall quality of life, health-related system costs, and individual costs.

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this project is to evaluate the validity, comparative effectiveness, costs, barriers, and facilitators of an interprofessional management approach for people with CLBDs, delivered via telehealth.

METHODS

This project will examine 3 different health care delivery options: (1) in-person nurse practitioner (NP); (2) in-person physical therapist (PT); and (3) a team approach utilizing an NP (in-person) and a PT joining via telehealth. Validity of the telehealth team care model will be explored by comparing the diagnostic categorization and management recommendations arising from participants with CLBD who undergo a team telehealth, in-person NP, and in-person PT assessment. Comparative effectiveness and costs will be examined using a community-based randomized controlled trial in a rural Saskatchewan community with limited PT services. The 3 arms of the trial are: (1) usual care delivered by a local rural NP; (2) a local NP and an urban-based PT joining via telehealth; and (3) face-to-face services by a PT traveling to the community. Patient-reported outcomes of pain, physical function, quality of life, satisfaction, and CLBD care-related costs will be evaluated up to 6 months after the intervention. Patient and provider experiences with the team telehealth approach will be explored through qualitative interviews.

RESULTS

The study was funded in July 2013 and the University of Saskatchewan Biomedical Research Ethics Board approved the study in November 2013. Participant recruitment began in September 2014 and data collection was completed in December 2015. Analysis is in progress and results are anticipated in 2017.

CONCLUSIONS

CLBD is a widespread public health problem, particularly in rural and remote areas, which requires new innovative approaches to deliver appropriate health care. The results of this project will inform the development of evidence-informed approaches and community-based implementation strategies to improve access to PT services in primary health care settings in other rural and remote underserved areas. Findings might also provide a framework for cost-effective and patient-centered models of service delivery for the management of other chronic conditions.

CLINICALTRIAL

ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02225535; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02225535 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/6lqLTCNF7).

Senior Medical Student-Led Interactive Small-Group Module on Acute Fracture Management

INTRODUCTION

Medical students receive insufficient training in musculoskeletal diagnosis and management. To address this deficiency, a senior medical student at our institution designed and moderated small-group interactive discussions with third-year medical students on acute fracture management during their family medicine clerkship.

METHODS

In these sessions, students learned how to diagnose and comprehensively work up a case of a suspected fracture, how to effectively communicate findings from physical exam and X-ray, and when to appropriately consult a surgeon for treatment.

RESULTS

This module was piloted with a total of 14 students in two separate small groups. One hundred percent of students regarded the module as very useful, and there was a 50% improvement in pre- versus posteducational assessment.

DISCUSSION

Our experience suggests that students can quickly improve clinical skills for fracture management in a focused smallgroup interactive session. In addition, these sessions can be effectively designed and implemented by senior medical students. This module may be used with either clinical or preclinical students, but we believe that this information would be best received by clinical students on family medicine, emergency medicine, or orthopedic rotations.

Interface Management between General Practitioners and Rheumatologists-Results of a Survey Defining a Concept for Future Joint Recommendations

OBJECTIVE

To measure the views of general practitioners (GPs) and rheumatologists in a nationwide evaluation, so as to optimise their cooperation in managing patients with inflammatory rheumatic diseases.

METHODS

A questionnaire covering aspects of collaboration was sent, both by mail and/or by email, to all GPs and rheumatologists in Austria. Topics covered were (i) examinations and interventions to be performed before referral, (ii) the spectrum of diseases to be referred, and (iii) the role of GPs in follow-up and continuous management of patients.

RESULTS

1,229 GPs of the 4,016 GPs (31%) and 110 of the 180 rheumatologists (61%) responded to the questionnaire. In cases of suspected arthritis, 99% of the GPs and 92% of the rheumatologists recommended specific laboratory tests, and 92% and 70%, respectively, recommended X-rays of affected joints before referral. Rheumatoid arthritis and spondyloarthritis, psoriatic arthritis and connective tissue disease were unanimously seen as indications for referral to a rheumatologist. Only 12% of rheumatologists felt responsible for the treatment of hand osteoarthritis and fibromyalgia. 80% of GPs and 85% of rheumatologists were of the opinion that treatment with disease-modifying drugs should be initiated by a specialist. Subsequent drug prescription and administration by GPs was supported by a majority of GPs and rheumatologists, with a concomitant rheumatologist follow-up every three to six months.

CONCLUSION

The considerable consensus between the two professional groups constitutes a solid base for future joint recommendations, with the aim to accelerate the diagnostic process and the initiation of adequate therapy.

Barriers to Care in Gout: From Prescriber to Patient

OBJECTIVE

To explore the understanding of gout and its management by patients and general practitioners (GP), and to identify barriers to optimal gout care.

METHODS

Semistructured interviews were conducted with 15 GP and 22 patients in Sydney, Australia. Discussions were focused on medication adherence, experiences with gout, and education and perceptions around interventions for gout. Interviews were audio recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed for themes using an analytical framework.

RESULTS

Adherence to urate-lowering medications was identified as problematic by GP, but less so by patients with gout. However, patients had little appreciation of the risk of acute attacks related to variable adherence. Patients felt stigmatized that their gout diagnosis was predominantly related to perceptions that alcohol and dietary excess were causal. Patients felt they did not have enough education about gout and how to manage it. A manifestation of this was that uric acid concentrations were infrequently measured. GP were concerned that they did not know enough about managing gout and most were not familiar with current guidelines for management. For example and importantly, the strategies for reducing the risk of acute attacks when commencing urate-lowering therapy (ULT) were not well appreciated by GP or patients.

CONCLUSION

Patients and GP wished to know more about gout and its management. Greater success in establishing and maintaining ULT will require further and better education to substantially benefit patients. Also, given the prevalence, and personal and societal significance of gout, innovative approaches to transforming the management of this eminently treatable disease are needed.

Perceived barriers to the management of foot health in patients with rheumatic conditions

BACKGROUND

Rheumatic conditions can have a significant impact on the feet and requires effective management. Podiatric involvement in the management of rheumatic conditions has previously been found to be inadequate in a hospital-setting and no study has examined current trends across New Zealand. The aim was to evaluate the perceived barriers of New Zealand podiatrists in the management of rheumatic conditions.

METHODS

A cross-sectional observational design using a web-based survey. The self-administered survey, comprising of thirteen questions, was made available to podiatrists currently practicing in New Zealand.

RESULTS

Fifty-six podiatrists responded and the results demonstrated poor integration of podiatrists into multidisciplinary teams caring for patients with arthritic conditions in New Zealand. Dedicated clinical sessions were seldom offered (16%) and few podiatrists reported being part of an established multidisciplinary team (16%). A poor uptake of clinical guidelines was reported (27%) with limited use of patient reported outcome measures (39%). The majority of podiatrists expressed an interest in professional development for the podiatric management of arthritic conditions (95%). All surveyed podiatrists (100%) agreed that there should be nationally developed clinical guidelines for foot care relating to arthritis.

CONCLUSIONS

The results suggest that there are barriers in the involvement of podiatrists in the management of people with rheumatic conditions in New Zealand. Future studies may provide an in-depth exploration into these findings to identify and provide solutions to overcome potential barriers.

The effect of a non-surgical orthopaedic physician on wait times to see a paediatric orthopaedic surgeon

AIMS

High referral volumes to paediatric orthopaedic surgeons create long clinic waiting lists. The use of extended scope roles for doctors and health professionals is one strategy to address these wait times. We completed a 6-month trial of a non-surgical paediatric orthopaedic physician role (NSP) to help manage non-urgent referrals to our service from local general practitioners (GPs).

METHODS

For a 6-month period, the majority of non-urgent GP referrals were assessed by a US-trained NSP. Wait times were compared between this period and the same time period in the previous year. Family and referrer satisfaction was determined through postal surveys.

RESULTS

Over the trial period, the NSP saw a total of 155 new patient referrals, which represented 49% of all non-urgent GP referrals for the period. Before the trial, only 75% of non-urgent referrals were seen within 131 days (19 weeks) with 10% waiting more than 215 days (31 weeks). By the end of the trial, 75% of referrals were seen within 55 days (8 weeks) and 90% within 61 days (9 weeks). The most common outcome was discharge with management advice. 12% of patients were referred on to an orthopaedic surgeon but only 1% went on to a surgical wait list. Families and referrers reported high levels of satisfaction and only three patients discharged by the NSP were referred back for orthopaedic surgeon review.

CONCLUSION

The NSP role was effective at reducing clinic wait times for patients with non-urgent paediatric orthopaedic conditions, while maintaining family and referrer satisfaction.

Musculoskeletal training: are GP trainees exposed to the right case mix for independent practice?

Musculoskeletal conditions are common in general practice, but clinicians express poor self confidence in dealing with them. Training in general practice relies on clinical exposure to a range of presentations in order to gain competence. It has been suggested that trainees are exposed to a different case mix from qualified general practices (GPs), due to seeing more minor illness and less chronic disease and that this may be responsible in part for their subsequent lack of confidence. The aims of this study were to analyse the case mix of musculoskeletal conditions encountered by general practice trainees and to compare this to the overall population consulting behaviour. This is a prospective observational study. Thirteen general practices in North East England were recruited. Musculoskeletal disorders encountered by 13 GP trainees (7 junior and 6 senior) were prospectively recorded using a handheld diary. Disorders were classified according to working diagnosis or body region if diagnosis was unclear. Musculoskeletal (MSK) disorders comprised 17 % of consultations, and the distribution of diagnoses of these was in proportion to epidemiological studies of MSK disorders in the UK as they present in primary care. Back pain was the most frequent label with 141 (29 %) consultations with a further 43 (9 %) for neck pain. Inflammatory arthritis accounted for the same number 43 (9 %). Individual joint problems were 115 (24 %) with knee being most common. A specific diagnosis was more likely to be applied when symptoms were more distal and less likely when axial. Trainees are exposed to the same spectrum of MSK disorders as are present in the population as a whole. Case mix does not appear to be a significant factor in low confidence levels in dealing with MSK disorders.

Up-titration of allopurinol in patients with gout

OBJECTIVES

European League against Rheumatism (EULAR) gout management guidelines recommend achieving a target urate level <6.0 mg/dL (<357 µmol/L). Allopurinol is the most widely used urate-lowering therapy; however, many gout patients who are prescribed allopurinol do not have urate levels optimally controlled. The objective of this analysis was to review the efficacy and tolerability of allopurinol up-titration in achieving the EULAR target levels.

METHOD

The Febuxostat versus Allopurinol Streamlined Trial (FAST) is an ongoing multi-centre study comparing the cardiovascular safety of febuxostat and allopurinol (target recruitment: 5706 patients). Recruited patients were already taking allopurinol and the protocol required up-titration of daily allopurinol dose, in 100 mg increments, to achieve the EULAR urate target level prior to randomisation. We reviewed pre-randomisation data from the first 400 recruited and subsequently randomised FAST patients.

RESULTS

Of 400 patients, 144 (36%) had urate levels ≥357 µmol/L at screening and required allopurinol up-titration. Higher urate levels were significantly associated with lower allopurinol dose, male sex, increased BMI, increased alcohol intake and diuretic use. Mean fall in urate levels after a single 100-mg dose increase was 71 µmol/L. The number of up-titrations required ranged from one to five (median = 1) with 65% of patients controlled after one 100-mg up-titration. Overall, 97% of up-titrated patients achieved target urate levels with median final allopurinol dose of 300 mg daily. Side effects and complications of up-titration were minimal.

CONCLUSION

Overall, 36% of FAST patients were not at target urate levels and required up-titration. Allopurinol up-titration was effective in achieving urate target levels and was generally well tolerated by patients.

Improvement in the management of gout is vital and overdue: an audit from a UK primary care medical practice

Background

Gout is estimated to affect 1.4% of adults in the UK. Appropriate and timely management is essential to reduce the risk of further flares, complications, and to reduce cardiovascular disease risk. The British Society for Rheumatology and British Health Professionals in Rheumatology (BSR/BHPR) and the European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) have published guidance regarding the management of gout, thereby providing standards against which performance can be measured. This audit was designed to assess the extent to which patients diagnosed with gout in one primary care medical practice in North Staffordshire, UK, are managed in accordance with current best practice guidelines, and to identify strategies for improvement where appropriate.

Methods

Audit criteria were derived from the EULAR and BSR/BHPR guidelines; standards were set arbitrarily, but with consideration of patient comorbidity and other factors which may influence concordance. An electronic search of the practice records was performed to identify adults with a diagnosis of gout. Medical record review with a descriptive analysis was undertaken to assess the extent to which medical management adhered to the predefined standards.

Results

Of the total ≥18 year-old practice population (n = 8686), 305 (3%) patient records included a diagnosis of gout. Of these, 74% (n = 226) had an electronic record of serum uric acid (SUA), and 11% (n = 34) and 53% (n = 162) a measure of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) ever and serum glucose since diagnosis respectively. 34% (n = 105) of patients had ever taken urate-lowering therapy with 25% (n = 77) currently prescribed this at the time of data extraction. Dose adjustment and monitoring of treatment according to SUA was found to be inadequate. Provision of lifestyle advice and consideration of comorbidities was also lacking.

Conclusions

The primary care management of gout in this practice was not concordant with national and international guidance, a finding consistent with previous studies. This demonstrates that the provision of guidelines alone is not sufficient to improve the quality of gout management and we identify possible strategies to increase guideline adherence.

Attention to musculoskeletal diseases. Different visions of the same problem

OBJECTIVE

To identify the main problems affecting general practitioners (GPs) and specialists in the care of the main musculoskeletal problems in Catalonia.

METHOD

Cross-sectional, self-administered survey in a representative sample of GPs and all specialists in four areas (orthopedic surgery, rheumatology, physical medicine and rehabilitation and pain units). Variables evaluated in the survey were related to socio-demographic data, attention to musculoskeletal diseases, self-declared expertise, referral process, coordination mechanisms and major constraints to provide high quality care.

RESULTS

GPs value well their expertise in the management of musculoskeletal diseases (6,7±1,0 on a scale of 1 to 10). Less than 25% of GPs are coordinated with hospital specialists. For them, waiting lists are the main problem (8.2±1,6/10) followed by lack of feedback (8±1,9/10) and poor coordination (7.8±1,9/10). Referenced specialties should change for some diseases (back pain and osteoarthritis). Specialists are critical for GPs. For specialists, the main problems are excessive workload (7,8±2/10) and the inefficiency of healthcare information systems (7.4±2/10).

CONCLUSIONS

The vision of the problems affecting the care of musculoskeletal diseases differs between GPs and hospital specialists. The limited accessibility and workload excess, deficiencies in the flow of information and poor coordination are the most important problems in the proper care for musculoskeletal diseases.

Ten-year survey reveals differences in GP management of neck and back pain

PURPOSE

Clinical guidelines provide similar recommendations for the management of new neck pain and low back pain (LBP) but it is unclear if general practitioner's (GP) care is similar. While GP's management of LBP is well documented, little is known about GP's management of neck pain. We aimed to describe GP's management of new neck pain and compare this to GP's management of new LBP in Australia between April 2000 and March 2010.

METHODS

All GP-patient encounters for a new (i.e. first visit to any medical practitioner) neck pain or LBP problem were compared in terms of treatment delivered, referral patterns and requests for laboratory and imaging investigations.

RESULTS

General practitioners in Australia have managed new neck pain and LBP problems at a rate of 3.1 and 5.8 per 1,000 GP-patient encounters, respectively. GP's primarily utilised medications, in particular non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, to manage new neck and LBP problems and referred approximately 25% of all patients for imaging. Patients with new neck pain are more frequently managed using physical treatments and were referred more often to allied health professionals and specialists. In comparison, patients with new LBP were managed more frequently with medication, advice, provision of a sickness certificate and ordering of pathology tests.

CONCLUSIONS

This is the first time GP management of a new episode of neck pain has been documented using a nationally representative sample and it is also the first time that the management of back and neck pain has been compared. Despite guidelines endorsing a similar approach for the management of new neck pain and LBP, in actual clinical practice Australian GPs manage these two conditions differently.

Models of integrating physical therapists into family health teams in ontario, Canada: challenges and opportunities

PURPOSE

To explore the potential for different models of incorporating physical therapy (PT) services within the emerging network of family health teams (FHTs) in Ontario and to identify challenges and opportunities of each model.

METHODS

A two-phase mixed-methods qualitative descriptive approach was used. First, FHTs were mapped in relation to existing community-based PT practices. Second, semi-structured key-informant interviews were conducted with representatives from urban and rural FHTs and from a variety of community-based PT practices. Interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed using a categorizing/editing approach.

RESULTS

Most participants agreed that the ideal model involves embedding physical therapists directly into FHTs; in some situations, however, partnering with an existing external PT provider may be more feasible and sustainable. Access and funding remain the key issues, regardless of the model adopted.

CONCLUSION

Although there are differences across the urban/rural divide, there exist opportunities to enhance and optimize existing delivery models so as to improve client access and address emerging demand for community-based PT services.

Comparison of general practitioners and rheumatologists' prescription patterns for patients with knee osteoarthritis

Background

To compare the prescription modalities of general practitioners (GPs) and rheumatologists (RHs) for symptomatic knee osteoarthritis (OA) and to determine correlates with prescription of low-dose NSAIDs.

Methods

This observational, prospective, national survey was carried out among a national representative sample of GPs (n = 808) and RHs (n = 134). Each physician completed a medical questionnaire for the 2 most recent patients fulfilling the ACR criteria for knee OA.

Results

GPs and RHs included 1,570 and 251 patients, respectively. Mean pain level of the knee (on a VAS, 0-100 mm) was greater for GP patients than for RH patients (49.8 ± 16.3 vs. 46.2 ± 17.1 mm, respectively; p < 0.01). As compared with patients of RHs, those of GPs more frequently had another joint affected by OA: 71.2% vs. 63.7% (p < 0.0001) and more often had hypertension and diabetes mellitus (p < 0.05).

As compared with RHs, GPs more frequently prescribed low-dose NSAIDs (p < 0.0001), oral NSAIDs (p < 0.05), and topical NSAIDs (p < 0.0001) but less frequently symptomatic slow-acting drugs for OA (p < 0.01). Moreover, GPs more frequently recommended rehabilitation (p < 0.01) and loss of weight (p < 0.0001). Logistic regression analysis revealed an association of low-dose NSAIDs prescription and prescription by GPs, prescription of topical NSAIDs, no prescription of oral NSAIDs or coxibs and no intra-articular injection of steroids.

Conclusions

This study identified speciality-related variability in some aspects of the management of knee OA. The clinical profile of patients with knee OA differed between GPs and RHs.

Statin myopathy: a lipid clinic experience on the tolerability of statin rechallenge

INTRODUCTION

Statin myopathy is a generally encountered side effect of statin usage. Both muscle symptoms and a raised serum creatine kinase (CK) are used in case definition, but these are common manifestations of other conditions, which may not be statin related. Statin rechallenge assuming no contraindication in selected cases is an option before considering a different class of lipid-lowering agent.

AIMS

We aim to characterize retrospectively the patients referred to our Lipid Clinic with a diagnosis of statin myopathy. The tolerability of different statins was assessed to determine a strategy for rechallenging statins in such patients in the future.

RESULTS

Patients with statin myopathy constitute 10.2% of our Lipid Clinic workload. They are predominantly female (62.0%), Caucasian (63.9%), with a mean age of 58.3 years and mean body mass index (BMI) of 29.3 kg/m(2). The serum CK and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) were statistically higher compared to patients with statin intolerances with no muscular component or CK elevations. Secondary causes of statin myopathy were implicated in 2.7% of cases. Following statin myopathy to simvastatin we found no statistical difference between the tolerability rates between atorvastatin, rosuvastatin, pravastatin, and fluvastatin. Fibrates, cholestyramine, and ezetimibe were statistically better tolerated in these patients.

CONCLUSIONS

Statin rechallenge is a real treatment option in patients with statin myopathy. Detailed history and examination is required to exclude muscle diseases unrelated to statin usage. In patients developing statin myopathy on simvastatin, we did not find any statistical difference between subsequent tolerability rates to rosuvastatin, pravastatin, and fluvastatin.

Teaching musculoskeletal physical diagnosis using a web-based tutorial and pathophysiology-focused cases

OBJECTIVE

To assess the effectiveness of an experimental curriculum on teaching first-year medical students the musculoskeletal exam as compared to a traditional curriculum.

BACKGROUND

Musculoskeletal complaints are common in the primary care setting. Practitioners are often deficient in examination skills and knowledge regarding musculoskeletal diseases. There is a lack of uniformity regarding how to teach the musculoskeletal examination among sub-specialists. We propose a novel web-based approach to teaching the musculoskeletal exam that is enhanced by peer practice with pathophysiology-focused cases. We sought to assess the effectiveness of an innovative musculoskeletal curriculum on the knowledge and skills of first-year medical students related to musculoskeletal physical diagnosis as compared to a traditional curriculum. The secondary purpose of this study was to assess satisfaction of students and preceptors exposed to this teaching method.

METHODS

This quasi-experimental study was conducted at a single LCME-accredited medical school and included a convenience sample from 2 consecutive classes of medical students during the musculoskeletal portion of their physical diagnosis class. We conducted a needs assessment of the traditional curriculum used to teach musculoskeletal examination. The needs assessment informed the development of an experimental curriculum. One class (control group) received the traditional curriculum while the second class (experimental group) received the experimental curriculum, consisting of a web-based musculoskeletal tutorial, pathophysiology-focused cases, and facilitator preparation. We used multiple-choice questions and musculoskeletal OSCE scores to assess differences between knowledge and skills in the 2 groups.

RESULTS

The sample consisted of 140 students in each medical school class. There were no statistically significant differences between the 2 groups. One hundred seven students from the control group and 120 students from the experimental group took the multiple-choice examination. The average score was 66% (95% CI= 59.7-72.3) for the control group and 66% (95% CI = 60.5-71.5) for the experimental group. There was no difference between the median musculoskeletal OSCE scores between the 2 groups. The experimental group was satisfied with the new teaching method and gained the additional benefit of a persistent resource.

CONCLUSIONS

This web-based experimental curriculum was as effective as the traditional curriculum for teaching the musculoskeletal exam. Additionally, users were satisfied with the web-based training and benefited from a persistent resource.

Teaching musculoskeletal physical diagnosis using a web-based tutorial and pathophysiology-focused cases

OBJECTIVE

To assess the effectiveness of an experimental curriculum on teaching first-year medical students the musculoskeletal exam as compared to a traditional curriculum.

BACKGROUND

Musculoskeletal complaints are common in the primary care setting. Practitioners are often deficient in examination skills and knowledge regarding musculoskeletal diseases. There is a lack of uniformity regarding how to teach the musculoskeletal examination among sub-specialists. We propose a novel web-based approach to teaching the musculoskeletal exam that is enhanced by peer practice with pathophysiology-focused cases. We sought to assess the effectiveness of an innovative musculoskeletal curriculum on the knowledge and skills of first-year medical students related to musculoskeletal physical diagnosis as compared to a traditional curriculum. The secondary purpose of this study was to assess satisfaction of students and preceptors exposed to this teaching method.

METHODS

This quasi-experimental study was conducted at a single LCME-accredited medical school and included a convenience sample from 2 consecutive classes of medical students during the musculoskeletal portion of their physical diagnosis class. We conducted a needs assessment of the traditional curriculum used to teach musculoskeletal examination. The needs assessment informed the development of an experimental curriculum. One class (control group) received the traditional curriculum while the second class (experimental group) received the experimental curriculum, consisting of a web-based musculoskeletal tutorial, pathophysiology-focused cases, and facilitator preparation. We used multiple-choice questions and musculoskeletal OSCE scores to assess differences between knowledge and skills in the 2 groups.

RESULTS

The sample consisted of 140 students in each medical school class. There were no statistically significant differences between the 2 groups. One hundred seven students from the control group and 120 students from the experimental group took the multiple-choice examination. The average score was 66% (95% CI= 59.7-72.3) for the control group and 66% (95% CI = 60.5-71.5) for the experimental group. There was no difference between the median musculoskeletal OSCE scores between the 2 groups. The experimental group was satisfied with the new teaching method and gained the additional benefit of a persistent resource.

CONCLUSIONS

This web-based experimental curriculum was as effective as the traditional curriculum for teaching the musculoskeletal exam. Additionally, users were satisfied with the web-based training and benefited from a persistent resource.

Quality of life and quality of care for patients with gout

Significant pain, activity limitation, and disability in patients with acute and chronic gouty arthritis lower health-related quality of life. Although many effective therapies are available for gouty arthritis, medication errors are common. One goal of therapy is to reduce the frequency of gout flares by lowering serum uric acid. Further, evidence suggests that the quality of care provided to patients with gout may also impact health-related quality of life. This article reviews evidence concerning quality of care and quality of life for patients with gout.

Non-pharmacological management of musculoskeletal disease in primary care

Musculoskeletal diseases as a group are one of the most common causes of contact in primary care and the most common causes of disability and long-term sick leave in several Western countries. Pain and dysfunction are often present without any specific findings in the musculoskeletal system, and a strictly biomedical approach is often inadequate. Body structure and function interact with personal and environmental factors, affecting the ability to perform activities and participate in society. It is important to meet these needs in primary care, and non-pharmacological principles such as physical activity and patient education with a cognitive approach are cornerstones in a multimodal management model.

Is the drive to manage long-term conditions in the community compatible with improving standards of care for those with inflammatory arthritis?

At the same time as the Government is pushing ahead with its agenda to manage long-term conditions in the community, standards of care have been published by the Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Alliance (ARMA) in an attempt to improve and standardize the care of people with inflammatory arthritis. This raises the question of whether the needs and preferences of people with arthritis can be adequately met in a primary care setting. This paper looks at the evidence so far and discusses the possibilities for achieving ARMA's standards if arthritis care is managed in the community.

The assessment of the prognosis of musculoskeletal conditions in older adults presenting to general practice: a research protocol

BACKGROUND

Musculoskeletal conditions represent a common reason for consulting general practice yet with the exception of low back pain, relatively little is known about the prognosis of these disorders. Recent evidence suggests that common 'generic' factors may be of value when assessing prognosis, irrespective of the location of the pain. This study will test a generic assessment tool used as part of the general practice consultation to determine prognosis of musculoskeletal complaints.

METHODS/DESIGN

Older adults (aged 50 years and over) presenting to six general practices with musculoskeletal complaints will be assessed as part of the routine consultation using a generic assessment of prognosis. Participants will receive a self-completion questionnaire at baseline, three, six and 12 months post consultation to gather further data on pain, disability and psychological status. The primary outcome measure is participant's global rating of change.

DISCUSSION

Prognosis is considered to be a fundamental component of scientific medicine yet prognostic research in primary care settings is currently neglected and prognostic enquiry is disappearing from general medical textbooks. This study aims to address this issue by examining the use of generic prognostic factors in a general practice setting.

Improving management of musculoskeletal disorders in primary care: the Joint Adventures Program

Musculoskeletal disorders represent a large and growing clinical challenge to primary care clinicians. Unfortunately, there appears to be a gap in current training and continuing education to meet this challenge. We used script concordance within a continuing medical education program entitled "Joint Adventures" to assist family physicians to acquire the knowledge, skills, and tools they need to improve their management of musculoskeletal disorders. Program workshops were coordinated through a national continuing education program of the College of Family Physicians of Canada. A group of 54 experts in musculoskeletal disorders including family physicians, rheumatologists, and orthopedists developed cases for six areas of management that were identified by family physicians during a needs survey delivered at a national scientific congress in primary care. Script concordance methodology was used in the Joint Adventures workshop to address knowledge gaps or lack of group consensus in the six areas including (1) diagnosis of osteoarthritis, (2) treatment and management of osteoarthritis, (3) treatment and management of rheumatoid arthritis, (4) diagnosis and treatment of back pain, (5) diagnosis and treatment of fibromyalgia and diagnosis, and (6) treatment of shoulder pain. Each workshop session included 5-30 family physicians, a specialist expert, and a family physician facilitator. Before each session, a group needs assessment was conducted to identify which one or two of the six cases would be used. Perceived knowledge and skill acquisition, self-assessed change in practice, and satisfaction with the program were measured at the conclusion of each session and again at 3 months post program. All programs were delivered from March 2003 to September 2005. Six hundred and fifty family physicians from across Canada completed the program. In general, participants reached concordance with each case. Measures of knowledge and skill acquisition and self-assessed change in practice were significantly improved with high rates of program satisfaction. The Joint Adventures program provided family physicians with knowledge and skills that changed their care of musculoskeletal disorders. This was achieved using consensus that was sensitive to local needs. Further use should be evaluated in other areas of medical practice as well.

Gout treatment: What is evidence-based and how do we determine and promote optimized clinical care?

Gout, a common form of inflammatory arthritis, has been markedly understudied relative to other rheumatologic conditions. As a result, evidence guiding clinical management in gout has traditionally been lacking. Burgeoning data suggests that quality of gout care in gout is frequently suboptimal. In this paper, we examine the evidence supporting gout management strategies in clinical practice. In addition, we examine consensus building efforts that have culminated in the recent publication of gout management quality indicators. We also discuss the need for future initiatives aimed at improving patient safety and quality of care in gout.

Joint and soft tissue injections: a survey of general practitioners

OBJECTIVES

To determine the type of joint and soft tissue injections carried out by general practitioners (GPs) in the Bath area and factors affecting activity.

METHODS

A questionnaire was sent to 360 GPs requesting information on injections carried out during the previous 12 months, referral pathways for injection, barriers to injecting and training.

RESULTS

We received 251 replies. The commonest injections were for tennis elbow, glenohumeral joint, knee, supraspinatus tendonitis and carpal tunnel. The majority of GPs (66.4%) carry out most injections themselves, 26.3% refer to a colleague and 7.3% refer to secondary care. Over half (51%) of all the injections are carried out by 15.6% of the GPs. Factors associated with higher levels of injection activity were: male gender, partnership, more than 10 years' experience, a special interest in rheumatology or orthopaedics and working in a rural or mixed practice. The most important barriers to carrying out injections were lack of practical training, lack of confidence and inability to maintain skills. Most GPs have been trained on models.

CONCLUSIONS

Most GPs carry out some joint and soft tissue injections, but limit themselves to knees, shoulders and elbows. A small highly active group receive referrals from colleagues. Gender and specialist training strongly influence activity. Many, especially female and part-time, GPs find it hard to maintain their skills and confidence. Training targeted at this group, based in practices and using models and other tools, is likely to increase the number of patients receiving timely injections in general practice.

Suboptimal physician adherence to quality indicators for the management of gout and asymptomatic hyperuricaemia: results from the UK General Practice Research Database (GPRD)

OBJECTIVES

: To examine adherence to validated quality indicators assessing the quality of allopurinol use in the treatment of gout and asymptomatic hyperuricaemia.

METHODS

We determined physician adherence in the UK General Practice Research Database (GPRD) to three validated quality indicators developed to assess the quality of allopurinol prescribing practices. These indicators were developed to assess: (i) dosing in renal impairment; (ii) concomitant use with azathioprine or 6-mercaptopurine; and (iii) use in the treatment of asymptomatic hyperuricaemia. We also examined the association of patient-level factors (sociodemographics, comorbidity, follow-up duration and concomitant medicine use) with the treatment of asymptomatic hyperuricaemia using multivariable logistic regression.

RESULTS

Of the 63 105 gout patients, 185 (0.3%) were eligible for Quality Indicator 1 and 52 (0.1%) were eligible for Quality Indicator 2. There were an additional 471 patients with asymptomatic hyperuricaemia eligible for Quality Indicator 3. Rates of practice deviation for the three individual quality indicators ranged from 25 to 57%. Male sex, older age, a history of chronic renal failure, and a greater number of concomitant medications were significantly associated with increased odds of inappropriate treatment for asymptomatic hyperuricaemia. Hypertension and diuretic use were associated with lower odds of this practice.

CONCLUSIONS

One-quarter to one-half of all patients eligible for at least one of the validated quality of care indicators were subject to possible allopurinol prescribing error, suggesting that inappropriate prescribing practices are widespread with this agent. Future interventions aimed at reducing inappropriate allopurinol use are needed and should be targeted towards high-risk groups, including older men and those receiving multiple concomitant medications.